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      The Relationship between the Fear of Covid-19, Depression, and Spiritual Well-Being in Pregnant Women

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          Abstract

          The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between pregnant women's fear of coronavirus (COVID-19), depression, and spiritual well-being. This cross-sectional research was carried out with 336 pregnant women living in a city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey between the 1st of March and 30th of March 2021. For data collection, the scales of the Fear of COVID-19, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Spiritual Well-being were administered to the participants. The pregnant women’s fear of COVID-19 was found to be at a moderate level, their depression was at a mild level, and their spiritual well-being was above the moderate level. It was found that there was a significant negative correlation between the spiritual well-being levels of pregnant women and their fear of COVID-19 and depression. Moreover, it was also found that there was a significant positive correlation between pregnant women’s levels of fear of COVID-19 and depression ( p < 0.001). It is recommended that relevant spiritual care practices can be disseminated and implemented effectively to reduce pregnant women’s fear and depression during the pandemic. In addition, when providing care to pregnant women, health professionals can adopt a holistic approach to increase pregnant women’s spiritual well-being.

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          Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic

          Catherine Lebel, Anna L Mackinnon, Mercedes Bagshawe … (2020)
          Background Anxiety and depression symptoms in pregnancy typically affect between 10-25% of pregnant individuals. Elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety are associated with increased risk of preterm birth, postpartum depression, and behavioural difficulties in children. The current COVID-19 pandemic is a unique stressor with potentially wide-ranging consequences for pregnancy and beyond. Methods We assessed symptoms of anxiety and depression among pregnant individuals during the current COVID-19 pandemic and determined factors that were associated with psychological distress. 1987 pregnant participants in Canada were surveyed in April 2020. The assessment included questions about COVID-19-related stress and standardized measures of depression, anxiety, pregnancy-related anxiety, and social support. Results We found substantially elevated anxiety and depression symptoms compared to similar pre-pandemic pregnancy cohorts, with 37% reporting clinically relevant symptoms of depression and 57% reporting clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety. Higher symptoms of depression and anxiety were associated with more concern about threats of COVID-19 to the life of the mother and baby, as well as concerns about not getting the necessary prenatal care, relationship strain, and social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher levels of perceived social support and support effectiveness, as well as more physical activity, were associated with lower psychological symptoms. Conclusion This study shows concerningly elevated symptoms of anxiety and depression among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic, that may have long-term impacts on their children. Potential protective factors include increased social support and exercise, as these were associated with lower symptoms and thus may help mitigate long-term negative outcomes.
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            Perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms of pregnant women along with COVID-19 outbreak in China

            Yanting Wu, Chen Zhang, Han Liu … (2020)
            Background On January 20, 2020, a new coronavirus epidemic with “human-to-human” transmission was officially announced by the Chinese government, which caused significant public panic in China. Pregnant women may be particularly vulnerable and in special need for preventative mental health strategies. Thus far, no reports exist to investigate the mental health response of pregnant women to the COVID-19 outbreak. Objective The aim of the present study is to examine the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and the corresponding risk factors among pregnant women across China. Study Design A multi-center cross-sectional study was initiated in early December 2019 to identify mental health concerns in pregnancy using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). This study provided a unique opportunity to compare the mental status of pregnant women before and after the announcement of the COVID-19 epidemic. A total of 4124 pregnant women during their third trimester from 25 hospitals in 10 provinces across China were examined in this cross-sectional study from January 1 to February 9, 2020. Of these women, 1285 were assessed after January 20, 2020 when the coronavirus epidemic was publically announced and 2839 were assessed before this pivotal time point. The internationally recommended EPDS was used to assess maternal depression and anxiety symptoms. Prevalence rates and risk factors were compared between the pre and post study groups. Results Pregnant women assessed after the declaration of COVID-19 epidemic had significantly higher rates of depressive symptoms (26.0% vs 29.6%, P=0.02) than women assess pre-epidemic announcement. These women were also more likely to endorse thoughts of self-harm (P=0.005). The depressive rates were positively associated with the number of newly-confirmed COVID-19 cases (P=0.003), suspected infections (P=0.004), and death cases per day (P=0.001). Pregnant women who were underweight pre-pregnancy, primiparous, < 35 years old, employed full-time, middle income, and had appropriate living space were at increased risk to develop depressive and anxiety symptoms during the outbreak. Conclusion Major life-threatening public health events such as the COVID-19 outbreak may increase the risk for mental illness among pregnant women including thoughts of self-harm. Strategies targeting maternal stress and isolation such as effective risk communication and the provision of psychological first aid may be particularly useful to prevent negative outcomes for women and their fetuses.
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              Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress

              Fuad Bakioğlu, Ozan Korkmaz, Hülya Ercan (2020)
              This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress in the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and positivity. The participants consisted of 960 individuals, including 663 females (69.1%) and 297 males (30.9%). The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 76 (29.74 ± 9.64). As a result of the correlation analysis, a positive relationship was found between fear of COVID-19 and intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress, and a negative relationship was determined between the fear of COVID-19 and positivity. The result of the analysis for the study model indicated that there was a mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress in the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and positivity. Eliminating uncertainty from the fear of COVID-19 will contribute to reducing depression, anxiety and stress, and increasing positivity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mustafa Durmuş:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7559-4187
                saremeryem01@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Relig Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Relig Health
                Title: Journal of Religion and Health
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 0022-4197
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-6571
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 October 2021
                Pages: 1-13
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.449204.f, Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, , Mus Alparslan University, ; 49100 Muş, Turkey
                [2 ]GRID grid.411445.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0775 759X, Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, , Ataturk University, ; 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
                [3 ]GRID grid.411320.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0574 1529, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, , Fırat University, ; 23000 Elazığ, Turkey
                [4 ]GRID grid.449204.f, Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, , Mus Alparslan University, ; 49100 Muş, Turkey
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7559-4187
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0097
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7096-4660
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3303-7526
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1448
                DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01448-7
                PMC ID: 8547724
                PubMed ID: 34704161
                SO-VID: 06271bb0-80a8-498b-a6da-92d5a30f07b9
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date accepted : 17 October 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Sociology
                Keywords: covid-19,depression,fear,pregnant women,spiritual well-being
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Sociology
                Keywords: covid-19, depression, fear, pregnant women, spiritual well-being

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