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      Effect of Dietary Bacillus Subtilis C14 and RX7 Strains on Growth Performance, Blood Parameter, and Intestinal Microbiota in Broiler Chickens Challenged with Salmonella Gallinarum

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          Abstract

          Sixty broilers (initially 1.6 kg and 35 d-old) were used to determine the effect of Bacillus subtilis C14 and RX7 strains on growth performance, blood parameter, and intestinal microbiota in response to experimental challenge with Salmonell gallinarum. Broilers were distributed to 4 treatment groups include: C1 (control group; no challenge, no B. subtilis), C2 ( Salmonella-challenged group; S. gallinarum 10 8 cfu/bird), T1 (C2+supplemented with of B. subtilis C14 (1.0×10 9 cfu/g) at 0.1% in diet) and T2 (C2+supplemented with of B. subtilis RX7 (1.0×10 9 cfu/g) at 0.1% in diet). Results indicated that inclusion of B. subtilis (T1, T2) in the diet increased ( P<0.05) the weight gain and feed intake, and improved feed conversion of challenged broilers compared with no B. subtilis supplementation diet (C2). Improvements ( P<0.05) in the immunoglobulin A concentration were observed by the addition of B. subtilis compared with C2 treatment, whereas tumor necrosis factor- α was decreased ( P<0.05). Latobacillus number in small and large intestines was higher ( P<0.05) by B. subtilis additon than C2 treatment but Salmonella numbers were lower ( P<0.05). The results suggested that dietary supplementation of B. subtilis C14 and RX7 improved the growth performance, and affected the blood profiles and intestinal microbiota of broilers against S. gallinarum infection. Therefore, B. subtilis C14 and RX7 may have beneficial effects, in relieving the stress of broilers infected with S. gallinarum.

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          Most cited references28

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          Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus strains in promoting broiler performance and modulating cecal microflora composition and metabolic activities.

          The aim of this work was to investigate the efficacy of a new multibacterial species probiotic in broiler nutrition. The probiotic contained 2 Lactobacillus strains, 1 Bifidobacterium strain, 1 Enterococcus strain, and 1 Pediococcus strain. Four hundred 1-d-old male Cobb broilers were allocated in 4 experimental treatments for 6 wk. The experimental treatments received a corn-soybean basal diet and were as follows: "control," with no other additions; "probiotic in feed and water," (PFW) with probiotic administered at 1 g/kg of feed for the whole period and in water on scheduled intervals during the first 4 wk; "probiotic in feed," (PF) with probiotic in feed as in PFW; and "antibiotic," (AB) with addition of avilamycin at 2.5 mg/kg of feed. Salinomycin Na was used as a coccidiostat. Each treatment had 5 replicates of 20 broilers. Treatment effects on parameters of broiler performance and cecal microbial ecology were determined. Broiler BW, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were determined on a weekly and overall basis. Cecal microflora composition, concentration of volatile fatty acids, and activities of 5 bacterial glycolytic enzymes (alpha-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, and beta-glucuronidase) were determined at the end of the experiment. Overall, treatment PFW displayed a growth-promoting effect that did not differ from AB. Overall, feed conversion ratio in treatment AB was significantly better (P < or = 0.01) than the control treatment, whereas treatments PFW and PF were intermediate and not different from AB. Concentrations of bacteria belonging to Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., and gram-positive cocci were significantly (P < or = 0.05) higher in treatments PFW and PF compared with the control and AB treatments. Treatments PFW and PF had significantly higher specific activities of alpha-galactosidase and beta-galactosidase compared with the control and AB treatments. In conclusion, probiotic treatment PFW displayed a growth-promoting effect that was comparable to avilamycin treatment. In addition, treatments PFW and PF modulated the composition and, to an extent, the activities of the cecal microflora, resulting in a significant probiotic effect.
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            The use of organic acids to combat Salmonella in poultry: a mechanistic explanation of the efficacy.

            Salmonella is a human pathogen that is commonly found in poultry products. It is possible to decrease chicken carcass and egg contaminations by adding organic acids to the feed or drinking water at appropriate times. Medium-chain fatty acids are more antibacterial against Salmonella than short-chain fatty acids. The antibacterial effect of these acids is species specific. Bacteria that are unable to decrease intracellular pH accumulate organic acid anions in accordance with the pH gradient across their cell membranes. The short-chain fatty acid butyrate specifically down-regulates expression of invasion genes in Salmonella spp. at low doses. Also medium-chain fatty acids and propionate decrease the ability of Salmonella spp. to invade epithelial cells, in contrast to acetic acid. Because not all bacteria are affected in a similar fashion by organic acids, it may be possible to use probiotic and prebiotic bacteria to achieve beneficial effects. If diets can be designed to stimulate organic acid production in the caecum, it may be possible to control Salmonella spp. via even easier and more cost-effective measures, compared with addition of acids to feed or drinking water.
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              Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL 6 and related molecules (IL 1 and TNF).

              Interleukin 1 (IL 1), IL 6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are typical examples of multifunctional cytokines involved in the regulation of the immune response, hematopoiesis, and inflammation. Their functions are widely overlapping but each shows its own characteristic properties. IL 6 was originally identified as a B cell differentiation factor, and thus one of the major functions of IL 6 is antibody induction. Transgenic mice have provided much needed information on the pathophysiological role of cytokines. With IL 6 transgenic mice, deregulation of the IL 6 expression was suggested to be involved in the generation of plasmacytoma/myeloma and mesangium proliferative glomerulonephritis. The cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting nuclear factor (or factors) for the IL 6 expression (NF-IL 6) have been identified. NF-IL 6 was shown to be a member of a C/EBP family, and the possible involvement of NF-IL 6 not only in the IL 6 regulation but also in the induction of various acute phase proteins was also observed. The findings suggest the presence of a positive regulatory loop in acute-phase reaction. IL 1 receptor belongs to an Ig superfamily, but the IL 6 receptor is a member of a newly identified cytokine receptor family. The IL 6 receptor system was shown to be composed of a ligand binding chain and a signal-transducing molecule. IL 6 was found to trigger the association of these two polypeptide chains. This unique mechanism may be applied to other cytokine receptor systems.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Poult Sci
                J Poult Sci
                jpsa
                jpsa
                The Journal of Poultry Science
                Japan Poultry Science Association
                1346-7395
                1349-0486
                25 July 2017
                : 54
                : 3
                : 236-241
                Affiliations
                Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Dr. In-Ho Kim, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. (E-mail: inhokim@ 123456dankook.ac.kr )
                Article
                10.2141/jpsa.0160078
                7477215
                06a8465e-d669-41fe-93a0-6388e62af5fd
                2017, Japan Poultry Science Association.

                The Journal of Poultry Science is an Open Access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view the details of this license, please visit ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).

                History
                : 25 May 2016
                : 22 November 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, References: 31, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Research Note

                bacillus subtilis,blood profile,broiler,challenge,productivity,salmonella gallinarum

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