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      Posturas y presuposiciones éticas en el debate por el uso de animales no humanos en investigación científica Translated title: Ethical positions and presuppositions in the debate about the use of non-human animals in scientific research Translated title: Postures i pressuposicions étiques en el debat per l'ús d'animals no humans en recerca científica

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          Abstract

          Resumen Este artículo tiene el objetivo de analizar los problemas morales del uso de animales no humanos en investigación científica. Para esto se examinan cuatro posturas representativas al interior de este debate: 1) irrestricta, 2) equilibrada, 3) dilemática y 4) abolicionista, las cuales surgen de los compromisos que se toman respecto a ciertas premisas clave con las cuales se está de acuerdo o no. Dichas premisas se refieren a la importancia que le da cada postura a i) la afectación de intereses en animales, ii) la relevancia moral de estos intereses, iii) la justificación por beneficios de la experimentación animal y iv) la importancia del interés humano comparado con el de los otros animales. Cada postura acepta y rechaza un patrón particular de estos puntos, y al hacer explícitos estos compromisos podemos analizar los problemas y contradicciones que posee cada una. Al final se encuentra que las tres primeras posturas contienen incongruencias importantes respecto a la diferencia de tratos que permiten entre humanos y los animales sujetos a experimentación, además de que deben de aceptar en diferente grado el excepcionalismo humano y el especismo para explicarse. Mientras que la postura abolicionista -pese a tener más dificultades prácticas- es más consistente, a la vez que protege a animales humanos y no humanos de ser dañados por estas prácticas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract This paper aims to analyze the moral problems of the use of non-human animals in scientific research. To this end, four representative positions are examined within this debate: 1) unrestricted, 2) balanced, 3) moral dilemma, and 4) abolitionist, which arise from compromises made with respect to certain key premises with which one may or may not agree. These premises refer to the importance given by each position to i) the affectation of animal interests, ii) the moral relevance of these interests, iii) the justification by benefits of animal experimentation, and iv) the importance of human interest compared to that of other animals. Each position accepts and rejects a particular pattern of these points, and making these commitments explicit, we can analyze the problems and contradictions that each position has. In the end we find that the first three positions contain important incongruities regarding the difference of treatment they allow between humans and animals subject to experimentation, besides that they must accept in different degrees human exceptionalism and speciesism to explain themselves. While the abolitionist position-despite having more practical difficulties-is more consistent, it protects human and non-human animals from being harmed by these practices.

          Translated abstract

          Resum Aquest article té l'objectiu d'analitzar els problemes morals de l'ús d'animals no humans en recerca científica. Per a això s'examinen quatre postures representatives a l'interior d'aquest debat: 1) irrestricta, 2) equilibrada, 3) dilemàtica i 4) abolicionista, les quals sorgeixen dels compromisos que es prenen respecte a certes premisses clau amb les quals s'està d'acord o no. Aquestes premisses es refereixen a la importància que li dóna cada postura a i) l'afectació d'interessos en animals, ii) la rellevància moral d'aquests interessos, iii) la justificació per beneficis de l'experimentació animal i iv) la importància de l'interès humà comparat amb el dels altres animals. Cada postura accepta i rebutja un patró particular d'aquests punts, i en fer explícits aquests compromisos podem analitzar els problemes i contradiccions que posseeix cadascuna. Al final es troba que les tres primeres postures contenen incongruències importants respecte a la diferència de tractes que permeten entre humans i els animals subjectes a experimentació, a més de que han d'acceptar en diferent grau l'excepcionalisme humà i l'especisme per a explicar-se. Mentre que la postura abolicionista -malgrat tenir més dificultats pràctiques- és més consistent, alhora que protegeix a animals humans i no humans de ser danyats per aquestes pràctiques.

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          Most cited references41

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          Are animal models as good as we think?

          Models have been a tool of science at least since the 18th century and serve a variety of purposes from focusing abstract thoughts to representing scaled down version of things for study. Generally, animal models are needed when it is impractical or unethical to study the target animal. Biologists have taken modeling by analogy beyond most other disciplines, deriving the relationship between model and target through evolution. The "unity in diversity" concept suggests that homology between model and target foretells functional similarities. Animal model studies have been invaluable for elucidating general strategies, pathways, processes and guiding the development of hypotheses to test in target animals. The vast majority of animals used as models are used in biomedical preclinical trials. The predictive value of those animal studies is carefully monitored, thus providing an ideal dataset for evaluating the efficacy of animal models. On average, the extrapolated results from studies using tens of millions of animals fail to accurately predict human responses. Inadequacies in experimental designs may account for some of the failure. However, recent discoveries of unexpected variation in genome organization and regulation may reveal a heretofore unknown lack of homology between model animals and target animals that could account for a significant proportion of the weakness in predictive ability. A better understanding of the mechanisms of gene regulation may provide needed insight to improve the predictability of animal models.
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            This article provides an overview of FDA's regulatory processes for drug development and approval, and the estimated costs associated with the development of a drug, and also examines the issues and challenges facing the FDA in the near future.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bioetica
                Revista de Bioética y Derecho
                Rev. Bioética y Derecho
                Observatori de Bioètica i Dret - Cátedra UNESCO de Bioética (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1886-5887
                2021
                : 51
                : 21-42
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas Mexico
                [1] orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Maestrando del Posgrado en Filosofía Mexico
                Article
                S1886-58872021000100003 S1886-5887(21)00005100003
                067b828c-d3c5-4297-b213-9b51aed660c0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 December 2020
                : 03 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 22
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Dossier Bioética y Animales no Humanos en investigación

                abolicionisme,excepcionalisme humà,dilema moral,experimentació animal,recerca científica,abolicionismo,especismo,excepcionalismo humano,experimentación animal,investigación científica,abolitionism,speciesism,human exceptionalism,moral dilemma,animal ethics,animal experimentation,non-human animals,Scientific research,especisme

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