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      Strategic use of nanotechnology in drug targeting and its consequences on human health: A focused review

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          Abstract

          Since the development of first lipid-based nanocarrier system, about 15% of the present pharmaceutical market uses nanomedicines to achieve medical benefits. Nanotechnology is an advanced area to meliorate the delivery of compounds for improved medical diagnosis and curing disease. Nanomedicines are gaining significant interest due to the ultra small size and large surface area to mass ratio. In this review, we discuss the potential of nanotechnology in delivering of active moieties for the disease therapy including their toxicity evidences. This communication will help the formulation scientists in understanding and exploring the new aspects of nanotechnology in the field of nanomedicine.

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          Nanoshell-mediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic resonance guidance.

          L. Hirsch, R Stafford, J. Bankson … (2011)
          Metal nanoshells are a class of nanoparticles with tunable optical resonances. In this article, an application of this technology to thermal ablative therapy for cancer is described. By tuning the nanoshells to strongly absorb light in the near infrared, where optical transmission through tissue is optimal, a distribution of nanoshells at depth in tissue can be used to deliver a therapeutic dose of heat by using moderately low exposures of extracorporeally applied near-infrared (NIR) light. Human breast carcinoma cells incubated with nanoshells in vitro were found to have undergone photothermally induced morbidity on exposure to NIR light (820 nm, 35 W/cm2), as determined by using a fluorescent viability stain. Cells without nanoshells displayed no loss in viability after the same periods and conditions of NIR illumination. Likewise, in vivo studies under magnetic resonance guidance revealed that exposure to low doses of NIR light (820 nm, 4 W/cm2) in solid tumors treated with metal nanoshells reached average maximum temperatures capable of inducing irreversible tissue damage (DeltaT = 37.4 +/- 6.6 degrees C) within 4-6 min. Controls treated without nanoshells demonstrated significantly lower average temperatures on exposure to NIR light (DeltaT < 10 degrees C). These findings demonstrated good correlation with histological findings. Tissues heated above the thermal damage threshold displayed coagulation, cell shrinkage, and loss of nuclear staining, which are indicators of irreversible thermal damage. Control tissues appeared undamaged.
          Article 0 comments Cited 673 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease.

            C. Pope, Richard Burnett, George Thurston … (2004)
            Epidemiologic studies have linked long-term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (PM) to broad cause-of-death mortality. Associations with specific cardiopulmonary diseases might be useful in exploring potential mechanistic pathways linking exposure and mortality. General pathophysiological pathways linking long-term PM exposure with mortality and expected patterns of PM mortality with specific causes of death were proposed a priori. Vital status, risk factor, and cause-of-death data, collected by the American Cancer Society as part of the Cancer Prevention II study, were linked with air pollution data from United States metropolitan areas. Cox Proportional Hazard regression models were used to estimate PM-mortality associations with specific causes of death. Long-term PM exposures were most strongly associated with mortality attributable to ischemic heart disease, dysrhythmias, heart failure, and cardiac arrest. For these cardiovascular causes of death, a 10-microg/m3 elevation in fine PM was associated with 8% to 18% increases in mortality risk, with comparable or larger risks being observed for smokers relative to nonsmokers. Mortality attributable to respiratory disease had relatively weak associations. Fine particulate air pollution is a risk factor for cause-specific cardiovascular disease mortality via mechanisms that likely include pulmonary and systemic inflammation, accelerated atherosclerosis, and altered cardiac autonomic function. Although smoking is a much larger risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality, exposure to fine PM imposes additional effects that seem to be at least additive to if not synergistic with smoking.
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              Probing the Cytotoxicity of Semiconductor Quantum Dots

              Austin M. Derfus, Warren C W Chan, Sangeeta N. Bhatia (2004)
              With their bright, photostable fluorescence, semiconductor quantum dots show promise as alternatives to organic dyes for biological labeling. Questions about their potential cytotoxicity, however, remain unanswered. While cytotoxicity of bulk cadmium selenide (CdSe) is well documented, a number of groups have suggested that CdSe QDs are cytocompatible, at least with some immortalized cell lines. Using primary hepatocytes as a liver model, we found that CdSe-core QDs were indeed acutely toxic under certain conditions. Specifically, we found that the cytotoxicity of QDs was modulated by processing parameters during synthesis, exposure to ultraviolet light, and surface coatings. Our data further suggests that cytotoxicity correlates with the liberation of free Cd2+ ions due to deterioration of the CdSe lattice. When appropriately coated, CdSe-core QDs can be rendered non-toxic and used to track cell migration and reorganization in vitro. Our results inform design criteria for the use of QDs in vitro and especially in vivo where deterioration over time may occur.
              Article 0 comments Cited 467 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Interv Med Appl Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Interv Med Appl Sci
                Journal ID (pmc): imas
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IMAS
                Title: Interventional Medicine & Applied Science
                Publisher: Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                ISSN (Print): 2061-1617
                ISSN (Electronic): 2061-5094
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 01 April 2019
                Publication date (Print, pub): March 2019
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 38-54
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Ayurveda, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, India
                [2 ]Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi, India
                [3 ]Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer, India
                [4 ]Department of Pharmacy, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Lucknow, India
                [5 ]Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University , Noida, India
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Dr. Rajendra Awasthi; Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India; Phone: +91 94592 34530; Fax: +91 120 243 1870; E-mail: awasthi02@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.1556/1646.11.2019.04
                PMC ID: 7044564
                SO-VID: 053858c7-afc9-4346-95ac-862f191def4d
                Copyright © © 2019 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated.

                History
                Date received : 25 July 2018
                Date revision received : 03 January 2019
                Date accepted : 28 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 206, Pages: 17
                Funding
                Funding sources: No financial support was received for this study.
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: nanomedicines,nanocarriers,nanotechnology,nanoformulation,toxicity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: nanomedicines, nanocarriers, nanotechnology, nanoformulation, toxicity

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