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      Laundry Performance: Effect of Detergent and Additives on Consumer Satisfaction Translated title: Waschleistung: Einfluss von Waschmittel und Additiven auf die Verbraucherzufriedenheit

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          Abstract

          To identify key features in the perception of consumer satisfaction of washing performance, a survey among detergent users from five European countries was run. Respondents from each country were volunteers recruited through the Internet without previous selection criteria. The size of the sample (over 4,000 participants) and the wide geographical distribution of the respondents delivered a large set of data. According to the collected answers, respondents show a significant degree of satisfaction with the detergents they use, regardless of type and country. They were only dissatisfied by tough stains and exceptional problems with their wash loads. Detergent additives are widely used but the use and type of laundry additive showed significant differences from country to country. Respondents understood the usefulness of stain removers and showed a high degree of satisfaction using them. Damages to textiles, when it occurs, are not usually associated with the quality of the detergent used but with other factors in the washing process.

          Kurzfassung

          Mit dem Ziel, die Hauptmerkmale bei der Wahrnehmung der Verbraucherzufriedenheit zu identifizieren, wurde eine Umfrage unter den Waschmittelnutzern aus fünf europäischen Ländern durchgeführt. Bei den in dem jeweiligen Land Befragten handelte es sich um Freiwillige, die über das Internet ohne vorhergehende Auswahlkriterien angeworben wurden. Die Probengröße (mehr als 4 000 Teilnehmer) und die weite geografische Verteilung der Befragten lieferten einen großen Datensatz. Entsprechend der gesammelten Antworten zeigten die Befragten einen hohen Grad an Zufriedenheit mit den von ihnen verwendeten Waschmitten, ungeachtet des Typs und des Landes. Sie waren lediglich unzufrieden bei schwierigen Flecken und ungewöhnlichen Problemen mit ihren Waschladungen. Der Gebrauch von Waschmitteladditiven ist weitverbreitet, aber Einsatz und Type der Waschmitteladditive zeigte signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Ländern. Die Befragten verstanden den Nutzen von Fleckentfernern und waren mit der Verwendung sehr zufrieden. Wenn Textilschäden auftraten, wurden sie gewöhnlich nicht mit der Qualität des verwendeten Waschmittels sondern mit anderen Faktoren des Waschprozesses in Verbindung gebracht.

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          Most cited references17

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          Converging Conventions of Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience

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            Electricity and water consumption for laundry washing by washing machine worldwide

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              Biofilms isolated from washing machines from three continents and their tolerance to a standard detergent.

              The goal of this comparative study was to investigate biofilm forming microorganisms living in washing machines (WMs). Biofilms were sampled from 11 washing machines from four countries and three continents. Among the 94 isolated strains, 30% were potential human pathogens. Representative strains were selected and biofilm formation was evaluated with the crystal violet (CV) assay. The majority of the WM isolates formed more biofilm than their reference strains. Biofilms of P. putida WM (the largest biofilm producer) were exposed to different concentrations (0.0007-7 g l(-1)) of the standard detergent IEC-A* at 30°C for 30 min and observed with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Using quantitative CVA, P. putida WM biofilm removal required higher detergent concentrations than the type strain. However, for both strains the recommended detergent concentration (7 g l(-1)) was insufficient to completely clean surfaces from cell debris and exopolymeric substances.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                tsd
                Tenside Surfactants Detergents
                Carl Hanser Verlag
                0932-3414
                2195-8564
                15 July 2016
                : 53
                : 4
                : 375-386
                Affiliations
                1 Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
                2 Independent researcher, Barcelona, Spain
                3 Department of Home Economics and Ecology, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
                4 Swissatest Testmaterialien AG, St. Gallen, Switzerland
                5 Department of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
                6 Independent researcher, Milton Keynes, UK
                7 Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Household and Appliance Technology Section, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondence address, Mrs. Ada Ferri, Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy, E-Mail: ada.ferri@ 123456polito.it

                Professor Rainer Stamminger heads the Household Appliance and Technology Section at the University of Bonn, and has extensive experience in this industry. He has also been involved in numerous areas of consumer oriented research, including the development of a report as part of the Intelligent Energy Europe project “Smart Domestic Appliances in Sustainable Energy Systems” and the development of the energy labelling for washing machines, tumble dryers, dishwashers, refrigerators and freezers within the EU.

                Caroline Amberg is responsible for international research and development projects covering the development of new detection methods in the fields of laundry hygiene, biofilm prevention and disinfection. Her main areas of expertise include the assessment of antimicrobial products, surfaces, textiles, disinfecting processes and the evaluation of diverse hygienic aspects in white goods.

                Professor Ada Ferri is an Associate Professor at Politecnico di Torino and is an expert on comfort of textiles. Her main areas of expertise include thermo-physiological comfort of sportswear, technical textiles, textile testing and liquid carbon dioxide laundry process.

                Miguel Osset has been responsible for international research and development projects for 25 years covering the launch of laundry & home care products worldwide. His main area of expertise include formulation of laundry and hard surface products including chlorine- and non chlorine-based bleaches and disinfectant products.

                Professor Kostas Abeliotis holds a Diploma and a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering. His main areas of expertise include environmental management and life cycle environmental impact assessment. He has conducted extensive research and published over 40 papers in international peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings.

                Professor Cevza Candan holds a Diploma and a Ph.D. in Textile Engineering. She has led various research projects on textiles. She is also on the editorial board of the Electronic Journal of Textile Technology. Professor Candan's main areas of expertise include design of washing machine programmes for specialty textiles and/or for special purposes.

                Jeremy Owens is responsible for laundry appliance performance testing at a laboratory in the UK. Jeremy is a UK delegate on a number of IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) working groups engaged in developing standard test methods for measuring the performance of laundry and dishwashing appliances. His main area of expertise lies in testing the performance of washing machines and detergents.

                Article
                TS110451
                10.3139/113.110451
                04ceda2f-efb3-438e-8190-e0d9842fb7ba
                © 2016, Carl Hanser Publisher, Munich
                History
                : 25 September 2015
                : 1 February 2016
                Page count
                References: 31, Pages: 12
                Categories
                Laundry/Cleaning Agents

                Chemistry,Pharmaceutical chemistry,Analytical chemistry,General chemistry
                Weichspüler,Laundry,Detergent,Stain-remover,Bleach,Softener,Wäsche,Waschmittel,Fleckentferner,Bleiche

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