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      Cryptic diversity among Yazoo Darters (Percidae: Etheostoma raneyi) in disjunct watersheds of northern Mississippi

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          Abstract

          The Yazoo Darter, Etheostoma raneyi (Percidae), is an imperiled freshwater fish species endemic to tributaries of the Yocona and Little Tallahatchie rivers of the upper Yazoo River basin, in northern Mississippi, USA. The two populations are allopatric, isolated by unsuitable lowland habitat between the two river drainages. Relevant literature suggests that populations in the Yocona River represent an undescribed species, but a lack of data prevents a thorough evaluation of possible diversity throughout the range of the species. Our goals were to estimate phylogenetic relationships of the Yazoo Darter across its distribution and identify cryptic diversity for conservation management purposes. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b ( cytb) gene returned two reciprocally monophyletic clades representing the two river drainages with high support. Bayesian analysis of cytb was consistent with the ML analysis but with low support for the Yocona River clade. Analyses of the nuclear S7 gene yielded unresolved relationships among individuals in the Little Tallahatchie River drainage with mostly low support, but returned a monophyletic clade for individuals from the Yocona River drainage with high support. No haplotypes were shared between the drainages for either gene. Additional cryptic diversity within the two drainages was not indicated. Estimated divergence between Yazoo Darters in the two drainages occurred during the Pleistocene (<1 million years ago) and was likely linked to repeated spatial shifts in suitable habitat and changes in watershed configurations during glacial cycles. Individuals from the Yocona River drainage had lower genetic diversity consistent with the literature. Our results indicate that Yazoo Darters in the Yocona River drainage are genetically distinct and that there is support for recognizing Yazoo Darter populations in the Yocona River drainage as a new species under the unified species concept.

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          Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation

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            Conservation Status of Imperiled North American Freshwater and Diadromous Fishes

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              A comparative summary of genetic distances in the vertebrates from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.

              Mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) is among the most extensively sequenced genes to date across the vertebrates. Here, we employ nearly 2,000 cytb gene sequences from GenBank to calculate and compare levels of genetic distance between sister species, congeneric species, and confamilial genera within and across the major vertebrate taxonomic classes. The results of these analyses parallel and reinforce some of the principal trends in genetic distance estimates previously reported in a summary of the multilocus allozyme literature. In particular, surveyed avian taxa on average show significantly less genetic divergence than do same-rank taxa surveyed in other vertebrate groups, notably amphibians and reptiles. Various biological possibilities and taxonomic "artifacts" are considered that might account for this pattern. Regardless of the explanation, by the yardstick of genetic divergence in this mtDNA gene, as well as genetic distances in allozymes, there is rather poor equivalency of taxonomic rank across some of the vertebrates.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                peerj
                peerj
                PeerJ
                PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )
                2167-8359
                4 May 2020
                2020
                : 8
                : e9014
                Affiliations
                [1 ]USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Stream Ecology Laboratory , Oxford, MS, United States of America
                [2 ]Division of Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History , Gainesville, FL, United States of America
                [3 ]Louisiana Purchase Gardens and Zoo , Monroe, LA, United States of America
                [4 ]Department of Biology, University of Mississippi , University, MS, United States of America
                Article
                9014
                10.7717/peerj.9014
                7204820
                32411520
                04dd5cc0-e0ed-4547-af46-e5264ad184c1
                ©2020 Sterling et al.

                This is an open access article, free of all copyright, made available under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication. This work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.

                History
                : 10 October 2019
                : 27 March 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station
                Funded by: Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research
                Funding was provided by the USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Conservation Biology
                Evolutionary Studies
                Freshwater Biology

                cryptic diversity,phylogenetics,recent divergence,yazoo darter,etheostoma

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