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      Desigualdades em Saúde: uma perspectiva global Translated title: Health inequalities: a global perspective Translated title: Desigualdades en Salud: una perspectiva global

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          Abstract

          Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é o de apresentar as desigualdades em saúde como problema global, que afligem as populações dos países mais pobres, mas também as dos mais ricos, e cuja persistência torna-se um dos mais sérios problemas no campo da saúde e desafiante para todos que buscam soluções. Diferenciam-se dois componentes das desigualdades globais: as entre grupos de uma mesma sociedade e as entre nações. O entendimento de que grande parte destas desigualdades são injustas, portanto iniquidades, vem dominantemente das existentes entre os diversos grupos sociais de uma dada sociedade. As desigualdades entre as diversas sociedades e nações, enquanto relevantes e muitas vezes de maior magnitude, nem sempre são consideradas injustas. As soluções propostas têm sido várias e variam de acordo com a fundamentação teórica e as explicações adotadas. Em nível global, a tese mais bem elaborada tem sido em torno da melhoria dos mecanismos globais de governança. Enquanto atrativo e com evidências favoráveis, são insuficientes por não incluírem o entendimento de como o processo histórico de constituição das nações ocorreu e como se dá o posicionamento de cada país nos circuitos produtivos globais.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The objective of this article is to present health inequalities as a global problem which afflicts the populations of the poorest countries, but also those of the richest countries, and whose persistence represents one of the most serious and challenging health problems worldwide. Two components of global inequalities are highlighted: inequalities between groups within the same society, and inequalities between nations. The understanding that many of these inequalities are unjust, and therefore inequities, is largely derived from the inequalities that are identified between the various social groups of a given society. Inequalities between different societies and nations, while relevant and often of greater magnitude, are not always considered to be unjust. There have been several proposed solutions, which vary according to different theoretical interpretations and explanations. At the global level, the most plausible thesis has focused on improving global governance mechanisms. While that latter are attractive and have some arguments in their favor, they are insufficient because they do not incorporate an understanding of how the historical process of the constitution of the nations occurred and the importance of the position of each country in the global productive system.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen El propósito de este artículo es presentar las desigualdades en salud como un problema global que afecta a las poblaciones de los países más pobres, pero también de los países más ricos, y cuya persistencia se convierte en uno de los más graves problemas en el campo de la salud y un desafío para todos los que buscan soluciones. Se diferencian dos componentes de las desigualdades globales: entre grupos de una misma sociedad y entre las naciones. El entendimiento de que gran parte de estas desigualdades son injustas, por lo tanto iniquidades, tiene relación principalmente con las desigualdades entre los diferentes grupos sociales en una sociedad. Las desigualdades entre las diferentes sociedades y naciones, aunque relevantes y, a menudo, de mayor magnitud, no siempre se consideran injustas. Las soluciones propuestas han sido muchas y varían de acuerdo con la fundamentación teórica y las explicaciones adoptadas. A nivel mundial, la teoría más bien elaborada ha sido en torno a la mejora de los mecanismos globales de gobernanza. Aunque atractivos y con evidencias favorables, son insuficientes al no incorporar la comprensión de cómo se produjo el proceso histórico de formación de las naciones y cómo cada país se posiciona en los circuitos globales de producción.

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          A glossary for health inequalities.

          In this glossary, the authors address eight key questions pertinent to health inequalities: (1) What is the distinction between health inequality and health inequity?; (2) Should we assess health inequalities themselves, or social group inequalities in health?; (3) Do health inequalities mainly reflect the effects of poverty, or are they generated by the socioeconomic gradient?; (4) Are health inequalities mediated by material deprivation or by psychosocial mechanisms?; (5) Is there an effect of relative income on health, separate from the effects of absolute income?; (6) Do health inequalities between places simply reflect health inequalities between social groups or, more significantly, do they suggest a contextual effect of place?; (7) What is the contribution of the lifecourse to health inequalities?; (8) What kinds of inequality should we study?
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            Countdown to 2015 and beyond: fulfilling the health agenda for women and children.

            The end of 2015 will signal the end of the Millennium Development Goal era, when the world can take stock of what has been achieved. The Countdown to 2015 for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Survival (Countdown) has focused its 2014 report on how much has been achieved in intervention coverage in these groups, and on how best to sustain, focus, and intensify efforts to progress for this and future generations. Our 2014 results show unfinished business in achievement of high, sustained, and equitable coverage of essential interventions. Progress has accelerated in the past decade in most Countdown countries, suggesting that further gains are possible with intensified actions. Some of the greatest coverage gaps are in family planning, interventions addressing newborn mortality, and case management of childhood diseases. Although inequities are pervasive, country successes in reaching of the poorest populations provide lessons for other countries to follow. As we transition to the next set of global goals, we must remember the centrality of data to accountability, and the importance of support of country capacity to collect and use high-quality data on intervention coverage and inequities for decision making. To fulfill the health agenda for women and children both now and beyond 2015 requires continued monitoring of country and global progress; Countdown is committed to playing its part in this effort. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              The contribution of the social environment to host resistance: the Fourth Wade Hampton Frost Lecture.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csc
                Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
                Ciênc. saúde coletiva
                ABRASCO - Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1413-8123
                1678-4561
                July 2017
                : 22
                : 7
                : 2097-2108
                Affiliations
                [1] Salvador orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz Brazil mauricio@ 123456ufba.br
                Article
                S1413-81232017000702097 S1413-8123(17)02200702097
                10.1590/1413-81232017227.02742017
                28723991
                06609387-af43-4797-ae61-a793b7a537ee

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 August 2016
                : 28 November 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 49, Pages: 12
                Categories
                Artigo

                Health inequalities,Social determinants of health,Social inequity,Global health,Desigualdades em saúde,Determinantes sociais da saúde,Iniquidade social,Saúde global,Desigualdades en salud,Determinantes sociales de la salud,Iniquidad social,Salud global

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