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      Time as the Ink That Music Is Written With: A Review of Internal Clock Models and Their Explanatory Power in Audiovisual Perception Translated title: Zeit als Grundlage der Musik: Ein Überblick zu Modellen innerer Uhren und deren Erklärungswert für die audiovisuelle Wahrnehmung

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          Abstract

          The current review addresses two internal clock models that have dominated discussions in timing research for the last decades. More specifically, it discusses whether the central or the intrinsic clock model better describes the fluctuations in subjective time. Identifying the timing mechanism is critical to explain and predict timing behaviours in various audiovisual contexts. Music stands out for its prominence in real life scenarios along with its great potential to alter subjective time. An emphasis on how music as a complex dynamic auditory signal affects timing accuracy led us to examine the behavioural and neuropsychological evidence that supports either clock model. In addition to the timing mechanisms, an overview of internal and external variables, such as attention and emotions as well as the classic experimental paradigms is provided, in order to examine how the mechanisms function in response to changes occurring particularly during music experiences. Neither model can explain the effects of music on subjective timing entirely: The intrinsic model applies primarily to subsecond timing, whereas the central model applies to the suprasecond range. In order to explain time experiences in music, one has to consider the target intervals as well as the contextual factors mentioned above. Further research is needed to reconcile the gap between theories, and suggestions for future empirical studies are outlined.

          Translated abstract

          Dieser Überblick befasst sich mit zwei Modellen der inneren Uhr, die in den letzten Jahrzehnten die Diskussion in der Forschung zur Zeitwahrnehmung und -gestaltung bestimmt haben. Insbesondere wird diskutiert, ob das zentrale oder das intrinsische Uhrenmodell Schwankungen der subjektiven Zeit besser erklärt. Dabei ist das Erkennen des zugrundeliegenden Mechanismus' entscheidend, um das Zeiterleben im Nachhinein zu erklären oder in verschiedenen audiovisuellen Kontexten vorherzusagen. Musik zeichnet sich durch ihre Bedeutung in realen Szenarien sowie durch ihr großes Potenzial zur Veränderung des subjektiven Zeiterlebens aus. Musik kann als komplexes dynamisches Audiosignal die zeitliche Genauigkeit beeinflussen. Dies ist der Hintergrund, verhaltensbezogene und neuropsychologische Belege zu diskutieren, die eines der Uhrenmodelle oder beide unterstützen. Neben den Zeitmechanismen wird ein Überblick auf interne und externe Variablen wie Aufmerksamkeit und Emotion, sowie auf klassische experimentelle Paradigmen gegeben. Dadurch wird dargelegt, welche Rolle den Mechanismen zukommt hinsichtlich der Reaktion auf Änderungen im Stimulusmaterial, insbesondere beim Erleben von Musik. Im Ergebnis kann kein Modell die Auswirkungen von Musik auf das subjektive Zeiterleben vollständig erklären. Während das intrinsische Modell in erster Linie das Zeiterleben für sehr kurze Dauern unterhalb einer Sekunde zu erklären vermag, bietet das zentrale Modell einen höheren Erklärungswert für den Suprasekundenbereich, das heißt für das Timing von Sekunden bis Minuten. Um Zeiterfahrungen in der Musik zu erklären, müssen die Zielintervalle sowie die oben genannten Kontextfaktoren berücksichtigt werden. Weitere Forschungen sind erforderlich, um die Kluft zwischen den Theorien zu schließen, wobei Vorschläge für künftige empirische Studien skizziert werden.

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          What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing.

          Time is a fundamental dimension of life. It is crucial for decisions about quantity, speed of movement and rate of return, as well as for motor control in walking, speech, playing or appreciating music, and participating in sports. Traditionally, the way in which time is perceived, represented and estimated has been explained using a pacemaker-accumulator model that is not only straightforward, but also surprisingly powerful in explaining behavioural and biological data. However, recent advances have challenged this traditional view. It is now proposed that the brain represents time in a distributed manner and tells the time by detecting the coincidental activation of different neural populations.
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            Sensorimotor synchronization: a review of recent research (2006-2012).

            Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) is the coordination of rhythmic movement with an external rhythm, ranging from finger tapping in time with a metronome to musical ensemble performance. An earlier review (Repp, 2005) covered tapping studies; two additional reviews (Repp, 2006a, b) focused on music performance and on rate limits of SMS, respectively. The present article supplements and extends these earlier reviews by surveying more recent research in what appears to be a burgeoning field. The article comprises four parts, dealing with (1) conventional tapping studies, (2) other forms of moving in synchrony with external rhythms (including dance and nonhuman animals' synchronization abilities), (3) interpersonal synchronization (including musical ensemble performance), and (4) the neuroscience of SMS. It is evident that much new knowledge about SMS has been acquired in the last 7 years.
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              Scalar expectancy theory and Weber's law in animal timing.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                JM
                Jahrb Musik
                Jahrbuch Musikpsychologie
                Jahrb. Musik.
                PsychOpen
                2569-5665
                01 July 2020
                2020
                : 29 ( titleID: Musikpsychologie — Musik im audiovisuellen Kontext )
                : e67
                Affiliations
                [a ]Institut für Systematische Musikwissenschaft, Universität Hamburg , Hamburg, Germany
                Author notes
                [* ]Institut für Systematische Musikwissenschaft, Universität Hamburg, Neue Rabenstr. 13, 20354 Hamburg, Germany. xinyue.wang@ 123456uni-hamburg.de
                Article
                jbdgm.2019v29.67
                10.5964/jbdgm.2019v29.67
                06511a53-d472-4946-9d5e-9d36cd8fef2a
                Copyright @ 2020

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 September 2019
                : 08 May 2020
                Categories
                Forschungsberichte zum Themenschwerpunkt

                Psychology
                Scalar Expectancy Theory,audiovisuelles Zeiterleben,Musikwahrnehmung,Dynamic Attending Theory,Innere Uhrenmodelle,audiovisual timing,music perception,internal clock models

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