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      Turkish Adaptation of the Dusseldorf Illustrated Schema Questionnaire for Children: Psychometric Properties and Relationship with Childhood Difficulties

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          Abstract

          Dusseldorf Illustrated Schema Questionnaire for Children (DISC) measures early maladaptive schemas (EMS) in childhood. EMS are emotional and cognitive rules and patterns formed in childhood and adolescence because of unmet emotional needs which are maintained throughout life and negatively affect one’s potential. The first aim of the current study is to adapt DISC to the Turkish language and examine its psychometric properties to facilitate preventive intervention during early childhood. The second aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between schemas and childhood difficulties. The sample consisted of 771 (419 females, 352 males) children of first graders (8-year-old) to twelfth graders (14-year-old) from 54 of the 81 cities in Turkey. Cronbach’s α value for the total of 36 items was calculated as .89 and α values for subscales ranged between .42 and .83. The test–retest reliability coefficient of the total of the scale was .79 at 1 month and subscales’ test–retest values ranged between .31 and .91. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit for the purported 18-factor model of the original DISC in the Turkish version within a sample of children from diverse socio-economic and cultural backgrounds from Turkey. The Turkish version of the DISC indicated a reliable and valid instrument to assess maladaptive schemas in children.

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          A theory of human motivation.

          A. MASLOW (1943)
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            Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire.

            ROBERT GOODMAN (2001)
            To describe the psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a brief measure of the prosocial behavior and psychopathology of 3-16-year-olds that can be completed by parents, teachers, or youths. A nationwide epidemiological sample of 10,438 British 5-15-year-olds obtained SDQs from 96% of parents, 70% of teachers, and 91% of 11-15-year-olds. Blind to the SDQ findings, all subjects were also assigned DSM-IVdiagnoses based on a clinical review of detailed interview measures. The predicted five-factor structure (emotional, conduct, hyperactivity-inattention, peer, prosocial) was confirmed. Internalizing and externalizing scales were relatively "uncontaminated" by one another. Reliability was generally satisfactory, whether judged by internal consistency (mean Cronbach a: .73), cross-informant correlation (mean: 0.34), or retest stability after 4 to 6 months (mean: 0.62). SDQ scores above the 90th percentile predicted a substantially raised probability of independently diagnosed psychiatric disorders (mean odds ratio: 15.7 for parent scales, 15.2 for teacher scales, 6.2 for youth scales). The reliability and validity of the SDQ make it a useful brief measure of the adjustment and psychopathology of children and adolescents.
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              The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note.

              R. Goodman (1997)
              A novel behavioural screening questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), was administered along with Rutter questionnaires to parents and teachers of 403 children drawn from dental and psychiatric clinics. Scores derived from the SDQ and Rutter questionnaires were highly correlated; parent-teacher correlations for the two sets of measures were comparable or favoured the SDQ. The two sets of measures did not differ in their ability to discriminate between psychiatric and dental clinic attenders. These preliminary findings suggest that the SDQ functions as well as the Rutter questionnaires while offering the following additional advantages: a focus on strengths as well as difficulties; better coverage of inattention, peer relationships, and prosocial behaviour; a shorter format; and a single form suitable for both parents and teachers, perhaps thereby increasing parent-teacher correlations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bahar Köse Karaca:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5316-6985
                pskdr.baharkose@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Cogn Ther
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Cogn Ther
                Title: International Journal of Cognitive Therapy
                Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                ISSN (Print): 1937-1209
                ISSN (Electronic): 1937-1217
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 August 2022
                Pages: 1-18
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Psychology Department, Istanbul Rumeli University, Istanbul, Turkey
                [2 ]Ankara Bilim University, Ankara, Turkey
                [3 ]GRID grid.448543.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0369 6517, Bingöl University, ; Bingöl, Turkey
                [4 ]Psikonet Psychotherapy Center, Istanbul, Turkey
                Article
                Publisher ID: 141
                DOI: 10.1007/s41811-022-00141-1
                PMC ID: 9375193
                SO-VID: 04e0157b-6bb0-40fa-a6d7-624a8351b410
                Copyright statement: © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: schema therapy,early maladaptive schemas,children and adolescent schemas,schema questionnaire
                Data availability:
                Keywords: schema therapy, early maladaptive schemas, children and adolescent schemas, schema questionnaire

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