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      • Record: found
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      Spine day 2012: spinal pain in Swiss school children– epidemiology and risk factors

      research-article
      Author(s): 1 , , 2 , 2
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: BMC Pediatrics
      Publisher: BioMed Central
      Keywords: Adolescence, Risk factor, Spinal pain

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          Abstract

          Background

          The key to a better understanding of the immense problem of spinal pain seems to be to investigate its development in adolescents. Based on the data of Spine Day 2012 (an annual action day where Swiss school children were examined by chiropractors on a voluntary basis for back problems), the aim of the present study was to gain systematic epidemiologic data on adolescent spinal pain in Switzerland and to explore risk factors per gender and per spinal area.

          Method

          Data (questionnaires and physical examinations) of 836 school children were descriptively analyzed for prevalence, recurrence and severity of spinal pain. Of those, 434 data sets were included in risk factor analysis. Using logistic regression analysis, psycho-social parameters (presence of parental back pain, parental smoking, media consumption, type of school bag) and physical parameters (trunk symmetry, posture, mobility, coordination, BMI) were analyzed per gender and per spinal area.

          Results

          Prevalence of spinal pain was higher for female gender in all areas apart from the neck. With age, a steep increase in prevalence was observed for low back pain (LBP) and for multiple pain sites. The increasing impact of spinal pain on quality of life with age was reflected in an increase in recurrence, but not in severity of spinal pain. Besides age and gender, parental back pain (Odds ratio (OR)=3.26, p=0.011) and trunk asymmetry (OR=3.36, p=0.027) emerged as risk factors for spinal pain in girls. Parental smoking seemed to increase the risk for both genders (boys: OR=2.39, p=0.020; girls: OR=2.19, p=0.051). Risk factor analysis per spinal area resulted in trunk asymmetry as risk factor for LBP (OR=3.15, p=0.015), while parental smoking increased the risk for thoracic spinal pain (TSP) (OR=2.83, p=0.036) and neck pain (OR=2.23, p=0.038). The risk for TSP was further enhanced by a higher BMI (OR=1.15, p=0.027).

          Conclusion

          This study supports the view of adolescent spinal pain as a bio-psycho-social problem that should be investigated per spinal area, age and gender. The role of trunk asymmetry and passive smoking as risk factors as well as the association between BMI and TSP should be further investigated, preferably in prospective studies.

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          Most cited references33

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          The course of low back pain from adolescence to adulthood: eight-year follow-up of 9600 twins.

          Kirsten Ohm Kyvik, Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde, Lise Hestbaek … (2006)
          Prospective study with 8-year follow-up. To describe the evolution of low back pain from adolescence into adulthood. High prevalence rates of low back pain among children and adolescents have been demonstrated in several studies, and it has been theorized that low back pain in childhood may have important consequences for future low back pain. It is important to understand the nature of such a link if effective preventive programs are to be established. Almost 10,000 Danish twins born between 1972 and 1982 were surveyed by means of postal questionnaires in 1994 and again in 2002. The questionnaires dealt with various aspects of general health, including the prevalence of low back pain, classified according to number of days affected (0, 1-7, 8-30, >30). Low back pain in adolescence was found to be a significant risk factor for low back pain in adulthood with odds ratios as high as four. We also demonstrated a dose-response association: the more days with low back pain at baseline, the higher the risk of future low back pain. Twenty-six percent of those with low back pain for more than 30 days during the baseline year also had more than 30 days with low back pain during the follow-up year. This was true for only 9% of the rest of the sample. Our study clearly demonstrates correlations between low back pain in childhood/adolescence and low back pain in adulthood. This should lead to a change in focus from the adult to the young population in relation to research, prevention, and treatment.
          Article 0 comments Cited 146 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Epidemiology of adolescent spinal pain: a systematic overview of the research literature.

            Leah Jeffries, Steve F Milanese, Karen Grimmer-Somers (2007)
            Systematic literature review. To explore the available research literature, and provide an up-to-date synthesis of the epidemiology of idiopathic adolescent spinal pain (IASP). IASP and its potential causes have been a concern to researchers for over 2 decades. Because it has been suggested that IASP is related to the incidence of adult spinal pain, it appears important to synthesize what is currently known about IASP. A systematic meta-synthesis approach was used to identify secondary review articles and primary epidemiological studies regarding any type of IASP (neck, upper back, or low back). A total of 56 primary epidemiological (cross-sectional or longitudinal) studies were identified. Spinal or back pain was the most commonly reported measure, with the lifetime prevalence figures ranging from 4.7% to 74.4%. The lifetime prevalence of low back pain had a similar range, 7% to 72%. The prevalence of pain in other areas of the spine (i.e., thoracic spine and neck) was variably reported, as were incidence rates for all areas of the adolescent spine. IASP is thus a significant problem, and the prevalence figures approach those of adults. There is some evidence that IASP is a risk factor for spinal pain in adulthood. However, there was considerable variation in how back pain was defined, the areas of the spine that were reported on, the manner in which data were collected and reported, thus preventing any significant comparisons of prevalence or incidence rates across studies. Although there is wide discrepancy in the manner in which adolescent spinal pain is reported, it is evident that lifetime prevalence rates increase steadily with age and approximate adult levels by around the age of 18 years. There is an opportunity for further longitudinal research, with standardized methodology, to be undertaken that builds on the findings from this large group of studies.
            Article 0 comments Cited 113 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The frequency, trajectories and predictors of adolescent recurrent pain: a population-based approach.

              Elizabeth Stanford, Christine T Chambers, Jeremy C Biesanz … (2008)
              Recurrent pains are a complex set of conditions that cause great discomfort and impairment in children and adults. The objectives of this study were to (a) describe the frequency of headache, stomachache, and backache in a representative Canadian adolescent sample and (b) determine whether a set of psychosocial factors, including background factors (i.e., sex, pubertal status, parent chronic pain), external events (i.e., injury, illness/hospitalization, stressful-life events), and emotional factors (i.e., anxiety/depression, self-esteem) were predictive of these types of recurrent pain. Statistics Canada's National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth was used to assess a cohort of 2488 10- to 11-year-old adolescents up to five times, every 2 years. Results showed that, across 12-19 years of age, weekly or more frequent rates ranged from 26.1%-31.8% for headache, 13.5-22.2% for stomachache, and 17.6-25.8% for backache. Chi-square tests indicated that girls had higher rates of pain than boys for all types of pain, at all time points. Structural equation modeling using latent growth curves showed that sex and anxiety/depression at age 10-11 years was predictive of the start- and end-point intercepts (i.e., trajectories that indicated high levels of pain across time) and/or slopes (i.e., trajectories of pain that increased over time) for all three types of pain. Although there were also other factors that predicted only certain pain types or certain trajectory types, overall the results of this study suggest that adolescent recurrent pain is very common and that psychosocial factors can predict trajectories of recurrent pain over time across adolescence.
              Article 0 comments Cited 87 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Brigitte Wirth
                Christina Knecht
                Kim Humphreys
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Pediatr
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Pediatr
                Title: BMC Pediatrics
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2431
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 October 2013
                Volume: 13
                Page: 159
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang Pauli Str. 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
                [2 ]Chiropractic Department, University of Zurich and Uniklinik Balgrist, Forchstr. 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1471-2431-13-159
                DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-159
                PMC ID: 3852258
                PubMed ID: 24094041
                SO-VID: 065412fc-d3f9-48cc-bb1a-bbc2ba6af6b3
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 Wirth et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 15 May 2013
                Date accepted : 30 September 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics
                Keywords: adolescence,risk factor,spinal pain
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics
                Keywords: adolescence, risk factor, spinal pain

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