Neurotoxicidad y enfermedades óseas provocadas por la contaminación con aluminio de soluciones de diálisis renal

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Abstract

En este articulo se revisan las principales evidencias de la neurotoxicidad in vitro del aluminio, y algunos hallazgos en cerebros de pacientes de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, se muestran algunos estudios realizados con pacientes que sufren deficiencias renales, como los tipos más importantes de ostodistrofias causados por aluminio. El problema de analizar la baja concentración de aluminio presente en fluidos humanos se resuelve con métodos analíticos muy sensibles como la espectrofotometría electrotérmica de absorción atómica ETAS, y métodos voltamperométricos con agentes acomplejantes; que permiten adsorción sobre electrodos sólidos o de gota suspendida de mercurio. Es muy importante conocer con exactitud la concentración de aluminio en el agua usada en para preparar las disoluciones usadas en la hemodiálisis, o en las disoluciones usadas en la diálisis peritoneal ambulatoria, como primer paso para evitar la contaminación de los pacientes con aluminio. La prevención de la contaminación durante el muestreo, almacenaje y análisis de fluidos dializados es prioritaria y el agua usada en la diálisis debe ser tan baja como sea posible en contenido de por aluminio.

Translated abstract

This article reviews the principal evidences about aluminum neurotoxicity in vitro, and some evidences in brain tissues of Alzheimer patients; and also show some studies realized with humans that suffer renal deficiencies, dealing with the principal osteodystrophy. The problem of analyzing low aluminum concentration in human fluids is overcomed with very sensitive analytical methods as Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAS) and voltammetric methods as Anodic Striping Voltammetry with complexing agents that easing adsorption over solid electrodes or mercury hanging drop. Is a vital question to know with accuracy the aluminum concentration in water used in hemodialysis or in fluids used in ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, as a first stage to prevent contamination by aluminium. So the prevention of contamination during sampling, storage and analysis of biological fluids should be the first need and the sources of water used in renal dialysis keep be as clean as possible of aluminium contamination.

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The factors involved in abnormal parathyroid cell secretory function and growth in patients with primary (I degree) and secondary (II degree) hyperparathyroidism are still incompletely understood. We compared the expression of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) at the gene message and the protein level in parathyroid tissue obtained from patients with I degree non-uremic or II degree uremic hyperparathyroidism with that in normal parathyroid tissue, using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry techniques. The expression of the CaR mRNA and protein was reduced in most cases of I degree adenoma and II degree hyperplasia, compared with strong expression normal parathyroid tissue. In II degree hyperparathyroidism, expression of both receptor mRNA message and protein was often particularly depressed in nodular areas, compared with adjacent non-nodular hyperplasia. Decreased Ca-R expression in adenomatous and hyperplastic parathyroid glands would be compatible with a less efficient control of PTH synthesis and secretion by plasma calcium than in normal parathyroid tissue.

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V Iyengar, J Woittiez (1988)

Reference values are proposed for the concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, and Zn in whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair from adult human subjects. For F, I, and Ni, it was not possible to evaluate reference intervals for all the specimens mentioned above. For several elements, including Al, B, Br, Cs, Li, Rb, U, and V, the present status of the literature does not provide an adequate basis for formulating baseline concentrations; therefore, results from selected investigations are listed for information only. For elements such as Cu, Fe, and Zn, which are known to be homeostatically controlled, the concentrations in whole blood and blood serum follow a gaussian-like frequency distribution, and we could consider both median and mean values for evaluation. On the other hand, elements whose concentrations in tissues and body fluids are influenced by dietary availability (e.g., As and Se) or environmental factors (e.g., Cd, Hg, and Pb) show wide scatter. In these cases, the median appeared to be a better indicator of the central tendency than the mean, when different populations are involved. These points are illustrated.