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      Volatiles of Grape Inoculated with Microorganisms: Modulation of Grapevine Moth Oviposition and Field Attraction

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          Abstract

          Semiochemicals released by plant-microbe associations are used by herbivorous insects to access and evaluate food resources and oviposition sites. Adult insects may utilize microbial-derived nutrients to prolong their lifespan, promote egg development, and offer a high nutritional substrate to their offspring. Here, we examined the behavioral role of semiochemicals from grape-microbe interactions on oviposition and field attraction of the grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller). The volatile constituents released by grape inoculated with yeasts ( Hanseniaspora uvarum (Niehaus), Metschnikowia pulcherrima (Pitt.) M.W. Miller, Pichia anomala, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen, and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (Boutroux) Yarrow), sour rot bacteria ( Acetobacter aceti (Pasteur) Beijerinck and Gluconobacter oxydans (Henneberg) De Ley), and a fungal pathogen ( Botrytis cinerea Pers.) all endemic of the vineyard were sampled by solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and ethyl acetate were the most common volatiles released from all microbe-inoculated grapes. In addition, acetic acid was released at a substantial amount following bacteria inoculation and in a three-way inoculation with yeasts and the fungus. 2-phenylethanol, a compound reported to attract tortricid moths when used in combination with acetic acid, was found at a relatively low level in all microbial combinations as well as in the control grape. While grapes inoculated with a consortium of yeasts stimulated oviposition in comparison with uninoculated berries, the phytopathogenic fungus deterred egg-laying. Nonetheless, the highest preference to lay eggs was measured when the yeasts were co-inoculated with the fungus. The lowest preference was obtained when grapes were inoculated with sour rot bacteria and their binary co-inoculation with yeasts and the fungus. Interestingly, oviposition on berries simultaneously inoculated with all the three microbial groups was unaffected. Lures loaded with either acetic acid or 2-phenylethanol were not attractive when placed in traps as single component in vineyards, but a binary blend attracted both sexes of grapevine moth in significant numbers. Further addition of the three most common volatiles released by infected berries (ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and ethyl acetate) did not significantly increase moth catch with this binary blend. The ecological implications of the grape-microorganism and grapevine moth interaction as well as the possibility to develop a pest monitoring system based on microbial volatiles are discussed.

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          The online version of this article (10.1007/s00248-018-1164-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          A meta-analysis of preference-performance relationships in phytophagous insects.

          The extent to which behavioural choices reflect fine-tuned evolutionary adaptation remains an open debate. For herbivorous insects, the preference-performance hypothesis (PPH) states that female insects will evolve to oviposit on hosts on which their offspring fare best. In this study, we use meta-analysis to assess the balance of evidence for and against the PPH, and to evaluate the role of individual factors proposed to influence host selection by female insects. We do so in an explicitly bitrophic context (herbivores versus plants). Overall, our analyses offer clear support for the PPH: Offspring survive better on preferred plant types, and females lay more eggs on plant types conducive to offspring performance. We also found evidence for an effect of diet breadth on host choice: female preference for 'good quality plants' was stronger in oligophagous insects than in polyphagous insects. Nonetheless, despite the large numbers of preference-performance studies conducted to date, sample sizes in our meta-analysis are low due to the inconsistent format used by authors to present their results. To improve the situation, we invite authors to contribute to the data base emerging from this work, with the aim of reaching a strengthened synthesis of the subject field.
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            Microbial volatile emissions as insect semiochemicals.

            We provide a synthesis of the literature describing biochemical interactions between microorganisms and insects by way of microbial volatile organic compound (MVOC) production. We evaluated the functionality and ecological context of MVOC signals, and explored important metabolic pathways involved in MVOC production. The cosmopolitan distribution of microorganisms creates a context for frequent, and frequently overlooked, insect responses to microbial emissions. There are numerous instances of MVOCs being closely associated with insect feeding behaviors, but some MVOCs are also powerful repellants. Emissions from microorganisms in situ may signal aspects of habitat suitability or potential exposure to entomopathogens. In some ecosystems, bacterial or fungal volatiles can also incite insect aggregations, or MVOCs can resemble sexual pheromones that elicit mating and oviposition behaviors from responding insects. A single microorganism or MVOC can have different effects on insect behaviors, especially across species, ontogenies, and habitats. There appears to be a multipartite basis for insect responses to MVOCs, and complex tritrophic interactions can result from the production of MVOCs. Many biochemical pathways for behaviorally active volatile production by microbial species are conserved across large taxonomic groupings of microorganisms. In addition, there is substantial functional redundancy in MVOCs: fungal tissues commonly produce polyketides and short-chain alcohols, whereas bacterial tissues tend to be more commonly associated with amines and pyrazines. We hypothesize that insect olfactory responses to emissions from microorganisms inhabiting their sensory environment are much more common than currently recognized, and that these signals represent evolutionarily reliable infochemicals. Insect chemoreception of microbial volatiles may contribute to the formation of neutral, beneficial, or even harmful symbioses and provide considerable insight into the evolution of insect behavioral responses to volatile compounds.
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              Influence of dietary yeasts on Drosophila melanogaster life-history traits

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +46 40 415320 , marco.tasin@slu.se
                Journal
                Microb Ecol
                Microb. Ecol
                Microbial Ecology
                Springer US (New York )
                0095-3628
                1432-184X
                10 March 2018
                10 March 2018
                2018
                : 76
                : 3
                : 751-761
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8578 2742, GRID grid.6341.0, Integrated Plant Protection Unit, Department of Plant Protection Biology, , Swedish University of Agricultural Science, ; 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1755 6224, GRID grid.424414.3, Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, , Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), ; San Michele all’Adige, Italy
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0404 0958, GRID grid.463419.d, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, ; 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.10999.38, Millennium Nucleus Center in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems (CEM), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, , Universidad de Talca, ; Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1537 5962, GRID grid.8170.e, Escuela de Agronomìa, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y de los Alimentos, , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, ; Casilla 4-D, Quillota, Chile
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0351, GRID grid.11696.39, Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), , University of Trento, ; San Michele all’Adige, Italy
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7379-4954
                Article
                1164
                10.1007/s00248-018-1164-6
                6132500
                29526022
                05661899-888f-4946-b50b-394936803ece
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 27 October 2017
                : 16 February 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001862, Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas;
                Award ID: 934
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Plant Microbe Interactions
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018

                Microbiology & Virology
                lobesia botrana,acetic acid,2-phenylethanol,dual sex attractant,pest monitoring

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