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      Airborne fungal spores from an urban locality in southern Sonora, Mexico Translated title: Esporas fúngicas aerovagantes en una localidad del sur de Sonora, México

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          Abstract

          Abstract: In this first study on aeromycota from the state of Sonora, Mexico, the airborne fungal diversity of Ciudad Obregón was determined and quantified with a Hirst-type sampler according to internationally accepted methods (Spanish Aerobiology Network). Spearman statistical correlations between the dominant fungal taxa and several meteorological parameters were established for the dry (January-May) and wet (June-December) seasons for two sampling periods (January-December of 2008 and 2011). The annual fungal indices for 2008 and 2011 were 917 and 1,690 spores, respectively. The dominant spores during both years were Alternaria, Cladosporium and Aspergillus/Penicillium. Statistically significant positive correlations were obtained between the total spore count with precipitation and relative humidity. This study highlights that the dominant genera in arid zones are Alternaria, Aspergillus/Penicillium and Cladosporium, which is similar to other regions. However, in cities with arid climates that are surrounded by crops, Alternaria is dominant, followed by Cladosporium and Aspergillus/Penicillium in smaller proportions. This finding could be related to the systematic use of fungicides in agricultural regions and the selective effect of these agrochemicals. The consequences of fungicide use on human and crop health must be evaluated. Aspergillus/Penicillium does not exhibit a seasonal pattern when studied using the Hirst method.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: En este primer estudio sobre la aeromicota del estado de Sonora, se determinó y cuantificó la diversidad fúngica de la atmósfera de Ciudad Obregón, de acuerdo a la metodología internacional aceptada (Red Española de Aerobiología), con un captador Hirst. Se estableció la correlación estadística (Spearman) de los principales taxones fúngicos y los parámetros meteorológicos en dos estaciones: seca (enero-mayo) y húmeda (junio-diciembre), en dos periodos de muestreo (enero-diciembre de 2008 y de 2011). El índice anual fúngico para 2008 fue de 917 esporas y en 2011 de 1690. En ambos periodos las principales esporas fueron: Alternaria, Cladosporium y Aspergillus/ Pénicillium. Se obtuvieron correlaciones estadísticas significativas positivas del total de esporas con precipitación y humedad relativa. El estudio resalta que en zonas áridas, los géneros dominantes son Alternaria, Aspergillus/Penicillium y Cladosporium, a semejanza de otras regiones. Sin embargo, se observa que en ciudades de climas áridos rodeadas de cultivos, Alternaria es el taxón dominante, seguido en menor proporción por Cladosporium y Aspergillus/Penicillium. Lo anterior puede relacionarse con el uso sistemático de fungicidas en esas regiones agrícolas y su acción selectiva, cuyas consecuencias deberán evaluarse en la salud humana y sanidad de los cultivos. Aspergillus/Penicillium no tiene un patrón estacional definido cuando se estudia con el método Hirst.

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          Variation assessment of airborne Alternaria and Cladosporium spores at different bioclimatical conditions.

          The study of mould spores is of major importance as many fungi can cause considerable economic losses worldwide acting as plant pathogens or triggering respiratory diseases and allergenic processes in humans. Knowledge of spore production relationships to different altitudes or weather patterns can be applied in a more efficient and reliable use of pesticides or improving diagnosis and treatment of respiratory allergic diseases. In this way monitoring of Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. herbarum and Alternaria spp. airborne spores during 2002 was carried out by means of three LANZONI VPPS 2000 pollen traps located in areas of north-west Spain at various altitudes and with various weather patterns. High spore counts were recorded in the late summer and early autumn, with a fairly similar hourly spore-count pattern, increasing the concentrations in the late evening (7-10 p.m.). High spore concentrations were detected in inland rural areas in front of coastal ones. As the continentality index increased, C. cladosporioides spore concentrations rose and Alternaria declined. C. herbarum concentrations increased with increasing height above sea level. The weather factor displaying the strongest positive correlation with mean daily spore counts was temperature. The optimal conditions for high airborne spore concentrations were recorded at temperatures ranging from 23-29 degrees C and RH values of around 80%, followed rapidly by rainfall in Vigo and Ourense and preceded by heavy rain two days prior to recording peak values in Trives.
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            Airborne viable, non-viable, and allergenic fungi in a rural agricultural area of India: a 2-year study at five outdoor sampling stations.

            The information on airborne allergenic fungal flora in rural agricultural areas is largely lacking. Adequate information is not available to the bioaerosol researchers regarding the choice of single versus multiple sampling stations for the monitoring of both viable and non-viable airborne fungi. There is no long-term study estimating the ratios of viable and non-viable fungi in the air and earlier studies did not focus on the fractions of airborne allergenic fungi with respect to the total airborne fungal load. To fill these knowledge gaps, volumetric paired assessments of airborne viable and non-viable fungi were performed in five outdoor sampling stations during two consecutive years in a rural agricultural area of India. Samples were collected at 10-day intervals by the Burkard Personal Slide Sampler and the Andersen Two-Stage Viable Sampler. The data on the concentrations of total and individual fungal types from five stations and 2 different years were analyzed and compared by statistical methods. The allergenicity of the prevalent airborne viable fungi was estimated by the skin-prick tests of >100 rural allergy patients using the antigenic fungal extracts from isolates collected with the Andersen sampler. The ranges of total fungal spore concentration were 82-2365 spores per cubic meter of air (spores/m3) in the first sampling year and 156-2022 spores/m3 in the second sampling year. The concentration ranges of viable fungi were 72-1796 colony-forming units per cubic meter of air (CFU/m3) in the first sampling year and 155-1256 CFU/m3 in the second sampling year. No statistically significant difference was observed between the total spore data of the 2 years, however, the data between five stations showed a significant difference (P 60% positive reactions in the skin prick test. These selected allergenic fungi collectively represented 31.7-63.2% of the total airborne viable fungi in different stations. The study concluded that: (i) a rich fungal airspora existed in the rural study area, (ii) to achieve representative information on the total airborne fungal spores of an area, the monitoring in multiple sampling stations is preferable over a single sampling station; for viable fungi, however, one station can be considered, (iii) the percentage of airborne fungal viability is higher in rural agricultural areas, and (iv) approximately 52% of the viable airborne fungi in the rural study area were allergenic. Copryright 2003 Elsevier B.V.
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              Fungi in a changing world: growth rates will be elevated, but spore production may decrease in future climates.

              Very little is known about the impact of climate change on fungi and especially on spore production. Fungal spores can be allergenic, thus being important for human health. The aim of this study was to investigate how climate change influences the responsive ability of fungi by simulating differing environmental regimes. Fungal species with high spore allergenic potential and atmospheric abundance were grown and experimentally examined under a variety of temperatures and different nutrient availability. Each represented the average decadal air temperature of the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s in the UK, along with an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate change scenario for 2100. All tests were run on six fungal species: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium oxysporum and Epicoccum purpurascens. Mycelium growth rate and spore production were examined on each single species and competitive capacity among species combinations in pairs. All fungal species grew faster at higher temperatures, and this was more pronounced for the temperature projection in 2100. Most species grew faster when there was lower nutrient availability. Exceptions were the species with the highest growth rate (E. purpurascens) and with the highest competition capacity (A. alternata). Most species (except for E. purpurascens) produced more spores in the richer nutrient medium but fewer as temperature increased. C. cladosporioides was an exception, exponentially increasing its spore production in the temperature of the 2100 scenario. Regarding competitive capacity, no species displayed any significant alterations within the environmental range checked. It is suggested that in future climates, fungi will display dramatic growth responses, with faster mycelium growth and lower spore production, with questions risen on relevant allergen potential.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rmm
                Revista mexicana de micología
                Rev. Mex. Mic
                Sociedad Mexicana de Micología (Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico )
                0187-3180
                2016
                : 44
                : 0
                : 11-20
                Affiliations
                [3] Barcelona orgnameUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona orgdiv1Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals España
                [1] Hermosillo orgnameUniversidad de Sonora orgdiv1Depto. Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas Mexico
                [4] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera Mexico
                [5] Ciudad Obregón Sonora orgnameInstituto Superior de Cajeme orgdiv1Div. Ingeniería Ambiental México
                [7] Ciudad Obregón Sonora orgnameClínica Hospital San José orgdiv1Depto. Inmunología Clínica y Alergia México
                [6] Ciudad Obregón orgnameInstituto Tecnológico de Sonora orgdiv1Depto. Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias Mexico
                [2] Hermosillo orgnameUniversidad de Sonora orgdiv1Depto. Física Mexico
                Article
                S0187-31802016000200011
                060bc634-cb59-4896-9c9e-07c126c552e0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 January 2016
                : 19 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 57, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Mexico


                Valle del Yaqui,aerobiology,Ciudad Obregón,semiarid environment,Yaqui Valley,aerobiología,ambiente semiárido

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