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      Assessment of the insecticidal activity of oral afoxolaner against Phlebotomus perniciosus in dogs Translated title: Évaluation de l’activité insecticide de l’afoxolaner par voie orale contre Phlebotomus perniciosus chez le chien

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      Parasite
      EDP Sciences
      Phlebotomus perniciosus, Sandfly, Insecticide, Afoxolaner, NexGard®, Dog

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          Abstract

          Twelve healthy dogs were included in this laboratory efficacy study. Six dogs were randomly allocated based on body weight to an untreated control group and six to an afoxolaner (NexGard ®) treated group. In the treatment group, afoxolaner was administered orally on Day 0 in accordance with label instructions. On Days 1, 14 and 28, each dog was exposed to 60 unfed female and 10 male Phlebotomus perniciosus sandflies for 1 h. At the end of each exposure period, sandflies were counted and assessed for viability and feeding status. There was no statistical difference in mortality (0.0–5.4%), nor in feeding proportion (61.6–78%) between the control and the treated groups at all 1-h post-exposure assessments. After collection, live fed and unfed sandflies were kept for viability assessments at 48 and 72 h post-exposure. In the untreated control group, the average percentages of live, fed, female sandflies after exposure, on Days 1, 14 and 28, ranged from 51% to 74% at 48 h and from 46% to 57% at 72 h, demonstrating model robustness over the 28 days of the study. Significantly fewer live fed sandflies were recorded for the afoxolaner treated group ( p < 0.01). The insecticidal efficacy was 100%, 95.9% and 75.2% at 48 h post Days 1, 14 and 28 exposures, respectively, and 100%, 100% and 86.3% at 72 h post Days 1, 14, and 28 exposures, respectively. A single administration of oral afoxolaner (NexGard ®) to dogs significantly killed P. perniciosus sandflies 48 and 72 h after blood feeding for 1 month.

          Translated abstract

          Douze chiens en bonne santé ont été inclus dans cette étude d’efficacité en laboratoire. Six chiens ont été répartis au hasard en fonction de leur poids corporel dans un groupe témoin non traité et six dans un groupe traité par afoxolaner (NexGard ®), administré par voie orale le jour 0 conformément aux instructions de l’étiquette. Les jours 1, 14 et 28, chaque chien a été exposé à 60 femelles à jeun et 10 mâles de Phlebotomus perniciosus pendant une heure. À la fin de chaque période d’exposition, les phlébotomes ont été évalués en termes de viabilité et de statut alimentaire. Il n’y avait pas de différence statistique dans la mortalité (0,0 à 5,4 %), ni dans le taux d’engorgement (61,6 à 78 %) entre le groupe témoin et le groupe traité lors de toutes les évaluations après une heure. Après la collecte, les phlébotomes vivants gorgés et non gorgés ont été conservés aux fins d’évaluation de la viabilité 48 et 72 heures après l’exposition. Dans le groupe témoin non traité, le pourcentage moyen de phlébotomes femelles gorgées et vivantes après l’exposition aux jours 1, 14 et 28 variait de 51 à 74 % à 48 heures et de 46 à 57 % à 72 heures, démontrant la robustesse du modèle au cours des 28 jours de l’étude. Un nombre significativement moins important de phlébotomes gorgés vivants ont été enregistrés dans le groupe traité par afoxolaner ( p < 0,01). L’efficacité insecticide était de 100 %, 95,9 % et 75,2 % 48 heures après les expositions des jours 1, 14 et 28, respectivement, et 100 %, 100 % et 86,3 % à 72 heures après les expositions des jours 1, 14 et 28, respectivement. Une seule administration d’afoxolaner (NexGard ®) par voie orale à un chien tue de manière significative les phlébotomes P. perniciosus 48 heures et 72 heures après la prise de sang pendant un mois.

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          Most cited references29

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          Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern.

          Phlebotomine sandflies transmit pathogens that affect humans and animals worldwide. We review the roles of phlebotomines in the spreading of leishmaniases, sandfly fever, summer meningitis, vesicular stomatitis, Chandipura virus encephalitis and Carrión's disease. Among over 800 species of sandfly recorded, 98 are proven or suspected vectors of human leishmaniases; these include 42 Phlebotomus species in the Old World and 56 Lutzomyia species in the New World (all: Diptera: Psychodidae). Based on incrimination criteria, we provide an updated list of proven or suspected vector species by endemic country where data are available. Increases in sandfly diffusion and density resulting from increases in breeding sites and blood sources, and the interruption of vector control activities contribute to the spreading of leishmaniasis in the settings of human migration, deforestation, urbanization and conflict. In addition, climatic changes can be expected to affect the density and dispersion of sandflies. Phlebovirus infections and diseases are present in large areas of the Old World, especially in the Mediterranean subregion, in which virus diversity has proven to be higher than initially suspected. Vesiculovirus diseases are important to livestock and humans in the southeastern U.S.A. and Latin America, and represent emerging human threats in parts of India. Carrión's disease, formerly restricted to regions of elevated altitude in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia, has shown recent expansion to non-endemic areas of the Amazon basin. © 2012 The Authors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology © 2012 The Royal Entomological Society.
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            The biology and control of phlebotomine sand flies.

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              • Record: found
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              • Article: not found

              The current status of zoonotic leishmaniases and approaches to disease control.

              Leishmaniases are a complex of world-wide diseases with a range of clinical and epidemiological features caused by Leishmania spp. of protozoan parasites. Among 15 well-recognised Leishmania species known to infect humans, 13 have zoonotic nature, which include agents of visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms of the disease in both the Old and New Worlds. Currently, leishmaniases show a wider geographic distribution and increased global incidence of human disease than previously known. Environmental, demographic and human behavioural factors contribute to the changing landscape of leishmaniasis, which includes increasing risk factors for zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniases and new scenarios associated with the zoonotic visceral leishmaniases. The latter consist of the northward spread of Leishmania infantum transmission in Europe and America, the identification of unusual mammal hosts, and the decline of HIV-Leishmania co-infections in southern Europe following the introduction of the highly active antiretroviral therapy. Few advances have been made in the surveillance and control of the zoonotic leishmaniasis, however a number of tools have been developed for the control of the canine reservoir of L. infantum. These include: (i) several canine vaccine candidates, in particular an FML Leishmania enriched fraction showing good clinical protection, has been registered in Brazil for veterinary use; (ii) a number of insecticide-based preparations have been specifically registered for dog protection against sand fly bites. Laboratory and field studies have shown improved efficacy of these preparations for both individual and mass protection.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2019
                05 November 2019
                : 26
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2019/01 )
                : 63
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 29 avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
                [2 ] Clinvet Douar Dbabej Beni Yekhlef 28815 Mohammedia Morocco
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: frederic.beugnet@ 123456merial.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7040-7821
                Article
                parasite190116 10.1051/parasite/2019063
                10.1051/parasite/2019063
                6830354
                31687926
                04ded86f-8e27-4db3-af41-b20df67f24f1
                © N. Perier et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2019

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 09 September 2019
                : 16 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Equations: 3, References: 30, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Research Article

                phlebotomus perniciosus,sandfly,insecticide,afoxolaner,nexgard®,dog

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