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      Social Cohesion and Community Resilience During COVID-19 and Pandemics: A Rapid Scoping Review to Inform the United Nations Research Roadmap for COVID-19 Recovery

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          Abstract

          Shock events uncover deficits in social cohesion and exacerbate existing social inequalities at the household, community, local, regional, and national levels. National and regional government recovery planning requires careful stakeholder engagement that centers on marginalized people, particularly women and marginalized community leaders. The aim of this rapid scoping review was to inform the United Nations Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery, based on Pillar 5 of the United Nations Framework for the Immediate Socioeconomic Response to COVID-19: Social Cohesion and Community Resilience. We present a summary of key concepts across the literature that helped situate this review. The results include a description of the state of the science and a review of themes identified as being crucial to sustainable and equitable recovery planning by the United Nations. The role of social cohesion during a disaster, particularly its importance for upstream planning and relationship building before a disaster occurs, is not well understood and is a promising area of future research. Understanding the applicability of social cohesion measurement methodologies and outcomes across different communities and geographies, as well as the development of new and relevant instruments and techniques, is urgently needed in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic.

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          Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems

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              Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements

              The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19 since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent. Further, space constraints, violence, and overcrowding in slums make physical distancing and self-quarantine impractical, and the rapid spread of an infection highly likely. Residents of informal settlements are also economically vulnerable during any COVID-19 responses. Any responses to COVID-19 that do not recognize these realities will further jeopardize the survival of large segments of the urban population globally. Most top-down strategies to arrest an infectious disease will likely ignore the often-robust social groups and knowledge that already exist in many slums. Here, we offer a set of practice and policy suggestions that aim to (1) dampen the spread of COVID-19 based on the latest available science, (2) improve the likelihood of medical care for the urban poor whether or not they get infected, and (3) provide economic, social, and physical improvements and protections to the urban poor, including migrants, slum communities, and their residents, that can improve their long-term well-being. Immediate measures to protect residents of urban informal settlements, the homeless, those living in precarious settlements, and the entire population from COVID-19 include the following: (1) institute informal settlements/slum emergency planning committees in every urban informal settlement; (2) apply an immediate moratorium on evictions; (3) provide an immediate guarantee of payments to the poor; (4) immediately train and deploy community health workers; (5) immediately meet Sphere Humanitarian standards for water, sanitation, and hygiene; (6) provide immediate food assistance; (7) develop and implement a solid waste collection strategy; and (8) implement immediately a plan for mobility and health care. Lessons have been learned from earlier pandemics such as HIV and epidemics such as Ebola. They can be applied here. At the same time, the opportunity exists for public health, public administration, international aid, NGOs, and community groups to innovate beyond disaster response and move toward long-term plans.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Health Serv
                Int J Health Serv
                JOH
                spjoh
                International Journal of Health Services
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                0020-7314
                1541-4469
                July 2021
                July 2021
                : 51
                : 3
                : 325-336
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Ringgold 7938, universityUniversity of Toronto; , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
                [2 ]Ringgold 5620, universityMcGill University; , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                [3 ]Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences (BIGSSS), Ringgold 84498, universityJacobs University Bremen; , Germany
                Author notes
                [*]Rae L. Jewett, Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall, 100 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3. Email: Lauren.jewett@ 123456mail.utoronto.ca
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8389-6767
                Article
                10.1177_0020731421997092
                10.1177/0020731421997092
                8204038
                33827308
                05f25c32-4633-4d58-bb1f-66f6a3992b78
                © The Author(s) 2021

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Categories
                VI. Towards a Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic: UN Scoping Reviews
                Custom metadata
                ts19

                social cohesion,covid-19,united nations,pandemics,community resilience,stakeholder engagement,disaster response,social capital

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