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      Semen characteristics, extension, and cryopreservation of Rusa deer ( Rusa timorensis)

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          Abstract

          Aim:

          The objective of this research is to report parameters for breeding soundness evaluation, semen extension, and cryopreservation in Rusa timorensis.

          Materials and Methods:

          Seven healthy stags were chosen for semen collection using an electroejaculator. The collections were performed twice in a breeding season between February and June 2016. Samples were collected between 2 and 3 weeks interval, collected twice for each animal. Semen was evaluated, extended, and cryopreserved using four different extenders; Andromed ®, BioXcell ®, Triladyl ®, and a modified Tris-egg yolk combined with Eurycoma longifolia Jack.

          Results:

          R. timorensis semen characteristics according to volume (ml), color, sperm concentration (10 6/ml), general motility (%), progressive motility (%), and % morphology of normal spermatozoa are 0.86±0.18 ml, thin milky to milky, 1194.2±346.1 10 6/ml, 82.9±2.8%, 76.1±4.8%, and 83.9±4.8%, respectively.

          Conclusion:

          Semen characteristics of R. timorensis collected by electroejaculation is good allowing for cryopreservation and future artificial insemination work. The most suitable extender for Rusa deer semen is Andromed ®.

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          Most cited references56

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          Proteomic revolution to improve tools for evaluating male fertility in animals.

          Artificial insemination has been used as a common breeding technique for the rapid dissemination of important genes to improve livestock quality. However, infertility or subfertility in the male leads to the disintegration of the breeding system and large economic losses. Therefore, the development of an accurate diagnostic protocol for male fertility is of critical importance. To this end, many basic laboratory assays have been developed on the basis of semen analysis. Although these assays may provide a preliminary estimate of male fertility, their accuracies are often unacceptably low. Therefore, it is vital to develop new semen analyses that are simple to use and accurate. Proteomic approaches will shed light on understanding sperm physiology and help in developing new diagnostic tools for male fertility. The aim of this study was to review the retrospective semen analyses and prospective proteomic studies of male fertility determination and usefulness of proteomic approaches in diagnosing male fertility potential in animal industry.
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            Effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack on sexual qualities in middle aged male rats.

            The effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack were studied on the sexual qualities of middle aged male rats after dosing them with 0.5 g/kg of various fractions of E. longifolia whilst the control group received 3 ml/kg of normal saline daily for 12 weeks. Results showed than E. longifolia Jack enhanced the sexual qualities of the middle aged male rats by decreasing their hesitation time as compared to controls with various fractions of E. longifolia Jack produced 865-916 (91-96), 860-914 (92-98), 850-904 (93-99), 854-890 (95-99), 844-880 (94-98), 840-875 (94-98), 830-870 (94-98), 825-860 (94-98), 820-850 (96-99), 800-840 (93-98), 750-795 (94-99) and 650-754 sec (82-95%) in contrast to controls which produced 950 (100), 934 (100), 910 (100), 900 (100), 895 (100), 890 (100), 885 (100), 880 (100), 855 (100), 860 (100), 800 (100) and 790 sec (100%) throughout the investigation period. Besides these, there was a transient increase in the % of the male rats responding to the right choice after chronic administration of 0.5 g/kg E. longifolia Jack, with more than 50% of the male rats scored right choice after 2 weeks post-treatment and the effect was more prominent at the dose of the observation period. However, there was no sexual enhancement of the middle aged male rats which consumed normal saline since only 45-55% of the male rats responded to right choice throughout the investigation period. Hence, this study shows that E. longifolia Jack enhanced the sexual qualities of the middle aged male rats, further supports the folkuse of E. longifolia Jack as an aphrodisiac.
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              Factors affecting breeding soundness classification of beef bulls examined at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine.

              Breeding soundness evaluation records from 2110 beef bulls, for the period of 1986 to 1999, were analyzed to determine the prevalence and importance of factors affecting breeding soundness classification. The percentage of all bulls classified as satisfactory ranged from 49.0% in January to 73.3% in May. The percentage of physically normal bulls with satisfactory semen quality ranged from 65.7% in January to 87.5% in June. Poor body condition or excessive body condition, below average or below the recommended minimum scrotal circumference, lameness, and severe scrotal frostbite significantly reduced the probability of a satisfactory breeding soundness classification. The percentage of sperm with midpiece defects declined significantly and the percentage of sperm with head defects increased significantly with the approach of summer. Photoperiod, cold stress, poor or excessive body condition, and reduced feed quality may interact to reduce semen quality in the winter months.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Vet World
                Vet World
                Veterinary World
                Veterinary World (India )
                0972-8988
                2231-0916
                July 2017
                14 July 2017
                : 10
                : 7
                : 779-785
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
                [2 ]Research Centre for Wildlife, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
                [3 ]Research Centre for Ruminant Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
                [4 ]Food Science and Technology Program School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
                [5 ]Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
                [6 ]Department of Medicine & Surgery of Farm & Exotic Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
                Author notes
                Article
                10.14202/vetworld.2017.779-785
                5553147
                051072d4-26b0-4c0f-a8bd-16662a738994
                Copyright: © Fitri, et al.

                Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 29 November 2016
                : 01 June 2016
                Categories
                Research Article

                cryopreservation,electroejaculation,extension,rusa deer,semen characteristics

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