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      Mutation of Trp-574-Leu ALS gene confers resistance of radish biotypes to iodosulfuron and imazethapyr herbicides Translated title: Mutação da Trp-574-Leu do gene ALS confere resistência de biótipos de nabo ao herbicida iodosulfurom e imazetapir

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT. Acetolactate synthase inhibitors are the main group of herbicides used in winter crops in Southern Brazil where their intensive use has selected for herbicide-resistant biotypes of radish. The resistance affects the efficacy of herbicides, and identifying the resistance mechanism involved is important for defining management strategies. The aim of this study was to elucidate the resistance mechanism of radish biotypes by quantifying the enzyme activity, ALS gene sequencing and evaluating the response of biotypes to iodosulfuron and imazethapyr herbicide application after treatment with a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor. The susceptible (B1) and resistant (B4 and B13) biotypes were from wheat fields in the Northwest of Rio Grande do Sul State. The results demonstrated that the enzyme affinity for the substrate (KM) was not affected in biotypes B4 and B13 but that the Vmax of the resistant biotypes was higher than that of biotype B1. The resistant biotypes showed no differential metabolic response to iodosulfuron and imazethapyr herbicides when inhibited by malathion and piperonyl butoxide. However, gene sequencing of ALS showed a mutation at position 574, with an amino acid substitution of tryptophan for leucine (Trp-574-Leu) in resistant biotypes.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO. Os inibidores da acetolactato sintase são o principal grupo de herbicidas usados em culturas de inverno do Sul do Brasil onde seu uso intenso selecionou biótipos resistentes de nabo. A resistência afeta a eficácia dos herbicidas, e a identificação do mecanismo de resistência envolvido é importante na definição de estratégias de manejo. O objetivo deste estudo foi elucidar o mecanismo de resistência em biótipos de nabo através da quantificação da atividade da enzima, sequenciamento do gene ALS e avaliar a resposta dos biótipos à aplicação do herbicida iodosulfurom e imazetapir após tratamento com inibidores do metabolismo da citocromo P450 monooxigenase. Os biótipos suscetível (B1) e resistentes (B4 e B13) eram de lavouras de trigo da região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados demonstraram que a afinidade da enzima pelo substrato (KM) não foi afetada nos biótipos B4 e B13, porém o Vmax dos biótipos resistentes foi superior quando comparado ao biótipo B1. Os biótipos resistentes não apresentaram resposta metabólica diferencial ao herbicida iodosulfurom e imazetapir quando inibidos pelo malathion e butóxido de piperolina. Entranto, o sequenciamento do gene ALS evidenciou mutação na posição 574 com uma substituição do aminoácido triptofano por leucina (Trp-574-Leu) nos biótipos resistentes.

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          Most cited references29

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          A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding

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            Deciphering the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds.

            Resistance to herbicides in arable weeds is increasing rapidly worldwide and threatening global food security. Resistance has now been reported to all major herbicide modes of action despite the development of resistance management strategies in the 1990s. We review here recent advances in understanding the genetic bases and evolutionary drivers of herbicide resistance that highlight the complex nature of selection for this adaptive trait. Whereas early studied cases of resistance were highly herbicide-specific and largely under monogenic control, cases of greatest concern today generally involve resistance to multiple modes of action, are under polygenic control, and are derived from pre-existing stress response pathways. Although 'omics' approaches should enable unraveling the genetic bases of complex resistances, the appearance, selection, and spread of herbicide resistance in weed populations can only be fully elucidated by focusing on evolutionary dynamics and implementing integrative modeling efforts. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Metabolism-based herbicide resistance and cross-resistance in crop weeds: a threat to herbicide sustainability and global crop production.

              Weedy plant species that have evolved resistance to herbicides due to enhanced metabolic capacity to detoxify herbicides (metabolic resistance) are a major issue. Metabolic herbicide resistance in weedy plant species first became evident in the 1980s in Australia (in Lolium rigidum) and the United Kingdom (in Alopecurus myosuroides) and is now increasingly recognized in several crop-weed species as a looming threat to herbicide sustainability and thus world crop production. Metabolic resistance often confers resistance to herbicides of different chemical groups and sites of action and can extend to new herbicide(s). Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, glycosyl transferase, and glutathione S-transferase are often implicated in herbicide metabolic resistance. However, precise biochemical and molecular genetic elucidation of metabolic resistance had been stalled until recently. Complex cytochrome P450 superfamilies, high genetic diversity in metabolic resistant weedy plant species (especially cross-pollinated species), and the complexity of genetic control of metabolic resistance have all been barriers to advances in understanding metabolic herbicide resistance. However, next-generation sequencing technologies and transcriptome-wide gene expression profiling are now revealing the genes endowing metabolic herbicide resistance in plants. This Update presents an historical review to current understanding of metabolic herbicide resistance evolution in weedy plant species.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                asagr
                Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy
                Acta Sci., Agron.
                Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringá - EDUEM (Maringá, PR, Brazil )
                1679-9275
                1807-8621
                September 2017
                : 39
                : 3
                : 299-306
                Affiliations
                [5] Vacaria Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade de Caxias do Sul Brazil
                [3] Bagé Rio Grande do Sul orgnameEmbrapa Pecuária Sul orgdiv1Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Brazil
                [4] Sertão orgnameInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [1] Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pelotas orgdiv1Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel Brazil
                [2] Passo Fundo Rio Grande do Sul orgnameEmpresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Brazil
                Article
                S1807-86212017000300299 S1807-8621(17)03900300299
                10.4025/actasciagron.v39i3.32521
                06998aae-393a-4be2-a4b1-6b8c17abd49e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 October 2016
                : 02 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Crop Protection

                metabolismo,mutação gênica,atividade da enzima ALS,Raphanus sativus,ALS enzyme activity,mecanismo de resistência,mechanism of resistence,metabolism,gene mutation

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