Compuestos orgánicos volátiles de plantas inducidos por insectos: situación actual en México

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Abstract

Resumen Las plantas producen y emiten compuestos orgánicos volátiles, generalmente son mezclas que están compuestas por terpenos, derivados de ácidos grasos y compuestos aromáticos. Los compuestos orgánicos volátiles sirven a las plantas para: reproducción, atraer polinizadores o dispersores de semillas, como defensa para repeler insectos o detener la colonización por bacterias y hongos fitopatógenos, para atraer enemigos naturales de herbívoros y como mensajeros intraespecíficos e interespecíficos. Las plantas emiten algunos volátiles especialmente cuando las partes vegetativas se exponen a estimulo abiótico o biótico. Considerando lo antes expuesto, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, siendo el objetivo del presente trabajo dar a conocer la clasificación de los compuestos orgánicos volátiles de las plantas, describir y señalar las características de las técnicas de extracción e identificación de los compuestos orgánicos volátiles, presentar los avances reportados en la literatura científica acerca de estos compuestos inducidos por insectos y su situación actual en México.

Translated abstract

Abstract Plants produce and emit volatile organic compounds, generally they are mixtures that are composed of terpenes, fatty acid derivatives and aromatic compounds. Volatile organic compounds serve plants for: reproduction, attracting pollinators or seed dispersers, as a defense to repel insects or stop colonization by phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi, to attract natural enemies of herbivores and as intraspecific and interspecific messengers. Plants emit some volatiles especially when the vegetative parts are exposed to abiotic or biotic stimulation. Considering the foregoing, a bibliographic review was carried out, the purpose of which is to present the classification of volatile organic compounds in plants, to describe and indicate the characteristics of the extraction and identification techniques of volatile organic compounds, to present the advances reported in the scientific literature about these compounds induced by insects and their current situation in Mexico.

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Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores.

Abdul Rashid War, Michael Paulraj, Tariq Ahmad … (2014)

Plants respond to herbivory through various morphological, biochemicals, and molecular mechanisms to counter/offset the effects of herbivore attack. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by induced responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be engineered genetically, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants against are challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.

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Biosynthesis, function and metabolic engineering of plant volatile organic compounds.

Natalia Dudareva, Antje Klempien, Joëlle K. Muhlemann … (2013)

Plants synthesize an amazing diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that facilitate interactions with their environment, from attracting pollinators and seed dispersers to protecting themselves from pathogens, parasites and herbivores. Recent progress in -omics technologies resulted in the isolation of genes encoding enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of many volatiles and contributed to our understanding of regulatory mechanisms involved in VOC formation. In this review, we largely focus on the biosynthesis and regulation of plant volatiles, the involvement of floral volatiles in plant reproduction as well as their contribution to plant biodiversity and applications in agriculture via crop-pollinator interactions. In addition, metabolic engineering approaches for both the improvement of plant defense and pollinator attraction are discussed in light of methodological constraints and ecological complications that limit the transition of crops with modified volatile profiles from research laboratories to real-world implementation. © 2013 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2013 New Phytologist Trust.