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      Utilidad del score SAMe-TT2R2 en el control de la anticoagulación oral con warfarina en pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular Translated title: Usefulness of the SAMe-TT2R2 score in the control of oral anticoagulation with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation

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          Abstract

          Antecedentes: la prevención de eventos tromoboembólicos mediante anticoagulación oral es uno de los principales objetivos en el tratamiento de la fibrilación auricular (FA) no valvular, pudiendo utilizarse tanto fármacos antivitamina K (AVK), como warfarina y anticoagulantes orales directos (ACOD). La warfarina ofrece su mayor eficacia y seguridad cuando el porcentaje de tiempo en rango terapéutico (TTR) es mayor de 65%-70%. El score SAMe-TT2R2 fue desarrollado como herramienta para intentar predecir la respuesta al tratamiento anticoagulante con fármacos AVK. Los pacientes con un puntaje favorable (0-1 punto) tendrían una buena respuesta al tratamiento y por lo tanto un TTR adecuado, mientras que un puntaje desfavorable (2 puntos) permitiría predecir un TTR inadecuado, identificando pacientes que requieren intervenciones adicionales para optimizar la calidad de anticoagulación o que serían mejores candidatos a ACOD. Objetivo: evaluar la utilidad del score SAMe-TT2R2 en el control de la anticoagulación oral con warfarina en pacientes portadores de FA no valvular. Método: estudio retrospectivo de 115 pacientes ambulatorios con FA no valvular, anticoagulados con warfarina entre el 1° de junio de 2012 y el 31 de junio de 2014. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI), comorbilidades, fármacos concomitantes, score CHA2DS2-VASc y HAS-BLED. Se calculó el TTR individual mediante método de Rosendaal y se calculó el score SAMe-TT2R2. Se utilizó el test de t para comparación de medias y el test de chi² para análisis de variables categóricas. Se consideró significativo un valor p<0,05. Resultados: la media de edad fue de 71,0±9,8 años, sexo masculino 52,2%. Comorbilidades asociadas fueron: hipertensión arterial (HTA) 82,6%, cardiopatía isquémica 24,3%, diabetes mellitus 18,3%, ataque cerebrovascular previo 10,4%, tabaquismo 6,1% y ex tabaquista 30,4%, consumo concomitante de tres o más fármacos 87,0%. La media de FEVI fue de 48,3±12,4%, score CHA2DS2-VASc 3,6±1,2 puntos y score HAS-BLED 1,8±0,9 puntos. La media de TTR calculada fue de 54,9±21,6% y solamente 37 pacientes (32,2%) tuvieron un TTR 65%. El score SAMe-TT2R2 tuvo una media de 1,8±1,0 puntos, 45 pacientes (39,1%) tuvieron un puntaje favorable a warfarina (0-1 punto) y 70 pacientes (60,9%) un puntaje desfavorable (2 puntos). No hubo diferencia significativa en la media de TTR según la categoría de SAMe-TT2R2 (53,0±23,7% vs 56,2±20,2%, p=0,447). Tampoco se encontró asociación entre un score SAMe-TT2R2 favorable a warfarina y un TTR 65% (33,3% vs 31,4%, p=0,831). Conclusión: en la población estudiada no hubo diferencia en la calidad de la anticoagulación oral con warfarina entre las categorías (favorable y desfavorable) del score SAMe-TT2R2.

          Translated abstract

          Background: prevention of thromboembolic events is the main objective of oral anticoagulation treatment in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) and either oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKA), like warfarin, or direct oral anticoagulants (ACOD) can be used. When warfarin is used, a time in therapeutic range (TTR) >65- 70% offers the best efficacy and safety. The SAMe-TT2R2 score has been developed as a tool to predict the response to VKA. A favorable SAMe-TT2R2 score (0-1 point) can identify patients that respond adequately to VKA and will have a better TTR, whilst a not favorable SAMe-TT2R2score (2 points) associates with poor TTR, needing additional therapies to optimize anticoagulation quality control or would be better candidates to direct oral anticoagulants (ACOD) Objective: assess SAMe-TT2R2 score value in anticoagulation quality control of patients with non-valvular AF treated with warfarin. Method: retrospective study of 115 ambulatory patients with non-valvular AF receiving oral anticoagulation treatment with warfarin, from June 1st 2012 to June 31st 2014. Analyzed variables were age, sex, left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), comorbidities, number of concomitant drugs, CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores. Rosendaal method was used to calculate the individual TTR. Student T test was used to compare mean values and X2 test for categorical variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: mean age was 71.0 ± 9.8 years, 52.2% were male, most frequent comorbidities were: hypertension 82.6%, ischemic heart disease 24.3%, diabetes mellitus 18.3%, cerebrovascular disease 10.4%, smoking 6.1% and former smoking 30.4%, concomitant use of 3 or more drugs 87%. Mean LVEF was 48.3 ± 12.5 %, CHA2DS2-VASc Score 3.6 ± 1.2 points and HAS-BLED Score 1.8 ± 0.9 points. Mean TTR was 54.9 ± 21.6% and only 37 patients (32.2%) had a TTR 65%. Mean SAMe-TT2R2 score was 1.8 ± 1.0 points, a warfarin-favorable score (0-1 point) was found in 45 patients (39.1%) and 70 patients (60.9%) had a non-favorable score (2 points). No significant mean TTR difference was found among SAMe-TT2R2 categories (53.0 ± 23.7% vs. 56.2 ± 20.2%, p=0.447). No association between a favorable SAMe-TT2R2 Score and a high TTR (65%) was found (33.3 vs. 31.4%, p=0.831). Conclusion: no difference in anticoagulation quality control was found among favorable and non-favorable SAMe-TT2R2 score categories.

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          Most cited references37

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          A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation.

          There are two approaches to the treatment of atrial fibrillation: one is cardioversion and treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs to maintain sinus rhythm, and the other is the use of rate-controlling drugs, allowing atrial fibrillation to persist. In both approaches, the use of anticoagulant drugs is recommended. We conducted a randomized, multicenter comparison of these two treatment strategies in patients with atrial fibrillation and a high risk of stroke or death. The primary end point was overall mortality. A total of 4060 patients (mean [+/-SD] age, 69.7+/-9.0 years) were enrolled in the study; 70.8 percent had a history of hypertension, and 38.2 percent had coronary artery disease. Of the 3311 patients with echocardiograms, the left atrium was enlarged in 64.7 percent and left ventricular function was depressed in 26.0 percent. There were 356 deaths among the patients assigned to rhythm-control therapy and 310 deaths among those assigned to rate-control therapy (mortality at five years, 23.8 percent and 21.3 percent, respectively; hazard ratio, 1.15 [95 percent confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.34]; P=0.08). More patients in the rhythm-control group than in the rate-control group were hospitalized, and there were more adverse drug effects in the rhythm-control group as well. In both groups, the majority of strokes occurred after warfarin had been stopped or when the international normalized ratio was subtherapeutic. Management of atrial fibrillation with the rhythm-control strategy offers no survival advantage over the rate-control strategy, and there are potential advantages, such as a lower risk of adverse drug effects, with the rate-control strategy. Anticoagulation should be continued in this group of high-risk patients. Copyright 2002 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates.

            Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common of the serious cardiac rhythm disturbances and is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in the general population. Its prevalence doubles with each advancing decade of age, from 0.5% at age 50-59 years to almost 9% at age 80-89 years. It is also becoming more prevalent, increasing in men aged 65-84 years from 3.2% in 1968-1970 to 9.1% in 1987-1989. This statistically significant increase in men was not explained by an increase in age, valve disease, or myocardial infarctions in the cohort. The incidence of new onset of AF also doubled with each decade of age, independent of the increasing prevalence of known predisposing conditions. Based on 38-year follow-up data from the Framingham Study, men had a 1.5-fold greater risk of developing AF than women after adjustment for age and predisposing conditions. Of the cardiovascular risk factors, only hypertension and diabetes were significant independent predictors of AF, adjusting for age and other predisposing conditions. Cigarette smoking was a significant risk factor in women adjusting only for age (OR = 1.4), but was just short of significance on adjustment for other risk factors. Neither obesity nor alcohol intake was associated with AF incidence in either sex. For men and women, respectively, diabetes conferred a 1.4- and 1.6-fold risk, and hypertension a 1.5- and 1.4-fold risk, after adjusting for other associated conditions. Because of its high prevalence in the population, hypertension was responsible for more AF in the population (14%) than any other risk factor. Intrinsic overt cardiac conditions imposed a substantially higher risk. Adjusting for other relevant conditions, heart failure was associated with a 4.5- and 5.9-fold risk, and valvular heart disease a 1.8- and 3.4-fold risk for AF in men and women, respectively. Myocardial infarction significantly increased the risk factor-adjusted likelihood of AF by 40% in men only. Echocardiographic predictors of nonrheumatic AF include left atrial enlargement (39%/ increase in risk per 5-mm increment), left ventricular fractional shortening (34% per 5% decrement), and left ventricular wall thickness (28% per 4-mm increment). These echocardiographic features offer prognostic information for AF beyond the traditional clinical risk factors. Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy increased risk of AF 3-4-fold after adjusting only for age, but this risk ratio is decreased to 1.4 after adjustment for the other associated conditions. The chief hazard of AF is stroke, the risk of which is increased 4-5-fold. Because of its high prevalence in advanced age, AF assumes great importance as a risk factor for stroke and by the ninth decade becomes a dominant factor. The attributable risk for stroke associated with AF increases steeply from 1.5% at age 50-59 years to 23.5% at age 80-89 years. AF is associated with a doubling of mortality in both sexes, which is decreased to 1.5-1.9-fold after adjusting for associated cardiovascular conditions. Decreased survival associated with AF occurs across a wide range of ages.
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              Identifying patients at high risk for stroke despite anticoagulation: a comparison of contemporary stroke risk stratification schemes in an anticoagulated atrial fibrillation cohort.

              The risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is not homogeneous, and various clinical risk factors have informed the development of stroke risk stratification schemes (RSS). Among anticoagulated cohorts, the emphasis should be on the identification of patients who remain at high risk for stroke despite anticoagulation. We investigated predictors of thromboembolism (TE) risk in an anticoagulated AF clinical trial cohort (n = 7329 subjects) and tested the predictive value of contemporary RSS in this cohort: CHADS₂, Framingham, NICE 2006, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/European Society of Cardiology 2006, the 8th American College of Chest Physicians guidelines and the CHA₂DS₂-VASc schemes. On multivariate analysis, significant predictors of TE were stroke/TIA (hazard ratio [HR], 2.24; P < 0.001), age 75 years or older (HR, 1.77; P = 0.0002), coronary artery disease (HR, 1.52; P = 0.0047), and smoking (HR, 2.10; P = 0.0005), whereas reported alcohol use (HR, 0.70; P = 0.02) was protective. Comparison of contemporary RSS demonstrated variable classification of AF patients into risk strata, although c-statistics for TE were broadly similar among the RSS tested and varied between 0.575 (NICE 2006) and 0.647 (CHA₂DS₂-VASc). CHA₂DS₂-VASc classified 94.2% as being at high risk, whereas most other RSS categorized two-thirds as being at high risk. Of the 184 TE events, 181 (98.4%) occurred in patients identified as being at high risk by the CHA₂DS₂-VASc schema. There was a stepwise increase in TE with increasing CHA₂DS₂-VASc score (P (trend) < 0.0001), which had the highest HR (3.75) among the tested schemes. The negative predictive value (ie, the percent categorized as "not high risk" actually being free from TE) for CHA₂DS₂-VASc was 99.5%. Coronary artery disease and smoking are additional risk factors for TE in anticoagulated AF patients, whereas alcohol use appears protective. Of the contemporary stroke RSS, the CHA₂DS₂-VASc scheme correctly identified the greatest proportion of AF patients at high risk, despite the similar predictive ability of most RSS evidenced by the c-statistic.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ruc
                Revista Uruguaya de Cardiología
                Rev.Urug.Cardiol.
                Sociedad Uruguaya de Cardiología (Montevideo, , Uruguay )
                0797-0048
                1688-0420
                December 2016
                : 31
                : 3
                : 381-389
                Affiliations
                [01] Montevideo orgnameHospital de Clínicas orgdiv1Centro Cardiovascular Universitario orgdiv2Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Insuficiencia Cardíaca Uruguay
                Article
                S1688-04202016000300004
                05d531fc-d2f7-415a-9f78-a75d3da92da2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 March 2016
                : 21 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 54, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay


                WARFARIN,ATRIAL FIBRILLATION,VITAMIN K,antagonists & inhibitors,SAMe-TT2R2,FIBRILACIÓN ATRIAL,WARFARINA,ANTICOAGULANTES,VITAMINA K,uso terapéutico,antagonista & inhibidores,ANTICOAGULANTS,therapeutic use

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