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      Seguridad de uso del equipo de inmersión CRABE con relación a la aparición de edema pulmonar de inmersión en aguas poco profundas Translated title: Safety of use of CRABE immersion equipment in relation to the appearance of pulmonary edema of immersion in shallow waters

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Antecedentes: Existe una alerta de seguridad sobre el uso del equipo semi-cerrado CRABE por la aparición de edema pulmonar de inmersión (EPI). Este equipo es usado por diferentes Marinas de la OTAN, entre ellas España. Objetivo: evaluar la seguridad de uso del sistema semi-cerrado CRABE en buceo militar. Material y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, participando un total de 14 hombres de la Unidad de Buceadores de Medidas Contra Minas (UBMCM), ubicada en Cartagena. Se programó un esquema de inmersiones, todas a una profundidad de 10m, siguiendo un protocolo creciente de tiempos de fondo desde 30 minutos hasta 120 minutos. Previamente y después de cada inmersión se realizó control a los buceadores que incluye auscultación, tensión arterial, Sat HbO2 y anamnesis sobre sintomatología típica de EPI, además en la de 120 minutos, se procedió antes y después de la inmersión a realizar ecografía cardiopulmonar y determinación sanguínea de NT pro-BNP. Resultados: Las inmersiones se realizaron sin incidencias. Ningún sujeto mostró signos ni síntomas clínicos relacionados con compromiso respiratorio o edema de pulmón durante o tras finalizar estas inmersiones. En la fase de 120 minutos, 9 de los 14 sujetos (64,2%) presentaron artefactos en cola de comenta en la eco pulmonar postinmersión cuyo contaje no alcanzó el mínimo diagnóstico. No se registraron niveles patológicos de NT pro-BNP. Conclusiones: El uso de un sistema semi-cerrado CRABE no se asoció a la aparición clínica de EPI.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY Background: It has been risen a warning related with immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) associated to the use of the semi-closed rebreather circuit CRABE. This is a diving equipment broadly used among NATO countries, including Spanish Navy. Aim: to evaluate the safety of semi-closed circuit CRABE in military use, particularly in its association with IPE. Methods: This is a prospective study, in which 14 male active navy divers from 1st Mine Countermeasures (MCM) Squadron (Cartagena) were recruited. The diving protocol was programmed with increasing bottom times, from 30 to 120 minutes, at 10 meters shallow water. All divers underwent to physical examination for IPE symptoms screening before and after dives. At 120 minutes bottom time, a pulmonary and cardiac echography as well as blood sampling were also performed before and after dives. Serum levels of NT pro-BNP were assessed. Results: All diver completed successfully all dives. No diver developed any symptom related to respiratory compromise or IPE after dives. At 120 minutes bottom time phase, 9 out of 14 (64.2%) divers developed ultrasound lung comets (ULC). This number is below the cut-off point for pulmonary edema diagnosis. There was not NT pro-BNP levels above the clinically recommended cut-off point for heart failure diagnosis. Conclusions: The use of semi-closed circuit rebreather CRABE was not associated to IPE.

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          Most cited references24

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          2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

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            Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.

            The rapid technological developments of the past decade and the changes in echocardiographic practice brought about by these developments have resulted in the need for updated recommendations to the previously published guidelines for cardiac chamber quantification, which was the goal of the joint writing group assembled by the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. This document provides updated normal values for all four cardiac chambers, including three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial deformation, when possible, on the basis of considerably larger numbers of normal subjects, compiled from multiple databases. In addition, this document attempts to eliminate several minor discrepancies that existed between previously published guidelines.
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              The comet-tail artifact. An ultrasound sign of alveolar-interstitial syndrome.

              Can ultrasound be of any help in the diagnosis of alveolar-interstitial syndrome? In a prospective study, we examined 250 consecutive patients in a medical intensive care unit: 121 patients with radiologic alveolar-interstitial syndrome (disseminated to the whole lung, n = 92; localized, n = 29) and 129 patients without radiologic evidence of alveolar-interstitial syndrome. The antero-lateral chest wall was examined using ultrasound. The ultrasonic feature of multiple comet-tail artifacts fanning out from the lung surface was investigated. This pattern was present all over the lung surface in 86 of 92 patients with diffuse alveolar-interstitial syndrome (sensitivity of 93.4%). It was absent or confined to the last lateral intercostal space in 120 of 129 patients with normal chest X-ray (specificity of 93.0%). Tomodensitometric correlations showed that the thickened sub-pleural interlobular septa, as well as ground-glass areas, two lesions present in acute pulmonary edema, were associated with the presence of the comet-tail artifact. In conclusion, presence of the comet-tail artifact allowed diagnosis of alveolar-interstitial syndrome.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sm
                Sanidad Militar
                Sanid. Mil.
                Ministerio de Defensa (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1887-8571
                September 2021
                : 77
                : 3
                : 123-128
                Affiliations
                [3] Cartagena orgnameCentro Buceo Armada España
                [2] Orihuela orgnameHospital Vega Baja orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatria
                [6] orgnameCIBERCV
                [5] Cartagena orgnameCentro Buceo Armada España
                [4] Cartagena orgnameCentro Buceo Armada España
                [1] Murcia orgnameInstituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca) orgdiv1Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca orgdiv2Servicio de Cardiología
                Article
                S1887-85712021000300123 S1887-8571(21)07700300123
                10.4321/s1887-85712021000300002
                052ed2f9-bda0-41cf-a9af-4a58e89a38ec

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 03 February 2021
                : 22 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo Original

                Edema pulmonar de inmersión,ecografía pulmonar,NT proBNP,equipo de buceo de circuito semi-cerrado,Medicina subacuática,immersion pulmonary edema,pulmonary echography,NT pro-BNP,semi-closed circuit SCUBA,Diving Medicine

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