C chemical symbol, carbon; cathode (cathodal); Celsius or centigrade (scale); cervical;
clearance; clonus; closure; contraction; cylinder; cytosine; in the electrocardiogram,
C stands for chest (precordial) lead
2; symbol for complement.
C3 the third component of complement; a β protein. Split into two fragments, C3a and
C3b, by C3 convertase, which is triggered via the classical or alternative pathway
of complement activation. An inherited deficiency occurs in Brittany spaniels and
very low serum concentrations occur in some Finnish-Landrace lambs. See also complement.
χ chi, small letter; 22nd letter in the Greek alphabet. Used in statistical analysis.
CL
lung compliance.
CLT
total lung–thorax compliance.
c symbol, centi-.
C aberration chromosome aberration. An abnormal chromosome resulting from the loss,
duplication or rearrangement of genetic material.
C banding production of one of the reproducible banding patterns on particular chromosomes
by staining the heterochromatic regions with Giemsa following denaturation of DNA
by alkali, acid, salt, or heat treatment.
C-bands bands produced in chromosomes after special fixing and staining techniques
have been applied. The bands are produced by staining of DNA that has not been removed
because it is protected by a nonhistone protein–DNA interaction at the centromere.
C cell a cell type of the thyroid gland, situated between or within the walls of follicles,
with numerous small membrane-limited secretory granules in the cytoplasm. The source
of calcitonin. Called also parafollicular cell.
C c. tumors (ultimobranchial) adenomas and carcinomas occur most frequently in aged
bulls, associated with vertebral osteophytes, osteosclerosis, ankylosis, and spondylosis.
Believed to be associated with the long-term intake of a diet high in calcium.
CH domains CH1, CH2, CH3 regions of the heavy chain of immunoglobulins with amino
acid sequences that are constant in different antibodies of the same class.
CL domain the region of light chain immunoglobulins that is constant in different
antibodies of the same class.
C effects genetic speak for the common or shared environment, e.g., the milk supply
to a litter of pigs.
C fibers nerve fibers with the slowest conduction speeds; are very slow-conducting,
unmyelinated nerve fibers, principally postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
C1-inactivator one of the six major protease inhibitors of blood; it inhibits clotting
factors XIa, XIIa, and plasma kallikrein, but not Xa and plasmin.
C6 oxidative pathway see glucuronate pathway.
C-peptide the central connecting polypeptide that is part of the proinsulin molecule.
It is released when the two chains of insulin are cleaved off of the single chain
looped polypeptide of proinsulin.
C protein a skeletal muscle contractile protein involved in the assembly of myosin.
C-reactive protein (CRP) a serum protein produced by liver and fat cells in response
to IL-6 released by macrophages due to inflammation, infection or tissue damage. It
is immunosuppressive, promotes phagocytosis and complement binding to foreign or damaged
cells. A biomarker of systemic inflammation. See also acute phase proteins.
C region see constant domains.
C-terminal the end of the peptide chain carrying the free alpha-carboxyl group of
the last amino acid, conventionally written to the right.
C-type particle a crescent-shaped formation on the cell membrane of cells associated
with the budding of so named C type retroviruses.
C-type virus a type of retrovirus, the oncoviruses.
C value amount of DNA in the haploid genome of a species.
CA cardiac arrest.
CA-MRSA community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Ca chemical symbol, calcium; cathode (cathodal); cancer.
Ca-EDTA calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. See edetate.
CAER Companion Animal Eye Registry.
Ca2+ calcium ions.
Ca2+-ATPase [a-te-pe′ās] calcium pump involved in the transport of calcium ions against
a concentration gradient across a membrane barrier. The transport requires energy
from the hydrolysis of ATP. There are two types of Ca2+-ATPase. The plasma membrane
enzyme acts to remove calcium from cells and is essential for the regulation of cellular
calcium homeostasis, the enzyme found in the muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum functions
in muscle relaxation.
CAAHTT Canadian Association of Animal Health Technologists and Technicians; now called
the Registered Veterinary Technologists and Technicians of Canada (RVTTC).
CAB 1. circulation–airway–breathing. An alternate flow chart for cardiopulmonary resuscitation
2. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux; now named Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience
International (CABI or CAB International).
CABI CAB International.
Caballonema
a genus of the subfamily Cyathostominae of equine strongyles (nematodes). Distribution
is limited to Russia and China.
cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitata, a cultivated plant whose leaves contain SMCO and
may cause hemolytic anemia if eaten in large quantities. The seeds contain the glucosinolate
progoitrin that, on conversion to an active form (oxazolidone), causes growth inhibition
in chickens. Called also drumhead cabbage.
cabbage poison Velleia
discophora.
CAB International (CABI) Formerly the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau (CAB). An international
nonprofit organization; gathers information and applies scientific expertise to solve
problems in agriculture and the environment through a global network of centers; produces
CAB Abstracts, a widely used abstracting and indexing database in applied life sciences.
The Veterinary Science Database covers all aspects of veterinary medicine and arthropod,
helminth, protozoal and fungal diseases of domestic and wild animals.
cabergoline [k
-bur′go-lēn] an agonist of dopamine receptors that inhibits the synthesis of prolactin
and has been used in the treatment of false pregnancy and also for pregnancy termination.
Considering the requirement of the luteotrophic activity of prolactin in mid-pregnancy,
cabergoline is used for pregnancy termination in combination with other drugs in the
bitch and queen.
cacao [k
-ka′o] see
Theobroma cacao
.
Cacatua roseicapilla
see galah.
cacesthesia defective or disordered sensation. Now more correctly referred to as paresthesia.
Cache Valley virus in the family Peribunyaviridae, found throughout the US, Canada,
and Mexico, inapparent infection in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals, and
humans. Transmission occurs through bites of infected mosquitoes. see Cache Valley
virus disease.
Cache Valley virus disease occurs in sheep when infection occurs during the first
trimester of pregnancy. Manifest with embryonic death, mummification or fetal malformation,
including arthrogryposis, torticollis, scoliosis, lordosis, hydranencephaly, microcephaly,
porencephaly, and cerebellar and muscular hypoplasia. Infections that occur in the
last two-thirds of pregnancy are clinically innocuous to the fetus.
cachectin [k
-kek′tin] tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
cachet [kă-sha′] [Fr.] a dish-shaped wafer or capsule enclosing a dose of medicine.
cachexia [k
-kek′se-] a profound and marked state of constitutional disorder; general ill health
and malnutrition. See also emaciation.
cancer c. associated with the presence of neoplastic disease.
cardiac c. severe wasting that occurs in association with chronic cardiac insufficiency.
The result of anorexia, malabsorption and poor tissue perfusion with cellular anoxia.
pituitary c. that due to diminution or absence of pituitary function. Manifested by
progressive loss of body weight associated with muscle atrophy due to lack of protein
anabolism in the absence of growth hormone.
cac(o)- word element. [Gr.] bad, ill.
cacodylic acid [kak″o-dil′ik] pharmaceutical aliphatic organic arsenical; see also
organic arsenical.
cacomelia [kak″o-me′le-
] dysmelia.
cacomistle (Bassariscus sumichrasti) an omnivorous, nocturnal arboreal member of the
family Procyonidae, native to Central America; the coat is gray to brown and the bushy
tail has black rings. Closely related to the ring-tailed cat, it inhabits tropical
forests.
cacosmia [kak-oz′me-
] foul odor; stench.
cactinomycin [kak″tľ-no-mi′sin] an antibiotic of the actinomycin complex produced
by several species of Streptomyces. It is a combination of actinomycin D (dactinomycin),
actinomycin C2 and C3; used as an antineoplastic agent. Called also actinomycin C.
Cadaba rotundifolia
African plant in the Capparaceae family; toxin unidentified; causes diarrhoea, salivation,
dyspnea, liver, and kidney damage.
cadastral map sows the boundaries and ownership of land parcels, usually also having
position of structures, details of land use, adjacent roads, etc. Usually constructed
on a GIS and so can be overlaid with other data such as census data, topographical
data, and hydrological data.
cadastre a public register showing the details of ownership and value of land owned
at the county or shire level. Accurate and frequently updated as it is driven by tax
revenue and the need for accuracy in tax assessment. Called also cadaster. See also
cadastral map.
cadaver [k
-dav′
r] a dead body; generally applied to a body preserved for anatomical study.
c. disposal a serious problem in veterinary practice in the absence of a local government
incinerator. Incineration and burial are the only satisfactory methods.
cadaverine [k
-dav′
r-in] a relatively nontoxic ptomaine, C5H14N2, formed by decarboxylation of lysine.
Produced during putrefaction of animal tissue and in small quantities in living mammals.
Foul smelling and partially responsible for the distinctive smell of urine and semen.
Toxic in large doses.
cadence the rhythm of a horse’s gait. The walk is a four beat cadence, the trot is
two beat, the canter has three beats and the gallop has four.
CADESI Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index. A means of objectively
assessing the severity of clinical signs in canine atopic dermatitis. The severity
of signs is scored on a scale of 0–3 at a large number of specified anatomic sites
spanning the whole body.
cadherins [kad-hēr′ins] calcium-dependent cell-adhesion molecules. A superfamily of
cell adhesion molecules that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and play a crucial role
in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis.
cadmium (Cd) [kad′me-
m] chemical element, atomic number 48; its salts are poisonous. Poisoning in animals
may be caused by aerial pollution of pastures or by accidental ingestion of fungicides
or anthelmintics that contain the element. Nephropathy, anemia, bone demineralization
and poor hair, skin, and hoof growth result.
c. anthranilate no longer widely used as an anthelmintic for pigs because of its toxicity.
c. chloride causes bleaching of teeth, anemia, cardiac hypertrophy and bone marrow
hyperplasia.
c. oxide a toxic compound used at one time as an anthelmintic for pigs.
caduceus [k
-doo′sh
s] the wand of Hermes or Mercury consisting of a winged staff with two serpents entwined;
used as a symbol of the medical profession and as the emblem of most military Medical
Corps. Another symbol of medicine is the staff of Æsculapius, which is the official
insignia of the American Medical Association. The American Veterinary Medical Association
uses a modification of the caduceus as an emblem. The staff is unwinged, there is
a single serpent instead of two, and a large V is imprinted over the whole. An adaptation
of the caduceus, with only one snake winding itself around the staff is the emblem
of the Veterinary Corps of the US Army.
CAE caprine arthritis–encephalitis.
caecal cecal.
caecilian limbless, wormlike amphibian in the order Gymnophiona.
caecum [se′k
m] see cecum.
caeruloplasmin see ceruloplasmin.
Caesalpinia
toxic plant genus in the legume family Caesalpiniaceae; contains tannins; causes vomiting,
diarrhea. Includes C. gilliesii. Called also bird of paradise tree.
caesarean [s
-za′re-
n] cesarean.
CAEV caprine arthritis–encephalitis virus.
café au lait in dogs, a rich, light brown–colored coat. Found in the breed description
of Poodles.
caffeine [kă-fēn′] a central nervous system stimulant found naturally in coffee, tea,
guarana, and maté; it also acts as a mild diuretic.
caffeinism [kaf′ēn-iz-
m] an agitated state induced by excessive ingestion of caffeine.
CAFO see AFO/CAFO .
cage [kāj] an animal or bird enclosure with the walls made of rods or mesh to provide
maximum restraint with greatest ventilation, reduction in weight, visibility, and
access to the inhabitant.
bagby c. stainless steel cylinder with perforated walls used for interbody cervical
fusion in the treatment of the “wobbler syndrome” in horses. Also known as a Bagby
Basket.
battery c. a wire cage in which a number of laying hens are housed for egg laying.
A husbandry method of concern for animal welfare.
c. birds companion birds that are customarily kept in cages to restrain and protect
them.
c. biter syndrome damage caused to the teeth of caged exotic animals, particularly
large cats, from aggressive biting on the cage wire or bars.
c. furniture accessories placed in a cage for birds, reptiles or other small pets.
Some are decorative, but most should contribute to husbandry and to environmental
enrichment. Includes perches, wheels and toys, baths, dishes, mirrors, shelters, and
hiding places.
c. layer fatigue birds housed in cages may reach a stage where they are unable to
stand up straight. They also develop very fragile bones. This problem is a common
target for animal welfare complaints. It is a cause of wastage because of the rate
of culling and because of splintering of bones and a resulting downgrading of carcasses
at slaughter. Called also cage layer osteoporosis.
c. layer osteoporosis removal of medullary and cortical bone from laying hens being
fed a diet deficient in calcium. See also cage layer fatigue (above).
c. paralysis see thiamine nutritional deficiency.
c. rearing pigs that are weaned very early, e.g., at 3 weeks, are reared artificially
in cages.
squeeze c. cage with one wall capable of being moved inward, usually by mechanical
means, so that the inhabitant can be restrained sufficiently to prevent its movement
and to allow access to suitable sites for the administration of injections. An essential
piece of equipment for veterinarians working at zoos, circuses, and game farms.
cage-side tests various clinicopathologic testing procedures that may be carried out
at the location of the animal’s cage; includes rapid semiquantitative tests of hemostatic
disorders such as buccal mucosa bleeding time and activated coagulation time. The
equivalent of bedside tests for human patients. Now more commonly called point-of-care
tests.
caiman crocodilian reptile of the family Alligatoridae, very similar to alligators;
native to Central and South America. Occasionally kept as pets, most comonly the spectacled
caiman (Caiman crocodilus).
c. poxvirus causes typical pox lesions on the skin and in the mouth of young caimans
and Nile crocodiles.
Cairina moschata
see Muscovy.
Cairn terrier a small (13–14 lb) active terrier with medium-length shaggy, weather-resistant,
double coat, short tail, erect ears, and dark eyes giving a foxy appearance. They
can be any color except white. The breed is subject to inherited globoid cell leukodystrophy,
craniomandibular osteopathy, haemophilia, and factor IX deficiency. Originally known
as Shorthaired Skye terrier.
C-01:
Cairn terrier.
Cakala technique see paravertebral block.
cake the residuum after extraction of oil from oil seeds, used extensively as a protein
supplement to diets of all housed animal species.
c. poisoning varies with the seed, linseed cake may cause cyanide poisoning, cottonseed
cake may cause gossypol poisoning.
Cal kilocalorie.
cal calorie.
Caladium
cultivated, ornamental plant genus in the family Araceae; contains calcium oxalate
raphide crystals, causing stomatitis and salivation. Includes C. bicolor.
calamine [kal′
-mīn] a preparation of zinc carbonate with a small amount of ferric oxide; the lotion
is used topically as a protectant, astringent, and soothing agent for minor skin irritations
(e.g., insect bites and stings).
calamus [kal′
-m
s] in the shape of a reed or pen.
c. scriptorius pen-nib shaped portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle of the
brain where the median sulcus and paired limiting sulci give the region a fountain-pen
shaped appearance; a term mainly restricted to the human brain.
Calandrinia
genus of the plant family Portulacaceae.
C. balonensis, C. polyandra
used commonly as feed for cattle and sheep grazed extensively in arid and semi-arid
areas of Australia, these plants have a high oxalate content and are suspected of
causing deaths in wethers due to obstructive urolithiasis. Called also parakeelia,
parakeelya.
calbindin a calcium-binding protein involved in facilitating the absorption of calcium
from the intestine and its reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate in the renal
tubules and the deposition of calcium in mineralized tissues; two identified forms
of the protein are calbindin-D9k and calbindin-D28k.
calcaneal [kal-ka′ne-
l] arising from or pertaining to the calcaneus.
c. epiphysis avulsion occurs in young animals in association with avulsion of the
gastrocnemius tendon of insertion.
c. tendon see Achilles tendon.
calcaneoapophysitis [kal-ka″ne-o-
-pof″
-zi′tis] inflammation of the posterior part of the calcaneus, marked by pain and swelling.
calcaneoastragaloid [kal-ka″ne-o-
-strag′
-loid] pertaining to the calcaneus and talus (astragalus).
calcaneodynia [kal-ka″ne-o-din′e-
] pain in the heel.
calcaneoquartal joint the articulation of the calcaneus with the fourth tarsal bone.
calcaneum [kal-ka′ne-
m] see calcaneus.
calcaneus, calcaneum [kal-ka′ne-
s] the irregular quadrangular bone at the back of the tarsus. One of the two tarsal
bones in the proximal row of bones of the hock joint and, because of its calcaneal
tuber and the muscles attached to it, acts as a lever to extend the hock joint. Called
also heel bone, os calcis, and fibular tarsal bone. See also Table 9.
calcar [kal′k
r] a spur or spur-shaped structure.
c. avis the lower of two medial elevations in the lateral cerebral ventricle, produced
by the lateral extension of the calcarine sulcus; called also hippocampus minor.
c. metacarpale, c. metatarsale see ergot2
.
calcareous [kal-kār′e-
s] pertaining to or containing lime; chalky.
calcarine [kal′k
-rīn] 1. spur-shaped. 2. pertaining to the calcar avis.
c. sulcus a groove on the medial surface of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum, separating
the cuneus from the lingual gyrus.
calcariuria [kal-ka″re-u′re-
] the presence of lime (calcium) salts in the urine.
calcemia [kal-se′me-
] excessive calcium in the blood; hypercalcemia.
calcibilia [kal″sľ-bil′e-
] the presence of calcium in the bile.
calcic [kal′sik] of or pertaining to lime or calcium.
calcifediol [kal″sif-
-di′ol] nonproprietary name for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D
(25-(OH)D), a prehormone produced in the liver by hydroxylation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
and then converted in the kidneys to calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3. Also
called calcidiol.
calciferol [kal-sif′
r-ol] vitamin D; may refer to vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) or vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
c.-25-hydroxylase a hepatic microsomal enzyme that controls the conversion of cholecalciferol
to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
calcific [kal-sif′ik] forming lime.
calcification [kal″sľ-fľ-ka′sh
n] the deposit of calcium salts in a tissue. The normal absorption of calcium is facilitated
by parathyroid hormone and by vitamin D. In poisoning with calcinogenic glycosides
and when there are increased amounts of parathyroid hormone in the blood (as in hyperparathyroidism),
there is deposition of calcium in the soft tissue. (In hyperparathyroidism secondary
to renal disease there is deposition in the alveoli of the lungs, the renal tubules,
beneath the parietal pleura, the gastric mucosa, and the arterial walls.) Normally
calcium is deposited in the bone matrix to insure stability and strength of the bone.
In osteomalacia, there is an excess of unmineralized osteoid because the aged well-mineralized
bone is replaced by a matrix that is inadequately mineralized.
dystrophic c. the deposition of calcium in abnormal tissue without abnormalities of
blood calcium.
metastatic c. deposition of calcium in tissues as a result of abnormalities of calcium
and phosphorus concentrations in the blood and tissue fluids. Seen in gastric mucosa,
parietal pleura and other tissues in chronic renal failure. See also uremia.
nutritional c. calcification in soft tissues as a result of an increased intake of
calcium.
soft tissue c. see metastatic calcification (above), dystrophic calcification (above).
calcify to mineralize by the deposition of calcium salts.
calcifying mineralized.
c. aponeurotic fibroma locally aggressive nodular masses that involve membranous bones,
particularly those of the canine skull (zygomatic arch), and rarely metastasize. See
also multilobular chondroma and osteoma.
c. epithelial odontogenic tumor rare lesion in dogs and cats; epithelial, gingival
masses susceptible to surgical excision.
c. epithelioma see pilomatrixoma.
c. epithelioma of Malherbe see pilomatrixoma.
calcined magnesite the mineral magnesite that has been reduced to a powder by heating,
i.e., calcined. It is used as a dietary supplement for cattle and sheep to prevent
hypomagnesemia. Used for topdressing pasture with a similar objective. Contains about
90% magnesium oxide.
calcinogenic [kal″sľ-no-jen′ik] conducive to calcinosis.
c. glycoside toxic glycosides with their aglycone an analog of vitamin D3. Found in
plants including Solanum glaucophyllum (S. malacoxylon), S. linneanum (S. hermannii,
S. sodomaeum), S. erianthum, S. torvum, Cestrum diurnum, Stenotaphrum secundatum,
Trisetum flavescens, Nierembergia veitchii.
calcinosis [kal″sľ-no′sis] a condition characterized by abnormal deposition of calcium
salts in soft tissues.
c. circumscripta localized deposition of calcium in small nodules in subcutaneous
tissues, tongue, or attached to tendons or joint capsules in dogs, usually in large
breeds and most commonly in German shepherd dogs. In horses, circumscribed, hard swellings
with granular radiopacity, usually immovable and located on the lateral aspect of
the proximal tibia. Called also tumoral calcinosis.
c. cutis cutaneous mineralization, a characteristic lesion in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism.
Lesions are commonest on the dorsal midline, ventral abdomen and inguinal region.
The skin is usually thin and atrophic.
enzootic c. calcinosis occurring in larger numbers of animals in a local population
than chance warrants. Usually a plant poisoning caused by the following calcinogenic
plants: Solanum glaucophyllum (S. malacoxylon),
S. linneanum (S. hermannii, S. sodomaeum), S. erianthum, S. torvum, Cestrum diurnum,
Stenotaphrum secundatum, Trisetum flavescens, Nierembergia veitchii. Manifested clinically
by chronic wasting, reluctance to walk and constant shifting of weight from limb to
limb. Called also enteque seco, Manchester wasting disease, espichamento, Naalehu
disease, weidekrankheit.
C-02:
Radiograph of calcinosis circumscripta on the carpus of a dog.
C-03:
Calcinosis cutis in a dog with Cushing’s syndrome.
multicentric periarticular c. described in Hungarian vizsla dogs in association with
a renal tubular defect in phosphorus transport, causing progressive lameness.
pulmonary c. see microlithiasis.
tumoral c. see calcinosis circumscripta (above).
c. universalis widespread deposition of calcium in nodules or plaques in the dermis,
panniculus, and muscles.
calcipenia [kal″sľ-pe′ne-
] deficiency of calcium in the system.
calcipexis, calcipexy [kal″sľ-pek′sis, kal′sľ-pek″se] fixation of calcium in the tissues.
calciphilia [kal″sľ-fil′e-
] condition in which the tissues show an unusual affinity for, and fixation of, calcium
salts circulating in the blood.
calciprivia [kal″sľ-priv′e-
] deprivation or loss of calcium.
calcitonin [kal″sľ-to′nin] a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parafollicular or
C cells of the thyroid gland, which is involved in plasma calcium homeostasis. It
acts to decrease the concentration of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclast
activity, intestinal absorption, and phosphate resorption in the kidney. Salmon calcitonin
is used in the treatment of hypercalcemia. Called also thyrocalcitonin.
c. gene-related peptides potent vasodilators widely distributed in periadventitial
nerves of blood vessels, sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, sensory neurons, and
the central nervous system generally.
calcitriol [kal″sľ-tri′ol] a nonproprietary name for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol,
or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3), the active metabolite of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).
In concert with parathyroid hormone, calcitriol increases blood calcium concentrations
by increasing the uptake of calcium (Ca++) from the gut, increasing renal resorption
of Ca++, and when necessary stimulating the release of Ca++ from bone. Pharmaceutically,
calcitriol is used in the treatment of conditions leading to hypocalcemia and for
osteopenia.
calcium (Ca) [kal′se-
m] a chemical element, atomic number 20, atomic weight 40.08. Calcium is the most
abundant mineral in the body. In combination with phosphorus it forms calcium phosphate,
the dense, hard material of the bones and teeth. It is an important cation in intra-
and extracellular fluid and is essential to the normal clotting of blood, the maintenance
of a normal heartbeat, and the initiation of neuromuscular and metabolic activities.
Within the body fluids calcium exists in three forms. Protein-bound calcium accounts
for about 47% of the calcium in plasma; most of it in this form is bound to albumin.
Another 47% of plasma calcium is ionized. About 6% is complexed with phosphate, citrate,
and other anions. Ionized calcium is physiologically active. One of its most important
physiological functions is control of the permeability of cell membranes. Parathyroid
hormone, which causes transfer of exchangeable calcium from bone into the bloodstream,
and calcitriol maintain calcium homeostasis by preventing either calcium deficit or
excess.
avian c. poisoning excess calcium in the avian diet, especially in diets low in phosphorus
causes nephrosis, visceral gout, and urolithiasis.
c. balance the balance between calcium intake and losses in feces and urine.
c. carbonate an insoluble salt occurring naturally in bone, shells and chalk. A common
form of supplementary calcium in dogs and cats on meat-based diets, used because of
its high concentration of calcium (40%) and absence of phosphorus.
c. challenge test an intravenous infusion of calcium will cause increased concentrations
of gastrin in dogs with a gastrinoma. May be used in combination with a secretin stimulation
test. Also called calcium stimulation test.
c. channels see channel.
c. chloride a salt used in solution to restore electrolyte balance, to treat hypocalcemia,
and as an antidote to magnesium poisoning. Is highly irritating and has been discarded
generally in favor of less irritating substances, e.g., calcium borogluconate.
diffusible c. see calcium (above).
endogenous c. calcium contributed to the feces by the intestinal secretions.
excess c. in all species may cause hypercalcitonism with decreased osteoclastic activity
and skeletal remodeling. In dogs, disorders of enchondral ossification with curved
radius and osteochondrosis have been demonstrated; secondary iron deficiency anemia
occurs in piglets.
c. fluoride naturally occurring mineral. Called also fluorspar, fluorite.
c. gel contains a high concentration of calcium; given to cows as a drench or in the
feed as a prophylaxis against bovine parturient hypocalcemia.
c. gluconate a calcium replenisher and antidote to fluoride or oxalate poisoning.
c. homeostasis maintenance of normal calcium metabolism by the combined effects of
adequate alimentary intake, renal excretion, parathyroid hormone involvement, 1,25
dihydroxycholecalciferol (or calcitriol) and calcitonin, plasma protein binding, and
deposition in tissues.
c. hydroxide an astringent compound used topically in solution or lotions; in dentistry
used to encourage deposition of secondary dentin. Called also slaked lime. In solution,
called lime water.
idiopathic c. phosphate deposition thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant
trait in Great Danes commencing in puppies about 5 weeks old, characterized by paraplegia
and incoordination due to deformity and displacement of the seventh cervical vertebra;
mineral deposits in the intervertebral joints, serous and synovial membranes; and
mineralization in most other tissues.
ionized c. (iCa) serum calcium that is not bound to protein or complexed; free calcium.
c. lactate used for supplementing the diet with calcium; contains 18% calcium. As
calcium sodium lactate, containing 8% calcium, it is more soluble and can be used
in drinking water.
c. levulinate a calcium compound used parenterally in the treatment of hypocalcemia;
contains 14.8% calcium.
c. mandelate administered orally and used as a urinary antiseptic.
c. nitrate used as an additive during cheese making to control fermentation. Whey
from this cheese may cause nitrate poisoning when fed to cattle and bacterial conversion
of nitrate to nitrite poisoning in pigs (rare).
nondiffusible c. protein-bound fractions of plasma calcium.
c. nutritional deficiency nutritional deficiency of calcium is rarely primary except
in carnivores on an all-meat diet. Secondary deficiency is usually the result of diets
having too high a phosphorus content. The outcome of either deficiency may be nutritional
hyperparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia, osteodystrophy in horses, pigs, and reptiles,
and degenerative arthropathy of cattle, depending on the species, age of the animal
and availability of vitamin D. Hypocalcemia may not occur because of the activity
of parathyroid hormone, but classical tetany and recumbency can occur if the deficiency
is prolonged or if they are precipitated by some other factor.
c. oxalate a compound occurring in the urine in crystals and in certain calculi. See
also oxalate urolith.
C-04:
Osteomalacia resulting from a diet of stored grain fed as the only food available
for feeding during a drought that resulted in bare pastures.
C-05:
Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals in a dog’s urine.
From Raskin, R.E., Meyer, D. Canine and Feline Cytology, 2nd Edition. Saunders 2010.
c. oxide alkaline and capable of causing gastroenteritis. There is a high concentration
in basic slag, and this may contribute to that poisoning.
c. pantothenate a calcium salt of the dextrorotatory isomer of pantothenic acid; used
as a growth-promoting vitamin.
c. phosphate one of three salts containing calcium and the phosphate radical: dibasic
and tribasic calcium phosphate are used as sources of calcium; monobasic calcium phosphate
is used in fertilizer and as a calcium and phosphorus supplement. An important constituent
of uroliths.
c.:phosphorus ratio the ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the diet, 1:1 to 1:2 is
usually considered to be adequate for proper calcium nutritional status in most animal
species. Diets outside this range are likely to cause osteodystrophies. Animals grazing
phosphorus-deficient pasture, and those being intensively fed on grain rations that
have an abnormally high phosphorus content, are the principal subjects. Horses on
heavy grain diets and dogs and cats on meat diets without calcium supplementation
are also targets for the disease, as are pet reptiles fed inappropriate diets low
in calcium or lacking in vitamin D such as chelonians and some lizard species.
c. polycarbophil a hydrophilic agent used as a bulk laxative in the treatment of constipation
and diarrhea.
c. polysulfide see lime-sulfur.
c. propionate see propionic acid.
protein bound c. biologically inert fraction of plasma calcium; most is bound to albumin
and globulins with a small fraction complexed to organic and inorganic acids.
c. silicophosphate crystals of this mineral are thought to contribute physically to
the gastroenteritis caused by basic slag poisoning.
c. sulfate the main component of plaster of Paris; also used as a dietary source of
calcium and inorganic sulfate sulfur.
c. sulfide, c. polysulfide see lime-sulfur.
c. supplements include calcium carbonate, gluconate, lactate and phosphate; bone flour,
bone meal, ground limestone, and chalk.
total c. (tCa) the sum of serum ionized calcium, complexed calcium and protein-bound
calcium.
c. tungstate screens intensifying screens coated with calcium tungstate crystals that
emit blue light previously used in film screen radiology. Replaced by rare earth intensifying
screens.
urinary c. calciuria.
calcium-binding protein see calbindin.
calciphylaxis [kal″sľ-f
-lak′sis] the formation of calcified tissue in response to administration of a challenging
agent after induction of a hypersensitive state.
calcium channel blocker a drug that selectively blocks the influx of calcium ions
through a specific ion channel (the slow channel or calcium channel) of cardiac muscle
and smooth muscle cells; used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Calcium channel
blockers act to control arrhythmias by slowing the rate of sinoatrial node discharge
and the conduction velocity through the atrioventricular node. Examples include nifedipine
and verapamil. Also called calcium blocker, calcium antagonist.
calciuria [kal″se-u′re-
] calcium in the urine.
calcofluor white stain used to produce fluorescence of fungal elements for ultraviolet
microscopy.
calcospherite one of the minute globular bodies formed during calcification by chemical
union of calcium particles and albuminous matter of cells.
calculogenesis [kal″ku-lo-jen′
-sis] the formation of calculi.
calculolytic [kal″ku-lo-lit′ik] lysis of calculi, usually in the urinary tract.
c. diet see calculolytic diet.
calculosis [kal″ku-lo′sis] a condition characterized by the presence of calculi. Called
also lithiasis.
calculus [kal′ku-l
s] pl. calculi [L.] an abnormal concretion, usually composed of mineral salts, occurring
within the animal body, chiefly in the hollow organs or their passages. Called also
stones, as in kidney stones (urolithiasis) and gallstones. See also hippomanes.
biliary c. a gallstone.
bronchial c. see bronchial calculus.
dental c. mineralized dental plaque; found commonly in dogs and cats, sometimes in
horses, rarely in sheep. Plaque deposited on the surface is important in development
of caries and periodontal disease.
c. index an assessment used in dental charting to record the extent of calculus on
each tooth; ranges from none to heavy plaque accumulation at gingival margin and filling
of the interdental space.
lung c. a concretion formed in the bronchi. See also bronchial calculus.
pancreatic c. very small (4–5 mm) calculi in pancreatic ducts, rare and of no pathogenic
importance.
prostatic c. concretions of calcium phosphates and carbonates in the prostatic ducts
are rare and of no clinical significance.
renal c. see urolithiasis.
salivary c. white, hard, laminated concretions in the salivary duct; a sialolith.
Occurs most commonly in horses.
urethral c. a calculus lodged in the urethra causes obstruction of the urethra with
a potential for causing rupture of the bladder or perforation of the urethra and leaking
of urine into subcutaneous or retroperitoneal sites. See also urolith, urolithiasis.
urinary c. a calculus in any part of the urinary tract. See urolithiasis.
vesical c. a urolith in the urinary bladder.
CALD chronic active liver disease.
calefacient [kal″
-fa′sh
nt] causing a sensation of warmth; an agent that so acts.
calendar charts wall charts or wheels that are valuable management tools because they
depict the reproductive and lactation status of each cow or sow in the herd at any
given time.
Calendula
[k
-len′du-l] plant genus in the family Asteraceae; cause cyanide poisoning; include
C. cuneata, C. viscosa (both = Dimorphotheca cuneata). In herbal medicine, C. officinalis
is a source of flavonoids and saponins used topically for their anti-inflammatory,
immunomodulatory, and wound-healing properties.
calf [kaf] 1. bovine young less than 1 year old. 2. young of other species including
elephant, larger deer, e.g., red, Japanese sika, wapiti, elk, moose, reindeer, and
also pinnipeds and cetaceans. 3. in dogs, refers to the region of the hindlimb between
the stifle and the hock.
bull c. male intact (entire) bovine under 1 year of age.
c. crop the group of calves born to a herd of cows during one breeding season.
c. crop percentage the percentage of calves born to the cows bred or exposed to breeding
bulls.
c. diarrhea see calf scours (below).
c. diphtheria see calf diphtheria,
Fusobacterium
necrophorum.
fetal c. includes unborn and stillborn calves. Can be identified by the presence of
atelectasis of the entire lungs, patency of the umbilical vessels that also contain
unclotted blood, sodden quality of the skin, high water and nil fat content of the
tissues, absence of milk from the gut. Called also slink. See also slink calves.
c. lymphosarcoma see bovine viral leukosis.
c. pneumonia a group of diseases of calves caused primarily by viruses, often complicated
by secondary bacterial invasion. The viruses include parainfluenza-3 (PI-3), respiratory
syncytial virus (RSV), an adenovirus, a reovirus, bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine
rhinovirus.
Chlamydia
and Mycoplasma spp. are also causative agents. The clinical syndrome is the same with
any of the viruses: fever, increased respiratory rate, hacking cough, overloud breath
sounds on auscultation of the lungs. The calves show remarkably little toxemia. If
secondary bacterial pneumonia follows the additional signs are toxemia, gurgling or
squeaky breath sounds, and a fatal outcome. See also enzootic pneumonia.
c. puller see fetal extractor.
c. scours diarrhea of calves, of most importance in the newborn because of their susceptibility
to dehydration and toxemia. See colibacillosis, coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis,
Coronaviridae
,
Rotavirus
, salmonellosis, dietary diarrhea.
c. starter artificial feeding of calves includes liquid milk replacer and dry calf
starter, the latter being provided from about 1 week of age. At 3–6 weeks, the calf
is able to exist solely on starter and the milk replacer or milk can be discontinued.
Calf starters vary a great deal in composition, quality, and price. They need to have
a high digestibility coefficient, a high energy content and at least 18% crude protein.
C-06:
Calf pen with three bucket holes, one for feeding calf starter, one for providing
water all the time and one for the bucket used to feed milk replacer.
with c. a pregnant cow.
calf-bed uterus of a cow.
calf-kneed a defect of conformation in horses; the cannon is set back behind the line
of the radius.
calfeteria farmyard equipment containing a tank, or tanks, for milk that supplies
multiple teats on the exterior to provide sucking points for multiple calves.
caliber [kal′ľ-b
r] the diameter of the lumen of a canal or tube.
calibration [kal″ľ-bra′sh
n] determination of the accuracy of an instrument, usually by measurement of its variation
from a standard, to ascertain necessary correction factors.
calicectasis [kal″ľ-sek′t
-sis] dilatation of a calix of the kidney.
calicectomy [kal″ľ-sek′t
-me] excision of a calix of the kidney.
calices [ka′lľ-sēz] plural of calix.
Caliciviridae
[k
-lis″ľ-vir′ľ-de] a family of viruses that are about 35 nm in diameter, with a capsid,
composed of a single major capsid protein of about 60 kilodaltons that carries 32
shallow, cup-like circular indentations and a single-stranded, plus sense RNA genome
of about 8 kilobases. The family comprises five genera, Vesivirus that includes feline
calicivirus, vesicular exanthema of swine virus, and San Miguel sea lion virus; Lagovirus
that includes rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and European Brown hare syndrome virus;
Norovirus, which includes viruses that cause gastroenteritis, principally of humans;
Sapovirus that comprise viruses that also cause diarrheic infections in humans; and
Nebovirus, which includes viruses that cause diarrheic infections in calves. Noroviruses
and sapoviruses may infect some other animal species.
Calicivirus
[k
-lis′ľ-vi″r
s] a genus in the family
Caliciviridae
.
calicivirus [k
-lis′ľ-vi″r
s] a virus in the genus Calicivirus.
canine c. has been isolated from the feces of dogs with diarrhea; the significance
is unknown.
feline c. infection a common cause of upper respiratory disease and ulcerative glossitis
in cats. Affected cats show varying degrees of ocular and nasal discharge, coughing,
and sneezing. Pneumonia sometimes occurs, mainly in young or debilitated cats. Ulceration
of the tongue and palate is a regular feature of the disease, but lips, nares, and
skin are also sometimes involved. Lameness, diarrhea, and seizures have also rarely
been associated with calicivirus infection. Many recovered cats remain carriers of
the virus, shedding infectious virus from the pharynx. Most of these cats are asymptomatic,
but some may have chronic oral lesions. Feline calicivirus has also been associated
with feline lower urinary tract disease, but its role in that disorder remains unclear.
See also feline viral respiratory disease complex. A virulent systemic strain has
been identified, which is capable of causing severe systemic disease with high fever,
pulmonary edema, abdominal effusion, hepatic necrosis, disseminated intravascular
coagulopathy (DIC), facial and limb edema, ulceration of the skin, and death.
porcine c. the cause of vesicular exanthema of swine.
rabbit c. the cause of rabbit hemorrhagic disease.
calico bush Kalmia
latifolia.
calico cat see tortoiseshell.
Calicophoron
[kal″ľ-kof′
-ron] stomach flukes of ruminants. Species include C. calicophorum, C. cauliorchis,
C. ijimai, and C. raja. See also paramphistomosis, paramphistomiasis.
caliculus [k
-lik′u-l
s] a small cup or cup-shaped structure.
c. gustatorius see taste.
California black-legged tick see
Ixodes
pacificus.
California disease coccidioidomycosis.
California encephalitis an encephalitis of humans caused by the La Crosse virus, a
California serogroup virus, in the genus Bunyavirus, isolated from mosquitoes in California.
Occurs experimentally in small laboratory rodents when the virus is injected intracerebrally.
Suspected of natural passage through wild and domestic mammals. Called also La Crosse
encephalitis.
C-07:
Tongue ulcers in a cat with feline calicivirus infection.
California encephalomyelitis virus group mosquito-transmitted viruses of the family
Bunyavirales; can cause acute encephalitis in horses. Type viruses are Snowshoe hare
and Jamestown Canyon; associated viruses are Main Drain and Cache Valley.
California eyeworm see
Thelazia
californiensis.
California mastitis test an indirect test for bovine mastitis based on the presence
of a high leukocyte count in mastitic milk. The test can be used in the milking shed
or in the laboratory and as a test for individual quarters, or cows, or as a herd
test. There is a good correlation between the results obtained and the actual leukocyte
count and with the productivity of the quarter. It has faded in importance with the
introduction of milk cell counts carried out electronically on automated equipment.
See also Brabant mastitis test.
California spangled a recently developed breed of cats, derived from Siamese, Manx,
and domestic cats. Its main feature is a short, spotted coat; meant to resemble a
small leopard.
Californian rabbit popular as a fancy rabbit and for commercial purposes; it is large
with large ears and the fur is white with black, chocolate, blue, or lilac-colored
points, similar to the Himalayan. Called also California white.
californium (Cf) [kal″ľ-for′ne-
m] a chemical element, atomic number 98, atomic weight 249.
calipers [kal′ľ-p
rz] instrument with two bent or curved legs used to measure thickness or diameter
of a solid, or the internal dimensions of a hollow object.
electronic c. used in digital images to measure the distance between two points, circumference
or cross-sectional area of an object.
calix [ka′liks] pl. calices [L.] a cuplike organ or cavity, e.g., one of the recesses
of the kidney pelvis that enclose the tips of the pyramids.
calkins turned down portion of the heel of a horseshoe, designed to reduce slipping
on worn stones or icy surfaces. Called also calks, frost studs.
calks see calkins.
Call–Exner body [kahl′ eks′n
r] histologic feature of granulosa cell tumors and occasionally sertoli cell tumors
that is characterized by rosette-like formations of cells surrounding a central aggregation
of eosinophilic material. Thought to be an abortive attempt of the tumor cells to
produce a basement membrane.
Callicarpa longifolia
Australian plant in the family Verbenaceae; an unidentified toxin causes hepatitis
and photosensitization.
calling a lay term referring to the vocalization of a female cat in estrus and the
associated, characteristic behavior that includes rolling, treading with the front
feet and elevation of the hindquarters. Often misinterpreted by an inexperienced owner
as signs of pain or illness.
Calliphora
[k
-lif′o-r] a genus of flies that includes C. augur, C. australis, C. erythrocephala,
C. fallax, C. hilli, C. novica, C. stygia, and C. vomitoria. They may initiate blowfly
strike in sheep but mainly assume importance in sheep that are already infested.
calliphorid [k
-lif′
-rid] pertaining to blowflies of the family Calliphoridae.
Calliphoridae [kal″ľ-for′ľ-de] the family containing most of the important blowflies,
including Calliphora, Chrysomya, Lucilia, Callitroga, and Phormia spp.
Calliphorinae the blowfly subfamily.
calliphorine myiasis see cutaneous myiasis.
Callitroga
[kal″ľ-tro′g
] a genus of screw-worms that includes C. americana, C. hominivorax, and C. macellaria
(called also Cochliomyia hominivorax and C. macellaria). See also New World screw-worm,
cutaneous myiasis.
callitrichid members of the primate family Callitrichidae; New World monkeys, includes
marmosets and tamarins.
callosity [k
-los′ľ-te] a callus.
callosum [k
-lo′s
m] corpus callosum.
callous [kal′
s] of the nature of a callus; hard.
callus [kal′
s] 1. localized hyperplasia of the horny layer of the epidermis due to pressure or
friction. In dogs, these often form over pressure points such as the elbow, hock,
and (in some breeds) sternum, particularly if the animal is sleeping on a hard surface.
2. an unorganized network of woven bone formed about the ends of a broken bone; it
is absorbed as repair is completed (provisional callus), and ultimately replaced by
true bone (definitive callus).
bridging c. bridging the callus gap.
external c. around the outside of a fracture, consisting of periosteal new bone.
hard c. fully mineralized.
hypertrophic c. a form of delayed healing in which fibrocartilage forms between fracture
fragments, resulting in a false callus. Called also elephant’s foot callus.
internal c. between the ends of fractured bones; endosteal new bone.
periosteal c. new bone formed by the proliferation of periosteal osteogenic cells.
provisional c. a subsequently remodeled callus.
c. pyoderma secondary bacterial infection, particularly of pressure point calluses
in dogs; with time, can be extensive with deep pyogenic inflammation, ulceration,
and draining fistulae.
soft c. the originating fibobrocellular tissue before calcification.
sternal c. may develop over the prominent sternum in some breeds of dogs, particularly
Dachshunds and deep-chested, shorthaired dog such as poiners, in response to pressure.
See callus pyoderma (above).
temporary c. see provisional callus (above).
calmative [kahm′
-tiv, kahl′m
-tiv] 1. sedative; allaying excitement. 2. an agent having such effects.
Calmette–Guérin bacillus [kahl-met′ ga-ră′] see BCG .
calmodulin [kal-mod′u-lin] a calcium-binding protein concerned in the response of
muscle fibers and other cells to calcium.
calomel see mercurous chloride.
calor [kal′or] [L.] heat; one of the cardinal signs of inflammation.
caloric [k
-lor′ik] pertaining to heat or to calories.
c. density measure of the energy contained in food, usually quantified as calories
or joules, per unit mass of food.
c. exhaustion see hypoglycemia.
c. homeostasis process of regulation of energy intake from food to sustain energy
balance.
c. intake measure of amount of food energy as calories eaten by an animal.
c. requirements see energy requirements.
c. test irrigation of the external ear canal with hot or very cold water will stimulate
the flow of endolymph and will cause nystagmus if the vestibular system and brainstem
are intact.
calorie (cal) [kal′
-re] any of several units of heat defined as the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius (1°C) at a specified temperature.
The calorie used in chemistry and biochemistry is equal to 4.184 joules. In referring
to the energy content of foods it is customary to use the ‘large calorie’, which is
equal to 1 kilocalorie (kcal), 1000 cal. Every bodily process—the building up of cells,
motion of the muscles, the maintenance of body temperature—requires energy, and the
body derives this energy from the food it consumes. Digestive processes reduce food
to usable fuel, which the body burns in the complex chemical reactions that sustain
life.
calorific [kal″
-rif′ik] generating heat measurable in calories.
calorigenic effect [k
-lor″ľ-jen′ik] see specific dynamic action.
calorimeter [kal″
-rim′-t
r] an instrument for measuring the amount of heat produced in any system or organism.
The material is burned in the calorimeter and the heat energy produced is measured.
calorimetry [kal″
-rim′
-tre] measurement of the heat eliminated or stored in any system.
direct c. measurement of heat actually produced by the organism which is confined
in a sealed chamber or calorimeter.
indirect c. estimation of the heat produced by means of the respiratory differences
of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the inspired and expired air.
Calotis scapigera
Australian plant in the family Asteraceae; contains cyanogenic glycosides and is capable
of causing cyanide poisoning; called also tufted burr daisy.
calotrope
Calotropis procera.
Calotropis procera
a plant in the family Asclepiadaceae; contains cardiac glycosides. Keratoconjunctivitis
has resulted from exposure to its irritant sap. Called also roostertree, caltrops.
calsequestrin [kal″s
-kwes′trin] a calcium ion binding protein effecting a sequestration of calcium ions
within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Caltha palustris
a toxic plant in the family Ranunculaceae; contains a vesicant substance protoanemonin.
Ingestion of the plant causes stomatitis, salivation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
Called also yellow marsh marigold, cowslip, kingcup.
caltrops plants in the family Zygophyllaceae; see
Tribulus
, Kallstroemia. Includes hairy caltrops (K. hirsutissima), warty caltrops (K. parviflora).
calvaria, calvarium [kal-var′e-
, kal-var′e-
m] the domelike dorsal portion of the cranium, comprising the dorsal portions of the
frontal, parietal and occipital bones.
calve act of parturition by a cow or other mammal producing a calf as offspring.
Calvé–Perthes disease [kahl-va′ per′t
z] see Legg–Calvé–Perthes disease.
Calvin cycle [kal′vin] see dark reaction.
calving act of parturition in a bovine female, and presumably in any animal that bears
a calf as its newborn.
block c. a breeding management system in which all of the cows in a herd, or an area,
are encouraged to calve at approximately the same time. Has the effect of concentrating
all of the calving and puerperal problems at one time and having all of the cows begin
and terminate their lactations together. Has the disadvantage that the herd’s period
of maximum productivity is also concentrated, making it subject to much greater risk
of loss. Is the opposite of year-round calving. Called also seasonal calving.
c.–to-conception interval interval between calving and the next conception date. Called
also “days open” or “number of days open.”
difficult c. see dystocia.
ease of c. thought to be an inherited trait due to pelvic canal dimensions in the
dam, and fetal size in the sire. See also dystocia.
c. facilities yards, crush, chute, hot and cold water, shelter, all the resources
necessary for capturing and restraining a cow while helping her to deliver a calf.
c.-to-first-estrus interval interval between calving and the first observed estrus.
Data used as a measure of reproductive performance, especially dairy herds where block
mating needs to be completed in as brief an interval as possible.
c.-to-first-service interval alternative to calving-to-first-estrus interval but does
not take into account any deferral of mating for managerial reasons.
c. grounds cows that are run on very extensive grazing may need to be under close
surveillance by calving time. A small area of land can be enclosed or the herd herded
into it—the calving ground.
c. index any method of expressing reproductive efficiency on the basis of the number
of calves produced. May refer to the average calving interval or to the percentage
of calves produced by the mated group of cows.
c. induction see parturition induction.
c. injury damage to the uterus, vagina, and vulva or surrounding tissues, especially
obturator and sciatic nerves, caused by the parturition process.
c. interval the average time interval between successive calvings.
median c. date the number of days between the first calving in the herd and the 50th
percentile calving; an excellent measure of fertility status of seasonally calving
herds; in dairy herds the target is 18 days.
c. pad a small area specifically prepared with sand or limestone base and bedding
of material such as rice hulls or sawdust, where all cows are located for calving.
Allows intense supervision of periparturient and calving cows.
c. paralysis see maternal obstetric paralysis.
c. pattern of a herd is a chronological list of calving dates. In seasonally calving
herds a compact list indicates high fertility, a stretched out list indicates an indifferent
fertility level.
c. percentage see calf crop percentage.
c. record a record of the reproductive efficiency of each dam in the form of dates,
events, and procedures related to reproductive function.
c. season season of the year at which the herd, or other population of cows, calves,
e.g., spring calving.
seasonal c. when the cows in a herd calve at about the same time. Thus spring calving,
autumn calving. Usually used as a management tool to take maximum advantage of seasonal
feed supplies or climate.
year-round c. herd management system in which cows are mated so that some cows in
the herd will calve at all times of the year thus maintaining a regular milk supply
for a fresh milk supply.
calx [kalks] 1. lime or chalk. 2. heel.
Calycanthus
a genus of plants in the family Calycanthaceae; contain indole (pyrrolidinoindoline)
alkaloids including calycanthine that produce tetanic seizures in livestock. Includes
C. floridus (eastern sweetshrub, Carolina allspice), C. occidentalis (western sweetshrub,
California allspice). Called also strawberry shrub, spicebush.
C. australiensis
see
Idiospermum australiense
.
calyculus caliculus.
calystegines polyhydroxy nortropane alkaloids with potent glycosidase inhibitory properties
isolated from plants in families Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, and Brassicaceae; suspect
of neurotoxicity.
calyx [ka′liks] calix.
major c. one of the primary branches of the renal pelvis that bear two or more minor
calices; found in pigs, cattle and humans.
minor c. any one of the cup-shaped dilations of the renal pelvis into which renal
papillae protrude.
CAM 1. complementary and alternative medicine. 2. cell-adhesion molecule.
CAMAL see Cornell alternate-month accelerated lambing system.
Camallanus
[kam″
-la′n
s] nematode genus which infests freshwater turtles and fish.
camarillo a part albino type of horse originating in California; has white hair, pink
skin and black eyes.
cambendazole an efficient broad-spectrum anthelmintic. See also albendazole.
Cambridge ventilator a machine used in anesthetizing large animals. A hydraulically
compressed bellows drives a ‘bag-in-bottle’ arrangement.
camel humped members of the Camelidae family of ruminants.
Arabian c. called also Camelus dromedarius, or single-humped camel or dromedary. Found
in the Arabian peninsula, North and Central Africa, East Asia, and feral in Australia.
There are different breeds for milk production, meat production, riding and draught
work, and there is selection for racing.
bactrian c. two-humped camel. Called also Camelus bactrianus. Found in China, Russia,
Mongolia, and Iran.
c. bush Trichodesma
zeylanica.
dromedary c. one-humped camel. Called also Camelus dromedarius.
c. poison Gyrostemon
spp.,
Erythrophleum
chlorostachys,
Trichodesma
zeylanica.
single-humped c. see Arabian camel (above).
c. thorn Acacia
erioloba.
camel prion disease recently recognised neurologic disease of dromedary camels apparently
caused by a prion.
camelid members of the family Camelidae. Includes three species of Old World camels
belonging to the genusCamelus (C. bactrianus, C. ferus and C. dromedarius), and four
species of South American camelids, of the genera Lama (L. guanicoe and L. glama)
and Vicugna (V. vicugna and V. pacos).
Camelidae Camelidae one of the ten families of ruminants in the order Artiodactyla
(the other nine are Suidae, Tayassuidae, Hippopotamidae, Tragulidae, Moschidae, Cervidae,
Bovidae, Antilocapridae, and Giraffidae). The Camelidae originated in North America,
40–50 million years ago. By the early Holocene camelids had become extinct in North
America, but their migration to Asia ~7 million years ago gave rise to the dromedary
and bactrian camels, and a later migration to South America across the Panama land
bridge ~4 million years ago gave rise to the ancestors of the two modern wild South
American Camelids, the vicuña and guanaco.
Camellia
[k
-mel′e-] plant genus in the family Theaceae; includes C. japonica, C. susanqua, C.
sinensis (Thea sinensis, tea plant); plants known to reflect the fluorine content
of the soil on which they grow. They may contain as much as 2000 ppm of fluorine.
Camelostrongylus
a genus of the family Trichostrongylidae of gastrointestinal nematodes. Includes Camelostrongylus
mentulatus (sheep, camels, and wild ruminants).
camelpox [kam′
l-poks] a disease of camels caused by an Orthopoxvirus. Natural infections appear
to be limited to the Old World camels. Pox lesions are usually restricted to exposed
areas of the skin and mucous membranes, but in some cases can extend over the entire
body and invade internal organs. The disease is transmissible to humans and notifiable
to the OIE. (see Table 20).
Camelus
genus of two-toed ungulates in the family Camelidae, distributed in central and south
Asia, the Middle East, northern India, and North Africa, with an introduced and largely
feral population in Australia. Includes C. bactrianus (bactrian camel), C. ferus (wild
bactrian camel), and C. dromedarius (dromedary, one-humped or Arabian camel).
cameo in some countries a recognized color variety of longhaired cats with copper-colored
eyes and a coat color that is basically a silver, cream, or white undercoat with red
tips that vary in intensity on different parts of the body.
camera [kam′
-r] pl. camerae a cavity or chamber.
c. anterior bulbi anterior chamber of the eye.
c. posterior bulbi posterior chamber of the eye; small annular space between the posterior
surface of the iris and the anterior surface of the lens, and bounded peripherally
by the ciliary processes.
c. vitrea bulbi vitreous chamber of the eye, between the crystalline lens and the
retina, that contains the vitreous body.
Cammerer rotation fork an instrument used to rotate a fetus that is malpresented.
Each arm of the fork carries a canvas cuff for fixation of the limbs to the crutch.
The external end of the device is a long crossbar to facilitate the rotation.
camomile chamomile.
cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
cAMP–CAP complex a complex comprising two cAMP molecules bound to the dimeric DNA
binding protein catabolite activator protein, found in E. coli. cAMP is an allosteric
activator of CAP that increases its affinity for DNA, enabling it to activate or suppress
the initiation of the transcription of genes for enzymes involved in the metabolism
of sugars such as lactose and maltose.
cAMP-dependent protein kinase a tetrameric protein composed of two regulatory subunits
that bind cAMP, and two catalytic subunits that catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl
group from ATP to a target enzyme.
CAMP phenomenon a cultural phenomenon produced by most streptococci in Lancefield
Group B. Named after the originators Christie, Atkins, and Muench-Petersen. These
streptococci hemolyze red cells in sheep blood agar plates but only in the presence
of beta toxin of staphylococci. The phenomenon is used to presumptively identify Streptococcus
agalactiae isolated from mastitic cow’s milk. Similar synergism in hemolytic activity
is observed between Rhodococcus equi and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, beta
toxin of staphylococci or Listeria monocytogenes, and can be used for presumptive
identification of these species.
Campanulotes
a genus of bird lice of the family Philopteridae. Includes Campanulotes bidentatus
compar (small pigeon louse).
camphechlor [kam′f
-klor] see toxaphene.
camphor [kam′for] a ketone derived from the cinnamon tree, Cinnamomum camphora, or
produced synthetically; used externally as an antiphlogistic and antiseptic; applied
in liniments as a counterirritant; administered as a steam inhalant as an expectorant.
Toxicity can follow absorption through the skin, but most products legally available
contain very low concentrations of camphor.
Campolino horse bay, sorrel or chestnut light Brazilian horse, bred from native horse
with imported breeds.
Camponotus
ant genus, second intermediate host to the flukes Dicrocoelium spp. and to species
of the cestode genus Raillietina.
camptodactyly [kamp″to-dak′t
-le] permanent flexion of one or more digits.
camptomelia [kamp″to-me′le-
] bending of the limbs, producing permanent bowing or curving of the affected part.
Camptotheca acuminata
Asian plant in the family Nyssaceae; contains an alkaloid campothecin; causes diarrhea,
dysentery.
Campylobacter
[kam″p
-lo-bak′t
r] a genus of bacteria, family Spirillaceae, made up of gram-negative, non–spore-forming,
motile, comma-shaped rods, which are microaerophilic to anaerobic. Members of the
genus were previously classified as Vibrio spp. and many of the diseases caused by
these species are still referred to as vibriosis.
C. coli
a commensal of the gastrointestinal tract of poulty, pigs and humans; can cause enteritis
in pigs and humans.
C. fetus subsp. fetus
a cause of abortion in sheep and cattle.
C. fetus subsp. venerealis
causes bovine genital campylobacteriosis (also known as vibriosis and epizootic bovine
infertility).
C. hepaticus
a thermophilic species responsible for spotty liver disease in laying chickens.
C. hyointestinalis, C. mucosalis
associated with, but not the cause of, the porcine proliferative enteropathy complex,
proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy, necrotic enteritis. They are inhabitants of
the intestine of normal pigs.
C. jejuni
causes abortion in sheep and enteritis in dogs, cats, and other animals. An important
food-borne cause of enteritis in humans, and the cause of avian vibrionic hepatitis.
C-08:
Gram-stained cells of Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus.
From Songer, J.G., Veterinary Microbiology: Bacterial and Fungal Agents of Animal
Disease. Saunders 2005.
C. sputorum subsp. bubulus, C. sputorum biovar fecalis
found in cattle and sheep, but not known to cause disease.
C. upsaliensis
may be associated with diarrhea in dogs and humans.
C. ureolyticus
microaerophilic species isolated from the genital tract of mares with endometritis.
Formerly classified as Bacteroides ureolyticus.
campylobacteriosis [kam″p
-lo-bak-tēr″e-o′sis] disease caused by infection with Campylobacter spp.
avian c. caused by Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni, C. laridis, and characterized by
depression and diarrhea.
bovine genital c. a venereal infection with Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis
that causes early embryonic death, abortion and infertility in cattle and may be endemic
in some areas. A disease notifiable to the OIE (see Table 20). C. fetus subsp. fetus
may be associated with sporadic cases of bovine abortion. Previously called bovine
vibriosis.
canine c. caused most frequently by Campylobacter jejuni and characterized by large-bowel
diarrhea and sometimes vomiting. May be a source of infection for humans.
gastrointestinal c. infection by several Campylobacter species, particularly C. jejuni,
is associated with diarrhea in many species, especially in the young. Organisms may
be isolated from the feces of asymptomatic animals.
ovine c. abortion caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus or C. jejuni; previously
called ovine vibriosis.
campylognathia curved jaw, a rare congenital defect in Vorderwald calves in Europe
and red deer in South America.
Canaan dog a medium-sized (35–55 lb), spitz-type dog with a short, sandy to red brown,
white or black coat, with white markings. The head is wedge-shaped, ears are erect,
and the brush tail is curled over the body. Developed from the native pariah-type
herding dogs of Palestine. The national dog of Israel.
Canadian [k
-na′de-
n] a black or brown breed of dairy cattle, bred in Canada from cattle imported from
France in the late 17th century. Called also Quebec Jersey.
Canadian bluegrass see
Poa
.
Canadian casting a method for casting a horse. One front limb is tied up with a kneestrap.
The hindlimbs are pulled from under the horse by a system of sidelines and hobblestraps.
Canadian eskimo dog a large (60–100 lb), powerful dog with a heavy, thick double coat
in any color. The head is broad, ears short and erect, and tail large and bushy. Called
also Husky, Esquimaux. In the US called the American eskimo dog, which also comes
in miniature and toy varieties; always white or cream.
Canadian hairless cat see Sphinx cat.
Canadian Kennel Club the principal body for registration of purebred dogs in Canada,
incorporated under the federal Animal Pedigree Act.
Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA) the professional organization representing
the veterinary profession in Canada. It publishes the Canadian Veterinary Journal
and the Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research.
canal [k
-nal′] a relatively narrow tubular passage or channel.
accessory c. see lateral canal (below).
alar c. the canal in the body of the basisphenoid bone that transmits the maxillary
artery.
alimentary c. the digestive tube from mouth to anus. In the strict sense, it begins
at the start of the esophagus and excludes the mouth. See also alimentary canal.
anal c. the terminal portion of the alimentary canal, from the rectum to the anus,
demarcated by the anorectal line that separates the rectal mucosa from the stratified
squamous epithelium of the anal canal.
atrioventricular c. the common canal connecting the primitive atrium and ventricle;
it sometimes persists as a congenital anomaly.
birth c. the canal through which the fetus passes during birth; comprising the uterus,
cervix, vagina, vestibule, and vulva.
carpal c. the passageway on the palmar surface of the carpus between the proximal
row of carpal bones and the flexor retinaculum. In horses it occupies the space where
the carpal groove is converted into a canal by the flexor retinaculum that stretches
from the accessory carpal bone to the medial side of the carpus. It houses the flexor
tendons, the median nerve and blood vessels.
cervical c. the part of the uterine cavity lying within the cervix.
Cloquet’s c. an approximately cone-shaped tunnel extending through the vitreous from
the optic disc to the posterior lens capsule (where it forms the arcuate line of Vogt).
During embryological development, this canal surrounds the hyaloid artery.
condyloid c. an inconstant canal in the occipital bone that transmits the occipital
emissary vein.
c. of Corti see Corti’s canal.
external ear c. the canal from the external auditory meatus to the eardrum.
facial c. osseous tube in the temporal bone that transmits the facial nerve.
femoral c. the fascia covered space in the groin on the medial aspect of the thigh;
bounded by the gracilis, sartorius, adductor, and pectineus muscles that contains
the femoral artery, vein, saphenous nerve, fat and lymphatics.
c’s of Gartner the slender canals in the ventral wall of the vagina that are remnants
of the mesonephric ducts and very variable in their occurrence. Called also ductus
epoophori longitudinales.
haversian c. see haversian canal.
c’s of Hering openings between the bile canaliculi and the cholangioles, the terminal
ducts of the biliary duct system. Called also cholangiole.
hyaloid c. see Cloquet’s canal (above).
hypoglossal c. the opening in the occipital bone, transmitting the hypoglossal nerve
and a branch of the posterior meningeal artery; called also anterior condyloid foramen.
infraorbital c. the bony canal running obliquely from the front of the orbit to the
side of the muzzle, transmitting the infraorbital vessels and nerve. In the horse,
it passes through the maxillary sinus.
inguinal c. the oblique passage in the caudal abdominal wall on either side, through
which passes the round ligament of the uterus in some females such as the bitch and
the spermatic cord in the males.
intestinal c. small and large intestines.
lacrimal c. the nasolacrimal canal.
lateral c. a small canal in the root of a tooth that emerges on the side, rather than
the apex. Called also accessory canal.
mandibular c. a passageway within the mandible for conduction of the inferior alveolar
vessels and nerve; these structures enter the canal through the mandibular foramen
and exit at the mental foramen supplying nerves to the lower cheek teeth in passing.
medullary c. 1. vertebral canal. 2. the cavity, containing marrow, in the diaphysis
of a long bone; called also marrow or medullary cavity.
metatarsal c. the proximal and distal canals within the axis of the metatarsal bones
of cattle that convey blood vessels between dorsal and plantar surfaces.
modiolar c. the canal within the modiolus of the cochlea of the internal ear that
transmits blood vessels and nerves to the cochlea.
nasolacrimal c. the bony canal in the maxilla that transmits the nasolacrimal duct.
nutrient c’s the vascular canals through the cortex of bones. There is usually a large
one in the diaphysis of long bones, complemented by numerous smaller ones associated
with the metaphyses and epiphyses. See also haversian canal.
omasal c. the direct passage through the omasum from the reticulum to the abomasum.
optic c. a passage for the optic nerve through the cranium into the orbit.
palatine c. formed by the maxilla and the palatine bone; transmits the palatine artery
and nerve.
pterygoid c. the canal in the basisphenoid bone that contains the pterygoid nerve.
root c. see root canal.
sacral c. the part of the vertebral canal within the sacrum.
Schlemm’s c. a venous sinus of the sclera in the form of a circular canal at the junction
of the sclera and cornea that receives the aqueous humor. Called also scleral venous
plexus.
semicircular c’s the canals (anterior, lateral and posterior) of the bony labyrinth
of the ear. See also semicircular canals.
spinal c., vertebral c. the canal formed by the series of vertebral foramina together,
enclosing the spinal cord and meninges.
supraorbital c. the canal in the frontal bone of pigs and ruminants that transmits
the frontal vein and nerve, passing through the zygomatic process to the orbital cavity
surrounded by the frontal sinus.
tarsal c. formed by the plantar annular ligament of the tarsus which bridges the tarsal
groove and transmits the deep digital flexor tendon and plantar vessels.
triosseus c. the foramen at the junction of the coracoid, clavicle and scapula which
transmits the tendon of a flight muscle, the supracoracoideus, in the avian skeleton.
vertebral c. spinal canal.
Volkmann’s c’s canals communicating with the haversian canals, for passage of blood
vessels through bone from the periosteum. See also nutrient canals (above), haversian
canal.
canaliculops a cystic structure of the lacrimal canaliculus containing fluid. See
also dacryops.
canaliculus [kan″
-lik′u-l
s] pl. canaliculi [L.] an extremely narrow tubular passage or channel.
bile c. fine tubular channels forming a three-dimensional network within the parenchyma
of the liver. They join to form the bile ductules and eventually the hepatic duct.
bone c. branching tubular passages radiating like wheel spokes from each bone lacuna
to connect with the canaliculi of adjacent lacunae, and with the haversian canal.
dentinal c. see dentinal tubules.
intracellular c. intracellular connection between apical plasmalemma and cytoplasm
proper of the parietal cells in the gastric mucosa.
lacrimal c. the short epithelial cell-lined channel between the lacrimal punctum in
the conjunctiva and the lacrimal sac; part of the lacrimal apparatus which drains
tears from the ocular surface to the nose or mouth. See also lacrimal apparatus.
mastoid c. a small channel in the temporal bone transmitting the tympanic branch of
the vagus nerve.
secretory c. small canals in serous glandular epithelial cells connecting the cells
with the luminal surface.
canalis [k
-na′lis] pl. canales [L.] a canal or channel.
canalization [kan″
-lľ-za′sh
n] 1. the formation of canals, natural or morbid. 2. the surgical establishment of
canals for drainage.
canaloplasty [kan′
-lo-plas″te] plastic reconstruction of a passage, as of the external acoustic meatus.
canary [k
-na′re] see
Serinus
canaria.
c. cholera see avian pseudotuberculosis.
c. stain bright yellow stain in a wool fleece caused by bacterial growth. Not removable
by usual industrial process.
canary cholera [k
-na′re kol′r-] see avian pseudotuberculosis.
canary grass [k
-na′re gras] plants in the genus
Phalaris
. Includes blue canary grass, sunolgrass (P. coerulescens), gnawed canary grass, paradoxical
canary grass, hood canary grass (P. paradoxa), reed canary grass (P. arundinacea),
Toowoomba canary grass, bulbous canary grass (P. aquatica).
canarypox [k
-na′re-poks] a disease caused by a poxvirus in the genus Avipoxvirus; it spreads slowly
amongst canaries, finches, and some other passerines. Characteristic pox lesions occur
on eyelids, skin of the head, beak commissures, and sometimes on the oral and pharyngeal
mucosae. There is blepharitis and pruritus of the eyelids. Morbidity and mortality
are very high. A vaccine is available.
Canavalia
[kan″
-val′y] a genus in the legume plant family Fabaceae; seeds can contain protease inhibitors
(trypsin inhibitors). Called also jackbean.
C. ensiformis
seeds of this plant are used as stock feed but are toxic if fed in amounts in excess
of 4% of the animal’s body weight. Signs include diarrhea, stiffness, and inability
to eat or drink. Called also jack bean, sword bean, Jamacian horse bean.
canavalin a storage protein found in jack beans (
Canavalia
spp).
canavanase see arginase.
canavanine [k
-nav′
-nēn] toxic amino acid in Canavalia spp. Structural analogue of arginine in which
the terminal methylene group is replaced by oxygen.
cancellated [kan′s
-lāt″
d] having a lattice-like structure.
cancellous [kan-s
l′
s] of a reticular, spongy or lattice-like structure; said mainly of bone tissue.
cancellus [kan-s
l′
s] pl. cancelli [L.] the lattice-like structure in bone; any structure arranged like
a lattice.
cancer [kan′s
r] diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control, invade nearby tissues
and may spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream and lymphatic system;
any malignant neoplasm. See also tumor, neoplasm. For individual cancers, see under
specific types.
cancer eye [kan′s
r i] see ocular squamous cell carcinoma.
canceremia [kan″s
r-e′me-] the presence of cancer cells in the blood.
cancericidal [kan″s
r-ľ-si′d
l] destructive to tumor cells; oncolytic.
cancerigenic [kan″s
r-ľ-jen′ik] giving rise to a malignant tumor. See carcinogenesis.
cancriform [kang′krľ-form] resembling cancer.
cancroid [kang′kroid] 1. cancer-like. 2. a skin cancer of a low grade of malignancy.
candela (cd) [kan-del′
] the SI unit of luminous intensity.
candelabra tree Euphorbia
ingens.
candicidin [kan″dľ-si′din] a fungicidal or fungistatic antibiotic derived from Streptomyces
griseus with activity against Candida albicans and other fungal infections.
Candida
[kan′dľ-d
] a genus of yeast, commonly part of the normal flora of the mouth, skin, intestinal
tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of diseases. Most infections are associated
with predisposing factors, particularly immune suppression. Only C. albicans is commonly
associated with disease. See also candidiasis.
C. albicans
causes thrush in the mouth, crop, proventriculus and the gizzard of birds, and stomatitis,
pneumonia and miscellaneous infections in other species. See candidiasis. Previously
called Monilia albicans.
C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii (now classified as Meyerozyma guilliermondii) C. krusei,
C. pseudotropicalis, C. rugosa (now classified as Diutina rugosa), and C. tropicalis
have been associated with mastitis in cattle.
C. parapsilosis
associated with necrotizing placentitis and abortion in cattle.
candidamycosis [kan″dľ-d
-mi-ko′sis] see candidiasis.
candidemia [kan″dľ-de′me-
] the presence in the blood of fungi of the genus Candida.
candidiasis [kan″dľ-di′
-sis] infection by fungi of the genus Candida, generally C. albicans. Three specific
syndromes are recorded as being caused by C. albicans: (1) mycotic stomatitis of baby
pigs which can spread to the lower alimentary tract and cause fatal enteritis; (2)
chronic pneumonia in cattle in feedlots; (3) thrush-like lesions in the mouth of many
species, and esophagus, crop, proventriculus, and gizzard of birds. Many other secondary
infections occur, e.g., keratoconjunctivitis, stomatitis, bovine mastitis, esophagitis
and ulcerative dermatitis in dogs. Candida can be a pathogen in immunosuppressed dogs
or cats, or secondary to other systemic disease such as diabetes mellitus, hypercortisolism,
hypothyroidism, and neoplasia.
candidin [kan′dľ-din] a skin test antigen derived from Candida albicans, used in testing
for the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity to the microorganism. Little
used in veterinary medicine.
candidosis [kan-dľ-do′sis] candidiasis.
candiduria [kan″did-u′re-
] the presence of Candida organisms in the urine.
candl the examination of the interior of eggs using a bright light in a dark room,
to determine the interior quality, the presence of blood spots and meat spots and
1 week after being placed in incubator, to determine those that are fertile, and later
to determine those where the embryo has stopped growing.
candling the examination of the interior of eggs using a bright light in a dark room,
to determine the interior quality, the presence of blood spots and meat spots, and
1 week after being placed in incubator, to determine those that are fertile, and later
to determine those in which the embryo has stopped growing. Also used to identify
structures in the egg to allow inoculation for culture of viruses or intracellular
bacteria and to assess the effects of inoculation on the development and viability
of the embryo.
candyup poison Stypandra glauca
.
Cane Corso an Italian breed of large (88–110 lb), mastiff-type Italian dog with a
muscular body, broad head with ears that fold over or may be cropped, a tail that
may be docked, and a short dense coat in black, gray, fawn or red. Called also Italian
mastiff.
candidate stem cell a stem cell in the hemopoietic system whose function is only assumed.
cane toad [kān] Rhinella marina, the world’s largest toad, native to South and Central
America. Introduced into countries such as Australia and Hawaii to control insect
pests. Regarded as an invasive species in some countries, causing species decline
due to ingestion of the cane toad toxin (bufotoxin). Absorption of toxins through
the oral mucosa of dogs, and rarely cats, results in varying degrees of salivation,
pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythmias, cyanosis, and seizures; may be fatal. See also
Bufo
.
canecutter’s disease, cane-cutter fever, canefield fever see leptospirosis.
canicola fever leptospirosis in dogs caused by infection by Leptospira canicola.
Canidae [ka′nľ-de] a family in the order Carnivora that includes 14 genera; the two
most common are the dogs (Canis spp.) and the foxes (Vulpes spp.). Includes exotic
Canidae, e.g., dingo.
canine [ka′nīn] 1. pertaining to or characteristic of dogs. 2. pertaining to a canine
tooth (cuspid). See also teeth, dog.
c.erythrocyte antigen (CEA) nomenclature revised to dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA).
c. gastrointestinal hemorrhage syndrome see acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome.
c. influenza a highly contagious, mild to severe respiratory infection of dogs caused
by influenza A H3N8 virus and H3N2. Other influenza subtypes have also been detected
in dogs. Affected dogs have a mild to severe cough, which may persist for several
weeks, purulent nasal discharge, fever, and lethargy; more severe cases develop pneumonia.
c. laryngotracheitis see kennel cough.
c. respiratory disease see canine distemper, kennel cough.
c. tooth see canine teeth.
tropical c. pancytopenia (TCP) see canine ehrlichiosis.
c. venereal tumor see canine transmissible venereal tumor.
c. viral hepatitis see infectious canine hepatitis.
c. cognitive dysfunction see cognitive dysfunction syndrome.
Canine Eye Registry Foundation (CERF) an organization of owners, breeders, and veterinary
ophthalmologists concerned with elimination of heritable eye disease in purebred dogs.
It maintains a centralized, national registry and a database on eye diseases.
Canine Health Information Center (CHIC) a centralized canine health database jointly
sponsored by the AKC/Canine Health Foundation (ACK/CHF) and the Orthopedic Foundation
for Animals (OFA) to provide a source of health information for owners, breeders,
and scientists, that will assist in breeding healthy animals. The database collects
health information on individual animals from multiple sources, with increasing use
of genetic screening tests.
Canine Health Schemes canine health screening programs supported by the British Veterinary
Association (BVA) and the Kennel Club (KC); includes the BVA/KC Hip Dysplasia Scheme,
the BVA/KC Elbow Dysplasia Scheme; BVA/KC/ISDS Eye Scheme; and the BVA/KC Chiari-malformation/Syringomyelia
Scheme. These programs enable breeders to screen for a range of inherited diseases.
Canis
a genus in the animal family Canidae. Includes the domestic dog (C. lupus familiaris),
wolf (C. lupus), red wolf (C. rufus), Oriental jackal (C. aureus), coyote (C. latrans),
dingo (C. antarcticus syn. C. dingo).
canker [kang′k
r] 1. a slang term to describe ulceration, especially of the lip or oral mucosa. 2.
a lay term for otitis externa.
avian c. disease of birds caused by Trichomonas gallinae and characterized by accumulations
of caseous material in the throat.
ear c. a lay term applied generally to otitis externa, but sometimes specifically
to that caused by ear mites.
equine c. chronic hypertrophy and necrosis of the horn-producing tissues of the horse’s
foot, usually a hindfoot. The horn is shed or easily removed from a swollen and necrotic
corium. There is lameness and a penetrating foul odor.
lapine c. inflammation of the ears of rabbits caused by the mites Psoroptes communis
or Chorioptes cuniculi. The ear canal is filled with an accumulation of serum and
sebaceous material.
reptile c. common, although outdated, lay term referring to oral stomatitis of reptiles.
C-09:
Severe canker in the frog of a horse’s hoof.
From Hinchcliff, K.W., Kaneps, A.J., Geor, R.J., Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery,
Saunders, 2004.
cannabidiol [kan″
-bľ-di′ol] a physiologically inactive principle from Cannabis spp. its tetrahydro
derivatives are active. Has been used as an anticonvulsant.
cannabinoid [k
-nab′ľ-noid] any of the active principles of cannabis, including tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC), the main psychoactive compound, cannabidion, cannabinol, and tetrahydrocannabivarin.
cannabis [kan′
-bis] the dried flowering tops of
Cannabis sativa
plants which have euphoric principles (tetrahydrocannabinols) and alkaloids (cannabinoids);
grown commercially for the production of cannabis; classified as a hallucinogen and
prepared as bhang, ganja, hashish, and marihuana. It has excellent activity as a hypnotic
and analgesic, but narcotic control regulations severely restrict use. Called also
Indian hemp.
c. poisoning dogs that ingest cannabis (e.g., in baked goods) show incoordination,
alternating somnolence and hyperactivity, salivation, and muscular weakness.
Cannabis sativa
Asian plant in the family Cannabidaceae; illicit drug in many jurisdictions; contains
the hallucinogen tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); poisoning of dogs and cats produces mostly
incontinence, ataxia, and somnolence; dried leaves and flowers are called marijuana,
Indian hemp, hemp, ‘grass’, ‘pot’; the resin extracted from the plant is called hashish
or bhang. Cultivars that produce little THC (industrial hemp) are used for textile
fiber production.
cannibalism the eating of part or all of another individual of the same or similar
species. It is common only in farmed pigs and chickens, due partly to boredom from
the confined space in which the animals are kept. See also infantophagia.
cannon atrial waves waves seen on venous pressure tracings that can be evident on
examination of the jugular veins. They occur when the atria contract against a closed
atrioventricular valve and a large pressure wave transcends up the vein. Called also
cannon A waves.
cannon bone the third metapodial (metacarpal or metatarsal) of the horse, or the third
and fourth metapodials (metacarpals or metatarsals) of ruminants.
cannon keratosis generic descriptive term referring to the clinical appearance of
bilateral areas of alopecia, scaling, and crusting on the anterior surface of the
hind cannons. A persistent lesion in mares and stallions.
cannula [kan′u-l
] a tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen may be occupied
by a trocar.
nasal c. a means of delivering oxygen to dogs or cats over a long period.
cannulate [kan′u-lāt] to introduce a cannula, which may be left in place.
cannulation [kan″u-la′sh
n] introduction of a cannula into a tubelike organ or body cavity.
umbilical vein c. a technique used especially for neonatal collapsed primates that
need long-term fluid therapy.
canola see
Brassica
napus.
Canpak system continuous, conveyorized system of line-slaughtering for use in a modern
abattoir developed by Canada Packers in Toronto.
canter a gallop at an easy pace. The rhythm is three-time, first one hind, then the
opposite hind with the diagonal fore, then the opposite fore, the leading limb.
collected c. the same action as a canter or gallop but at a very slow pace usually
with the head carried high, with almost exaggerated movements but little forward progress,
ideal for the show ring.
canthal ligament [kan′th
l] broad band of fibrous tissue at the medial and lateral canthus of the eye which
loosely anchor the eyelids to the skull and provide tension points against which the
orbicularis oculi muscle can cause eyelid closure; contribute to palpebral fissure
size and shape; deficient function of the lateral canthal ligament in many broad-skulled
dog breeds contributes to ectropion and entropion requiring surgical repair.
cantharides, cantharidin [kan-thar′ľ-dēz] toxic substance obtained from dried blister
beetles (Cantharis vesicatoria). The toxin can cause severe irritation of the digestive
tract and even death when consumed by livestock. African cattle have been poisoned
by drinking water contaminated by the beetles. In North America, poisoning of horses
occurs when they consume hay made from alfalfa infested with blister beetles. Clinical
signs include excitement, diarrhea, nephritis, and vesiculation of the oral mucosa.
Cantharides has been used topically as a counterirritant.
cantharidin [kan-thar′ľ-din] see cantharides.
Cantharis vesicatoria
[kan′th
-ris] the source of commercial cantharides.
Called also Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria, blister fly.
canthaxanthin a carotenoid pigment, widely distributed in nature, used as a coloring
agent; for birds such as flamingos in zoos, or canaries carrying the red factor to
produce a stronger red color; added to farmed poultry and fish feed in some countries;
also administered orally in humans to produce artificial suntan.
canthi [kan′thi] plural of canthus.
canthitis [kan-thi′tis] inflammation of a canthus.
cantholysis [kan-thol′ľ-sis] surgical section of a canthus or a canthal ligament.
canthoplasty [kan′tho-plas″te] plastic surgery of a canthus; usually to reduce palpebral
fissure size, resect trichiasis or correct entropion/ectropion.
canthorrhaphy [kan-thor′
-fe] the suturing of the palpebral fissure at either canthus.
canthotomy [kan-thot′
-me] incision of a canthus.
canthus [kan′th
s] the angular junction of the upper and lower eyelids at their medial and lateral
ends, the angles of the palpebral fissure, the medial and lateral canthi.
medial c. the medial angle formed by the junction of the upper and lower eyelids.
recessed medial c. syndrome in many brachycephalic breeds, a deeply recessed medial
canthus leads to medial entropion.
cantle the back-most part of the saddle seat.
Cantonese pig black and white, meat and lard pig.
canvassing making personal representation to individual persons to solicit their custom.
Usually used in a political sense but also used in the sense of soliciting for professional
patronage, considered to be an unethical practice in most countries.
CAP 1. chloroacetophenone; a gas used for riot control in humans. Causes weeping,
the so-called tear-gas. Animals exposed to this lacrimator will also be affected.
2. catabolite gene activator protein; called also cAMP receptor protein; a bacterial
gene regulatory protein.
cap [kap] 1. the top, to top. 2. an oval or thumbnail-shaped area of lightcolored
feathers covering the crown of lizard canaries.
dental c. 1. residual deciduous teeth sitting on top of erupting permanent teeth.
2. a crown prosthesis.
dental c. stage a condensation of the oral epithelium of the embryo’s dental lamina
establishes the cap stage of the developing tooth.
spermatozoal c. invests the head of the spermatozoa. Called also acrosomal cap, head
cap.
CAP binding protein
catabolite activator protein, a regulatory protein in the switch from glucose to lactose
metabolism in Escherichia coli that binds to the same sequence recognition site, located
immediately in front of the lac operator sequence, as RNA polymerase.
Cap-Chur one of the original capture darts which inject medicament explosively and
are retained in tissue by a barbed needle; have the difficulty of failure to recover
the dart.
cap structures of RNA a distinctive formation at the 5′ terminus of mature eukaryotic
mRNA, consisting of an 7-methylguanosine base attached via 5′-phosphate-5′-phosphate
bonds rather than the usual internucleotide 3′,5′-phosphodiester linkages between
adjacent riboses. The cap recruits cellular proteins and mediates pre-mRNA processing,
cap-dependent protein synthesis, and nuclear export.
capacitance [k
-pas′ľ-t
ns] 1. the property of being able to store an electric charge. 2. the ratio of charge
to potential in a conductor. Previously called capacity. Measured in the SI unit,
farad.
capacitation [k
-pas″ľ-ta′sh
n] the physiological changes the spermatozoa must undergo in the female tract or in
vitro before being capable of penetrating the ovum.
capacitor [k
-pas′ľ-t
r] a device for holding and storing charges of electricity.
capacity [k
-pas′ľ-te] the power to hold, retain, or contain, or the ability to absorb; usually
expressed numerically as the measure of such ability.
carrying c. see carrying capacity.
closing c. (CC) the volume of gas in the lungs at the time of airway closure. See
also closing volume.
forced vital c. the maximal volume of gas that can be exhaled from full inspiration
exhaling as forcefully and rapidly as possible. See also pulmonary function tests.
heat c. thermal capacity.
inspiratory c. the volume of gas that can be taken into the lungs in a full inspiration,
starting from the resting inspiratory position; equal to the tidal volume plus the
inspiratory reserve volume.
maximal breathing c. maximal voluntary ventilation.
thermal c. the amount of heat absorbed by a body in being raised 1°C.
total lung c. the amount of gas contained in the lung at the end of a maximal inspiration.
virus neutralizing c. the ability of a serum to inhibit the infectivity of a virus.
vital c. the volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs from a position of
full inspiration, with no limit to duration of expiration. The sum of tidal volume,
expiratory reserve volume and inspiratory reserve volume.
Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae) large gray and white southern Australian
goose with a green cere.
Cape honey flower Melianthus
comosus.
cape tulip Moraea
.
capeweed see
Arctotheca calendula
.
capillarectasia [kap″ľ-lar″
k-ta′zh] dilatation of capillaries.
Capillaria
[kap″ľ-lar′e-
] a genus of parasitic nematodes of the subfamily Capillariinae and most commonly
parasitic in birds. They cause capillariasis. Recently, the genus has been split into
a number of genera, including Eucoleus, Hepaticola, and Calodium. Those found in birds
include C. anatis, C. annulata (C. contorta), C. caudinflata, and C. obsignata. Those
found in mammals include C. aerophila, C. bilobata, C. bovis, C. brevipes, C. didelphis,
C. entomelas, C. erinacea, C. feliscati (in cats), Calodium hepaticum, C. megrelica,
C. mucronata, C. philippinensis, C. plica, and C. putorii. There are others that occur
in small rodents and in fish.
capillariasis [kap″ľ-l
-ri′
-sis] infection with nematodes of the genus Capillaria. In birds, the disease is manifested
by chronic gastroenteritis and affected birds are emaciated. The disease in mammals
may be enteritis with diarrhea (C. bovis, C. entomelas), cystitis (C. felis cati,
C. plica), hepatitis (C. hepatica), or bronchopneumonia (C. aerophila, C. didelphis).
capillariomotor [kap″ľ-lar″e-o-mo′t
r] pertaining to the functional activity of the capillaries.
capillaritis [kap″ľ-l
r-i′tis] inflammation of the capillaries.
capillarity [kap″ľ-lar′ľ-te] the action by which the surface of a liquid where it
is in contact with a solid, as in a capillary tube, is elevated or depressed.
capillary [kap′ľ-lar″e] 1. pertaining to or resembling a hair. 2. one of the minute
vessels connecting arterioles and venules, the walls of which act as a membrane for
interchange of various substances between the blood and tissue fluid. (See circulatory
system.) The walls consist of thin endothelial cells through which dissolved substances
and fluids can pass. At the arterial end, the blood pressure within the capillary
is generally higher than the pressure in the surrounding tissues, and the blood fluid
and some dissolved solid substances pass outward through the capillary wall. At the
venous end of the capillary, the pressure within the tissues is generally higher,
and waste material and fluids from the tissues pass into the capillary, to be carried
away for disposal. See Starling’s hypothesis.
continuous c. a capillary with no pores or other interruptions in the endothelial
walls, e.g., in muscle, lung, nervous system.
fenestrated c’s capillaries with pores scattered throughout the endothelial walls,
as those in endocrine glands, intestines, kidneys, and other tissues.
c. fragility see capillary fragility.
lymph c. the smallest lymphatic vessel. Consists of an endothelial tube embedded in
connective tissue.
perforated c. see fenestrated capillary (above).
c. permeability ability of large molecules to pass out of the capillary lumen into
surrounding tissue spaces; inflammation, allergy, poisoning, burns cause increased
permeability resulting in plasma leakage and edema in surrounding tissues.
c. refill time (CRT) the time required for mucosa (oral in horse or dog, vaginal in
cow, sheep) that has been blanched by finger pressure to return to a normal pink color.
Failure to return promptly is an indication of peripheral circulatory failure, due
for example to dehydration or hypovolemic shock.
sinus c’s part of the vasculature of avian skin. Occur together with standard capillaries
but they are larger in diameter and may have some smooth muscle cells associated with
the endothelial cells.
sinusoidal c’s large and irregularly shaped; occur in endocrine glands, aortic and
carotid bodies, and liver.
capillus [k
-pil′
s] pl. capilli [L.] a hair; used in the plural to designate an aggregation of hairs.
capital [kap′ľ-t
l] pertaining to the head.
c. femoral epiphysis epiphysis of the head of the femur; its detachment represents
a specific syndrome in pigs.
capitation [kap″ľ-ta′sh
n] the annual fee paid to a professional person of any sort as payment for providing
services on a continuous basis. The fee paid is based on the number of animal participants
in the scheme—the capitation fee.
C-10:
Fracture of the capital epiphysis of the right femur in a 6-month-old Collie.
capitular [k
-pit′u-l
r] pertaining to a capitulum or the head of a bone.
capitulum [k
-pit′u-l
m] pl. capitula [L.] a small eminence on a bone such as the rounded one on the distal
end of the humerus, by which it articulates with the head of the radius.
costal c. see caput costae.
c. humeri the articular part of the lateral distal end of the humerus that articulates
with the head of the radius.
capn(o)- word element. [Gr.] pertaining to carbon dioxide.
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
[kap″no-si-tof′
-g] small, microaerophilic, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commensals
of the mouth and nasopharynx of dogs and cats and have been implicated in septicemia,
meningitis, endocarditis and have been isolated from dog and cat bite wounds in humans;
they closely resemble Bacteroides ochraceus. Formerly called DF-2 and DF-2-like.
capnogram [kap′no-gram″] continuous measurement of carbon dioxide partial pressures
in exhaled gas especially of anesthetized animals.
capnography [kap-nog′r
-fe] the technique of monitoring carbon dioxide in exhaled gases by use of capnograms.
mainstream c. uses an in-line infrared CO2 sensor connected directly to the airway,
between the endotracheal tube and the breathing circuit.
sidestream c. airway gas samples are collected from the breathing circuit; the infrared
sensor is located in a remote monitor.
capnometer [kap-nom′
-t
r] an instrument for monitoring breathing rate and adequacy of ventilation. It attaches
to the endotracheal tube and measures the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired
gases.
capon [ka′pon] castrated male fowl, larger than broiler, weighing up to 7 lb. Previously
produced either by administration of estrogenic substances or by surgical excision
of the testicles.
caponization technique of creating a capon.
caponizing castration by surgical removal of testicles. Term usually refers to chickens,
with the caponized bird called a capon. Chemical castration is also practiced, usually
by hormonal implants.
capotement [Fr.] a splashing sound heard in dilatation of the stomach.
Capparis tomentosa
African plant in the family Capparaceae; contains an unidentified hepatotoxin; causes
hepatic insufficiency, jaundice, photosensitization and encephalopathy. Called also
hekkabit, gulum, haujeri.
capped elbow [kapt] see elbow hygroma.
capped hock [kapt] see hock hygroma.
cappi [kap′e] see double scalp.
capping [kap′ing] 1. the provision of a protective or obstructive covering. 2. posttranscriptional
modification of eukaryotic mRNA by addition of a 5′ m7G cap. The cap serves a crucial
function in cap-dependent initiation of protein-synthesis, and it protects mRNA from
5′ to 3′ exonuclease cleavage. It also serves as an identifier for recruiting host
cell proteins for pre-mRNA splicing, polyadenylation and nuclear export.
c. phenomenon the movement of anitibody-induced clustering of plasma membrane molecules
(patching) to a single pole of the cell.
pulp c. the covering of an exposed dental pulp with some material to provide protection
against external influences and to encourage healing.
Capra
the genus of goats and ibexes in the family Bovidae, subfamily Caprinae; includes
the markhor (C. falconeri), domestic goat (C. aegagrus hircus), wild goat (C. aegagrus),
and ibex (C. ibex spp.).
capreomycin sulfate [kap″re-o-mi′sin] a polypeptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces
capreolus, active against human strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and sometimes
considered for the treatment of mycobacterial infections in animals.
capric acid, n-capric acid [kap′rik] a 10-carbon saturated fatty acid that occurs
in coconut and palm kernel oils and in the milk of some mammals. Called also decanoic
acid.
Caprinae a subfamily in the family Bovidae; as well as sheep and goats, it includes
the takins, serows, tahrs, gorals, and chamois.
caprine [kap′rin] pertaining to or emanating from goats.
c. arthritis–encephalitis (CAE) a multisystem disease of goats involving synovial
lined connective tissue, caused by a member of the family Retroviridae, subfamily
Lentivirinae. There is a high degree of relatedness with the lentivirus associated
with maedi-visna (ovine progressive pneumonia) in sheep. It causes chronic arthritis
in adults and leukoencephalomyelitis, characterized by ataxia, proprioceptive loss
and paralysis, in young kids. Indurative mastitis, and less commonly chronic pneumonia
and chronic encephalomyelitis, occur in older goats. The primary mode of transmission
is through the colostrum and milk. A disease notifiable to the OIE (see Table 21).
Called also big knee, caprine leukoencephalomyelitis, and the indurative mastitis—hardbag.
c. encephalomyelitis see caprine arthritis–encephalitis (above).
c. enzootic nasal granuloma see enzootic nasal tumor.
c. herpesvirus-1 (CpHV-1) an alphaherpesvirus within the family Herpesviridae. Restriction
endonuclease analysis indicates that there are different strains but these are not
geographically clustered. Causes abortion, neonatal disease, vulvovaginitis and balanposthitis
and may cause abortion.
c. herpesvirus-2 (CpHV-2) a gammaherpesvirus isolated from goats that is closely related
antigenically to ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), the sheep associated malignant catarrhal
fever virus. Another, also closely related virus, called deer herpesvirus (DHV), has
been isolated. The pathogenicity of these newly recognized viruses is not known.
caprinized vaccine see caprinized vaccine.
Capripoxvirus
[kap′rľ-poks″vi-r
s] a genus in the order Poxvirales, family Poxviridae members of which cause sheeppox
and goatpox and lumpy skin disease of cattle.
caproate [kap′ro-āt] any salt or ester of caproic acid (hexanoic acid).
caprolactum see Vetafil.
Capromyces
see
Mycoplasma
.
caprylic acid [k
-pril′ik] an eight-carbon saturated fatty acid found in milk. Called also octanoic
acid.
capsaicin [kap-sa′ľ-sin] the active ingredient in chili peppers, it is an inhibitor
of substance P. Used topically as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipruritic
to treat acral lick granulomas in dogs.
capsid [kap′sid] the shell of protein that protects the nucleic acid of a virus; it
is composed of individual morphological units called capsomers. For icosahedral viruses,
there are two kinds of capsomers called pentamers, which occupy the 12 corner positions
of the icosahedral shell, and hexamers, which occupy the face and edges. The number
of hexamers varies between different viruses. The capsomers of helical viruses are
composed of a single polypeptide and are also called protomers. All viruses of animals,
except for poxviruses that have a complex structure, are minimally composed of a nucleocapsid
that is the capsid surrounding the nucleic acid. In addition, some viruses have a
lipid bilayer envelope surrounding the nucleocapsid.
capsomer, capsomere [kap′so-m
r, kap′so-mēr] a morphological unit of the capsid of a virus.
capsula [kap′su-l
] [L.] capsule.
capsulation [kap″su-la′sh
n] containment of medicine in a capsule.
capsule [kap′s
l] 1. an enclosing structure, as a soluble container enclosing a dose of medicine.
2. a cartilaginous, fatty, fibrous, or membranous structure enveloping another structure,
organ, or part.
adipose renal c. the investment of fat surrounding the fibrous capsule of the kidney,
continuous at the hilus with the fat in the renal sinus. In cattle this forms a thick
hard layer of fat known as suet.
articular c. the saclike envelope that encloses the cavity of a synovial joint by
attaching circumferentially to the articular ends of the participating bones. Called
also joint capsule.
bacterial c. a coating of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or proteoglycan produced by
certain types of bacteria; it inhibits phagocytosis and can be associated with the
virulence of pathogenic bacteria.
Bowman’s c. glomerular capsule.
brain c’s three layers of white matter in the substance of the brain. See external
capsule, internal capsule, and extreme capsule (below).
external c. the layer of white fibers between the putamen and claustrum in the white
matter of the brain.
extreme c. the thin lamina of white fibers separating the claustrum from the cortex
of the insula in the white matter of the brain. See also internal capsule (below).
fibrous renal c. the connective tissue investment of the kidney, which continues through
the hilus to line the renal sinus.
Glisson’s c. a sheath of connective tissue accompanying the hepatic ducts and vessels
within the liver.
glomerular c. the globular dilatation forming the beginning of a uriniferous tubule
within the kidney, and surrounding the glomerulus. Called also Bowman’s capsule and
malpighian capsule.
heart c. outmoded term for the pericardium.
internal c. the major mass of nerve fibers in the white matter by which the cerebral
cortex is connected with the brainstem and spinal cord. It consists of a thick, fanlike
mass of white fibers that separate the lentiform nucleus laterally from the head of
the caudate nucleus, the dorsal thalamus, and the tail of the caudate nucleus medially;
it is continuous laterally and dorsally with the corona radiata, while caudally and
medially it becomes smaller and continues as the crus cerebri.
joint c. see articular capsule (above).
lens c. the elastic sac enclosing the lens of the eye.
malpighian c. see glomerular capsule (above).
Tenon’s c. the connective tissue enveloping the sclera of the eye, from which it is
separated by a narrow cleft-like episcleral space; it is attached near the corneoscleral
junction. Called also vagina bulbi.
capsulectomy [kap″su-lek′t
-me] excision (partial or complete) of a capsule, especially a joint capsule, or prostate
gland.
capsulolenticular [kap″su-lo-len-tik′u-l
r] pertaining to the lens of the eye and its capsule.
capsuloma [kap″su-lo′m
] a capsular or subcapsular tumor of the kidney.
capsuloplasty [kap′su-lo-plas″te] plastic repair of a joint capsule.
capsulorrhaphy [kap″su-lor′
-fe] suture of a joint capsule.
capsulorrhexis [kap″su-lo-rek′sis] tearing of the lens capsule; performed during cataract
surgery to permit removal of the lens fibers.
capsulotomy [kap″su-lot′
-me] incision of a capsule, as that of the lens or of a joint.
captan group of organic sulfur compounds used as fungicides, including topical treatment
of dermatophytosis. Poisoning of birds causes loss of egg production, anorexia, and
slow growth.
captive said of naturally wild or feral animals kept in captivity for educational
and scientific investigation with no attempt being made to domesticate them.
captive bolt pistol a handheld weapon used for euthanasia of large animals. The muzzle
is placed against the subject’s forehead. When the trigger is pulled, or the firing
pin struck a sharp blow, a 3-cm rod, 1-cm diameter exits sharply from the muzzle and
pierces the skull and damages the brain. The rod does not leave the weapon and there
is no possible risk of injuring a bystander.
captive breeding mating programs designed for use with animals kept in captivity.
See also hand mating.
captopril [kap′to-pril] an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used as a
vasodilator in the treatment of congestive heart failure, mitral regurgitation and
hypertension. Now often replaced by other ACE inhibitors such as enalapril, benazepril.
capture [kap′ch
r] the snaring and restraint of an escaped domesticated animal or a feral animal.
It requires safety for the captor and the subject. Includes physical means of trap
cages, the thrown lariat, a handheld net for small companion animals. Thrownets for
birds are still favored by lay persons. Veterinarians are more inclined to use immobilizing
agents delivered by darts from bows and arrows or from dart guns. See also restraint.
c.–mark–release–recapture technique for establishing the nature of animal movements
and the size of populations.
c. shock syndrome in recently captured animals with death 1–6 hours after capture.
Signs include shallow, rapid respiration, tachycardia, physical collapse, hyperthermia,
small pulse, elevated CPK concentrations, general vascular congestion at necropsy.
c. stress syndrome stress syndrome in wild animals in captivity.
capture myopathy see exertional rhabdomyolysis.
capture–recapture method a method of estimating the prevalence of a condition in a
population. Initially used in populations of wild animals, which were captured, marked,
released, and recaptured, but the same statistical process is now used in other types
of population. See also Lincoln-Petersen method.
caput [kap′
t] pl. capita the head; a general term applied to the expanded or chief extremity
of an organ or part.
c. mallei head of the malleus in the middle ear; it articulates with the incus.
c. costae the head of a rib; it characteristically bears one or two articular facets
that articulate with the adjacent costal foveae of contiguous vertebrae and their
intervening fibrocartilage.
c. mandibulae the head of the mandible that articulates with the squamous part of
the temporal bone.
c. stapedis the head of the stapes; it articulates with the incus through the interposed
minute ossicle, the os lenticulare.
capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in the family Caviidae, which includes guinea
pigs, which it resembles except in its much larger size. Native to South America,
it is the largest rodent (over 100 lb) with a barrel-shaped body, short legs, and
no tail. It is largely aquatic. Hunted for its meat and pelt and sometimes kept as
a pet. Called also carpincho.
CAR congenital articular rigidity.
car sickness see motion sickness.
cara inchada [Port.] swollen or enlarged face; a purulent periodontitis, halitosis,
progressive loss of premolar teeth, mainly of the upper jaw, and emaciation in young
cattle grazing new pastures sown in ground of recently cleared forest areas in Brazil.
The cause is unknown but Trueperella pyogenes and Bacterioides melaninogenicus have
been isolated from periodontal lesions.
carabao (Bubalus bubalis) a domesticated subspecies of water buffalo found in the
Philippines and elsewhere in Southeast Asia. The national animla of the Phillipines.
caracal (Caracal caracal) a long-legged desert cat, native to Africa, India, Central
Asia and the Middle East, with distinctive elongated, black-tufted ears. A highly
secretive nocturnal carnivore.
caracara a group of predatory birds in the family Falconidae characterized by long
legs and reddish skin on the cheeks and throat. Found throughout the Americas, called
also carrion hawks.
caracul see Karakul.
caramiphen ethanedisulfonate [k
-ram′ľ-fen] an anticholinergic and antitussive agent.
carapace the dorsal shell of turtles and tortoises. Abnormalities are caused by trauma,
dietary deficiencies (particularly nutritional hyperparathyroidism), infections, environmental
factors and tumors.
Carassius
a genus of fish in the family Cyprinidae, generally referred to as Crucian carps.
C. auratus
see goldfish.
C. carassius
farmed finfish in family Cyprinidae; called also Crucian carp.
C-11:
Carapace.
Aspinall, V., Cappello, M. Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Textbook,
3rd Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2015.
carazolol a non specific β-adrenergic receptor blocking agent; used to prevent stress
or facilitate parturition and placental expulsion in pigs.
carbachol [kahr′b
-kol] a potent choline ester with muscarinic and nicotinic effects. Used mainly in
ophthalmology to produce miosis and increase aqueous outflow and thus decrease intraocular
pressure, in patients with glaucoma. Also called carbamylcholine.
carbadox [kahr′b
-doks] a substituted quinoxaline antibiotic used as feed additive in the prevention
of swine dysentery and growth promotant. Its use is strictly controlled and subject
to withdrawal periods in many countries and banned altogether in the European Union
and Canada and its use in the US is under review.
carbamates [kahr′b
-māts] effective insecticides and fungicides which exert their effect by temporarily
inhibiting cholinesterase activity. They are also capable of poisoning. Clinical signs
are pupillary constriction, muscle tremor, salivation, ataxia, and dyspnea. Widely
used in homes, gardens, and agriculture.
carbamazepine [kahr″b
-maz′
-pēn] an anticonvulsant and analgesic used in the treatment of pain and for control
of partial or generalized tonic–clonic seizures, often in combination with other drugs;
rarely effective as a sole agent in the control of seizures in dogs or cats.
carbamide [kahr′b
-mīd] urea in anhydrous, lyophilized, sterile powder form; administered intravenously
in dextrose or invert sugar solution to induce an osmotic diuresis in the treatment
of cerebral edema and glaucoma. Now largely superseded by more effective agents.
c. peroxide urea hydrogen peroxide; a ceruminolytic agent used in cleaning the external
ear canal.
carbaminohemoglobin [kahr-bam″ľ-no-he″mo-glo′bin] a combination of carbon dioxide
and hemoglobin, CO2HHb, being one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the
blood.
carbamoyl [kahr-bam′o-
l] the radical NH2−CO−.
c. phosphate synthetases enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate.
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I is the starting enzyme of the urea cycle. Carbamoyl-phosphate
synthetase II is the starting enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis.
carbamoyltransferase [kahr-bam″o-
l-trans′f
r-ās] see ornithine carbamoyl transferase.
carbamylcholine chloride [kahr″b
-m
l-ko′lēn klor′īd] see carbachol.
carbamylmethylcholine [kahr″b
-ml-meth″
l-ko′lēn] see bethan-echol.
carbanilides drugs, e.g., imidocarb, with therapeutic efficiency against Babesia spp.
carbapenems [kahr″b
-pen′
mz] a class of β-lactam antibiotics with a wider range of antibacterial activity than
the penicillins and cephalosporins, particularly against gram-negative bacteria; includes
imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, and thienamycin. To slow the development of drug resistance
in both human and animal pathogens, use of carbapenems in veterinary medicine is generally
reserved for documented infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens that are
known to be sensitive to a carbapenem and resistant to all other available antibiotic
options.
carbarsone an arsenical compound once used as a feed additive for the prevention of
histomoniasis in chickens and turkeys.
carbaryl [kahr′b
-r
l] carbamate insecticide used widely in companion animals to control ectoparasites.
carbenicillin [kahr″b
n-ľ-sil′in] an extended-spectrum penicillin, prepared as both the disodium and the
potassium salt, particularly effective against gram-negative bacteria, including some
strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp. Carbenicillin indanyl is suitable
for oral administration.
carbimazole an antithyroid drug, metabolized to methimazole; used in the treatment
of feline hyperthyroidism.
carbofuran a carbamate acaricide and nematocide; banned in many countries because
of toxicity.
carbohydrase [kahr″bo-hi′drās] any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis
of higher carbohydrates to lower forms.
carbohydrate [kahr″bo-hi′drāt] a compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the latter
two usually in the proportions of water (CH2O)n. They are classified into mono-, di-,
tri-, poly-, and heterosaccharides. Carbohydrates in food are an important and immediate
source of energy for the body; 1 gram of carbohydrate yields 3.75 calories (16 kilojoules).
They are present, at least in small quantities, in most foods, but the chief sources
are the sugars and starches of plants. Herbivores are able to utilize the insoluble
polysaccharides (crude fiber) because of bacterial conversion to volatile fatty acids
by fermentation in the rumen and cecum. Carbohydrates may be stored in the body as
glycogen for future use. If they are eaten in excessive amounts they are converted
to and stored as fat. Rapid ingestion of very large amounts in ruminants and horses
causes carbohydrate engorgement.
complex c. polysaccharides containing either α- and β-type glycosidic bonds. Usually
occurring in mixtures in food.
dietary c. the carbohydrate components of food.
c. loading depletion/repletion means of maximally loading glycogen into type II muscle
for increased power of muscle contraction.
c. loss glucose loss in urine due to diabetes mellitus or chronic renal disease.
c. metabolism series of related enzymic reactions involved in the synthesis and catabolism
of carbohydrates.
c. tolerance test see glucose tolerance test.
carbohydrate engorgement [kahr″bo-hi′drāt en-gorj′m
nt] engorgement by ruminants and horses on carbohydrate-rich food that results in
fermentation in the rumen, or stomach in the case of horses, with the production of
large amounts of lactic acid. Absorption of the acid results in the development of
a lactic acidemia. Retention in the alimentary tract causes osmotic withdrawal of
fluid from the body tissues and severe dehydration. The resulting clinical syndrome
includes abdominal enlargement, hypovolemic shock, ruminal stasis, severe toxemia,
weakness, recumbency, and a very high mortality rate. The pH of the ruminal contents
is usually less than 5. Absorption causes severe systemic acidosis. Horses also suffer
dehydration and lactic acidosis after engorgement on grain. Laminitis is an additional
sequel. Called also grain engorgement, rumen overload, grape engorgement.
carbohydraturia [kahr″bo-hi″dr
t-u′re-] excess of carbohydrates in the urine.
carbolic acid [kahr-b
l′ik] the common name for phenol a caustic poison obtained by distillation of coal
tar or produced synthetically; used as an antiseptic and stable floor disinfectant.
carbasalate calcium an analgesic and antipyretic, metabolized to aspirin with similar
effects.
carbolineum a coal-tar disinfectant used as a spray for poultry houses. Excessive
use causes damage and irritation to the wattles and comb, and acute hepatic inefficiency.
carbolism [kahr′b
l-iz-
m] phenol (carbolic acid) poisoning.
carbomycin a macrolide antibiotic used as a feed additive and growth promotant.
carbon (C) [kahr′b
n] a chemical element, atomic number 6, atomic weight 12.011.
asymmetric c. atom one bonded to four different atoms. See also isomer.
c. fiber made by the pyrolization of polymer fibers at very high temperatures and
used in various forms as soft tissue implants, particularly in tendon and ligament
repair.
c. fixation see dark reaction.
carbon dioxide [kahr′b
n di-ok′sīd] an odorless, colorless gas, CO2, resulting from oxidation of carbons,
formed in the tissues and eliminated by the lungs; used with oxygen to stimulate respiration
and in solid form (carbon dioxide snow—see below) as an escharotic, as a gas to euthanize
laboratory rabbits and rodents.
c. d. anesthesia exposure to atmospheres of 60–70% carbon dioxide in air has been
used to cause narcosis and anesthesia in pigs and chickens prior to slaughter.
c. d. combining power the ability of blood plasma to combine with carbon dioxide;
indicative of the alkali reserve and a measure of the acid–base balance of the blood.
c. d. content the amount of carbonic acid and bicarbonate in the blood; reported in
millimoles per liter.
c. d. dissociation curve a graph demonstrating the relationship between the blood
content of CO2 and the Pco2.
c. d. narcosis a sleep-like state caused by increases in the arterial partial pressure
of carbon dioxide (hypercapnea).
c. d. snow solid carbon dioxide, formed by rapid evaporation of liquid carbon dioxide;
it gives a temperature of about −110°F (−79°C), and is used as an escharotic in various
skin diseases. Called also dry ice.
c. d. tension the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood; noted as Pco2 in
blood gas analysis. See also respiration.
c. d. transport carbon dioxide passes from tissues to blood by diffusion, in the blood
by solution and via reactions within plasma and erythrocytes, from blood to pulmonary
alveoli by diffusion.
carbon dioxide–bicarbonate buffer system major body buffering system for acid–base
balance.
carbon dioxide–oxygen therapy administration of a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen
(commonly 5% CO2 and 95% O2, or 10% CO2 and 90% O2); used for improvement of cerebral
blood flow or stimulation of deep breathing. Carbon dioxide acts by stimulating the
respiratory center; it also increases heart rate and blood pressure.
carbon disulfide an inflammable, volatile liquid used for treatment of bot fly larvae
in the stomach of horses. Administered by stomach tube. Mixed with air, it is dangerously
explosive. Excess doses cause excitement, weakness and collapse.
carbon monoxide a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, CO, formed by burning carbon
or organic fuels with a scanty supply of oxygen; inhalation causes central nervous
system damage and asphyxiation. Carbon monoxide is present in the exhaust of petrol
engines, in the smoke of wood and coal fires, in manufactured gas such as that used
in the household, and wherever carbon burns without a sufficient supply of oxygen.
c. m. poisoning poisoning by carbon monoxide; one of the most common types of gas
poisoning. When carbon monoxide is inhaled, it comes in contact with the blood and
combines with hemoglobin. Since carbon monoxide combines more readily with hemoglobin
than does oxygen, it takes the place of oxygen in the erythrocytes, and the tissues
are thus deprived of their normal oxygen supply. Death from asphyxia results if a
large enough quantity of carbon monoxide is inhaled. Because death is very sudden,
carbon monoxide has been used as a euthanatizing agent for dogs in large numbers,
but is not widely accepted as a humane method.
carbon tetrachloride a clear, colorless, mobile liquid; the inhalation of its vapors
can depress central nervous system activity and cause degeneration of the liver and
kidneys. It is no longer used as a fasciolicide so poisoning is rare. It is a potent
hepatotoxin especially in sheep, in which it can cause serious losses at dose rates
that on most occasions are innocuous, and in cattle when it is administered by mouth
instead of by injection.
carbonate [kahr′b
-nāt] a salt of carbonic acid with the formula HCO3
−.
c. calculi see carbonate urolith.
carbonic acid [kahr-bon′ik] acid with the formula H2CO3. Also refers to an aqueous
solution of carbon dioxide, which contains a small amount of H2CO3.
c. a. anhydrase see carbonic anhydrase.
carbonic anhydrase [kahr-bon′ik an-hi′drās] an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible
conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ions and thus facilitates the transport
and elimination of carbon dioxide from tissues. The enzyme is also important in making
adequate calcium available for the deposition of shells on birds’ eggs. See also carbonic
anhydrase diuretics.
carbonuria the presence in the urine of carbon dioxide or other carbon compounds.
carbonyl [kahr′b
-n
l] the bivalent organic radical, C=O or C:O, characteristic of aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acid and esters.
carbophenothion an organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibiting insecticide used on
plants and animals; it is effective but has the usual potential toxicity of this group.
In some countries, its use is not permitted on food producing animals.
carboplatin [kahr′bo-plat″in] a chemotherapeutic agent that is a cisplatin analog,
but with fewer side effects and safer for use in cats.
γ-carboxy glutamic acid-containing protein [kahr-bok″se-gloo-tam′ik] protein containing
the unusual amino acid γ-carboxy-glutamate. Several blood clotting factors and osteocalcin
found in bone are of this type of protein.
carboxy-lyase [kahr-bok″se-li′ās] any of a group of lyases that catalyze the removal
of a carboxyl group; it includes the carboxylases and decarboxylases.
carboxyatractyloside hepatic toxin in the cotyledons of
Xanthium
spp. and in Cestrum, Wedelia spp.
carboxyhemoglobin [kahr-bok″se-he′mo-glo″bin] hemoglobin combined with carbon monoxide,
which occupies the sites on the hemoglobin molecule that normally bind with oxygen
and is not readily displaced from the molecule; exposure to carbon monoxide thus results
in cellular anoxia. See also hemoglobin.
carboxyhemoglobinemia [kahr-bok″se-he″mo-glo″bin-e′me-
] excessive concentrations of carbon monoxide in the blood.
carboxyl [kahr-bok′s
l] the monovalent radical, −COOH, found in those organic acids termed carboxylic acids.
carboxylase [kahr-bok′s
-lās] an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a carboxylic acid to a substrate.
carboxylation [kahr-bok″s
-la′sh
n] the addition of a carboxyl group, as to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate.
carboxylesterase [kahr-bok″s
l-es′t
r-ās] an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the esters of carboxylic acids.
carboxylic acid an organic compound containing the carboxy group (−COOH), which is
weakly ionized in solution forming a carboxylate ion (−COO−).
carboxyltransferase [kahr-bok″s
l-trans′f
r-ās] any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a carboxyl group from one compound
to another.
carboxymethylcellulose sodium [kahr-bok″se-meth″
l-sel′u-lōs] a hygroscopic powder that forms an emollient gel; used as a bulk laxative,
and intraperitoneally during abdominal surgery (e.g., colic surgery in horses) to
minimize the postoperative development of serosal-serosal and serosal-peritoneal adhesions.
See also methylcellulose.
carboxymyoglobin [kahr-bok″se-mi″o-glo′bin] a compound formed from myoglobin on exposure
to carbon monoxide.
carboxypeptidase [kahr-bok″se-pep′tľ-dās] an exopeptidase enzyme secreted by the pancreas
that acts only on the peptide linkage of a terminal amino acid containing a free carboxyl
group; includes carboxypeptidases A and B.
Carbozoo historic anthrax vaccine to which saponin was added as an adjuvant.
carbuncle [kahr′b
ng-k
l] focal area of deep pyoderma caused by coalescing furuncles; may include draining
tracts.
carcase carcass.
carcass [kahr′k
s] 1. the body of an animal killed for meat. The head, the legs below the knees and
hocks, the tail, the skin and most of the viscera are removed. The kidneys are left
in, and in most instances the body is split down the middle through the sternum and
the vertebral bodies. Pig carcasses are dehaired (see below). Bird carcasses are not
split; the feathers are removed after scalding but the skin is not removed and no
viscera are left in place. In New York dressed poultry, the viscera are left in. 2.
the body of any dead animal.
c. condemnation meat inspection is carried out on the live animal and on viscera but
the principal activity is during the carcass stage. If specific abnormalities are
found which indicate that the carcass, or part of it, is unfit for human consumption
it is condemned. It may be used for other purposes, e.g., after special processing
for fertilizer.
c. contamination bacterial contamination of the carcass is a serious cause of deterioration
of meat during storage. It is contributed to by having the animal come onto the abattoir
floor with the hair and hide badly contaminated, by dust from contaminated hides,
by careless handling of the hide and the viscera, especially the alimentary tract,
contamination of the water in scalding tanks for birds and pigs, and by lack of personal
hygiene on the part of abattoir workers.
c. cutability estimate of the percentage of saleable meat from a carcass versus percentage
of waste fat. USDA prediction evaluation allows an estimate the percentage of retail
yield of carcass weight based on hot carcass weight, ribeye area, fat thickness, and
estimated percent of kidney, pelvic, and heart fat. Measurements of carcass cutability
are categorized into numerical categories, called yield grade, with 1 being the leanest
and 5 being the fattest.
c. dehairing pig carcasses are not skinned. They are scalded and the bristles and
superficial layers of skin scraped off. The scalding vat can be a source of serious
contamination.
c. differentiation identification of the species, sex and age of a carcass is an important
function of meat hygiene because of the need to guarantee the authenticity of the
description of meat at the retail point. Much of this can be done on gross examination
but final determination may require laboratory tests, especially in cases where fraudulent
substitution is suspected.
c. disposal is necessary in an abattoir for condemned carcasses. Complete incineration
is necessary in cases of highly infectious disease. Heat treatment sufficient to sterilize
the tissues is carried out on less dangerous materials, leading to the preparation
of agricultural fertilizer. At practice premises, the problem is a serious one if
local government provisions do not include incineration of animal material. On site
incineration may be prohibited by local legislation and the need to avoid unpleasant
smells. Burial is satisfactory but tedious.
c. dressing removal of the hide, appendages and viscera.
c. drip see weeping.
c. electrical stimulation a method of tenderizing meat by the application of electrical
stimulation so as to cause muscle contraction, lowering of pH and faster autolysis.
fevered c. congestion of the vessels so that the surfaces of tissues have a redder
appearance, and individual vessels are more readily seen.
c. merit scale used in assessing carcass traits.
c. setting rigor mortis. The muscles are hard, the joints fixed, muscle tissue loses
its translucence. Proper setting is an indication of satisfactory preparation for
storage of the meat without deterioration.
c. traits criteria used in assessing quality of a carcass. Important in determining
price, suitability of breeding program, value of sire. Includes length, weight, proportion
of fat and lean, distribution of fat, relative size of valuable cuts.
c. yield proportion of the animal’s liveweight salvaged at carcass point. Called also
dressed weight, killing out percentage.
carcin(o)- word element. [Gr.] relationship to cancer.
carcinoembryonic antigen [kahr″sľ-no-em″bre-on′ik] an oncofetal glycoprotein antigen
found in colonic adenocarcinoma and other cancers and in certain nonmalignant conditions.
See also oncofetal antigen. Called also CEA.
carcinogen [kahr-sin′
-jen] a substance that causes cancer. Classified into groups by the WHO IARC with
Group 1, carcinogenic to humans; Group 2A, probably carcinogenic to humans; Group
2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans; Group 3, not classifiable as to carcinogenicity
in humans; and Group 4, probably not carcinogenic to humans.
primary c’s. substances that react directly with a specific biological group in living
tissue resulting in the development of a neoplasm. They are mostly synthetic compounds
or metals.
secondary c’s. relatively inert substances that are converted by a hostmediated reaction
to an active carcinogen, e.g., nitrosamines, pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
carcinogenesis [kahr″sľ-no-jen′
-sis] literally, the production of cancer. See also oncogenesis
biological c. viruses and some parasites are capable of initiating neoplasia. See
viral oncogenesis,
Spirocerca
lupi.
chemical c. numerous chemicals have been identified as carcinogenic.
physical c. includes ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation and asbestos.
carcinogenic [kahr″sin-o-jen′ik] having a capacity for carcinogenesis.
carcinogenicity [kahr″sľ-no-j
-nis′ľ-te] the ability or tendency to produce cancer.
carcinoid [kahr′sľ-noid] a tumor of the gastrointestinal tract formed from the endocrine
(argentaffin, APUD) cells of the mucosal lining of a variety of organs including the
stomach and intestine. In dogs they occur in the duodenum, colon and rectum. Rarely,
they may produce the so-called carcinoid syndrome. Called also argentaffinoma, argentaffin
tumor.
goblet-cell c. a rare tumor recorded in a dog; more common in human appendix; has
characteristics of carcinoid and adenocarcinoma. Called also adenocarcinoid.
hepatic c. a rare tumor originating from neuroectodermal tissue in the liver.
pulmonary c. seen sporadically in dogs.
carcinolysis [kahr″sľ-nol′
-sis] destruction of tumor cells; oncolytic.
carcinoma [kahr″sľ-no′m
] a malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate surrounding
tissues and to give rise to metastases. Carcinomas make up the majority of malignancies
of the mammary gland, uterus, intestinal tract, skin and tongue.
acinic cell c. locally invasive salivary gland tumors of dogs, and rarely other species,
composed of glandular epithelium in an acinar pattern.
adenocystic c., adenoid cystic c. carcinoma marked by cylinders or bands of hyaline
or mucinous stroma separated or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells,
occurring in the mammary and salivary glands, and mucous glands of the respiratory
tract. Called also cylindroma.
alveolar c. alveolar adenocarcinoma.
apocrine c. see apocrine tumors.
basal cell c. an epithelial tumor of the skin that seldom metastasizes but has potential
for local invasion and destruction. Common in dogs and cats.
basosquamous c. carcinoma that histologically exhibits both basal and squamous elements.
bronchogenic c. carcinoma of the lung, so called because it arises from the epithelium
of the bronchial tree.
cholangiocellular c. primary carcinoma of the liver originating in bile duct cells.
chorionic c. choriocarcinoma.
colloid c. mucinous carcinoma.
cylindrical cell c. carcinoma in which the cells are cylindrical or nearly so.
embryonal c. a highly malignant primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal
cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad.
epidermoid c. that in which the cells tend to differentiate in the same way as those
of the epidermis; i.e., they tend to form prickle cells and undergo cornification.
giant cell c. carcinoma containing many giant cells.
hepatocellular c. primary carcinoma of the liver cells. See hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hürthle cell c. see Hürthle cell tumor.
c. in situ a neoplastic entity wherein the tumor cells have not invaded the basement
membrane but are still confined to the epithelium of origin; often applied to such
cells in the uterine cervix.
large-cell c. a bronchogenic tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large
size.
medullary c. thyroid carcinoma derived from parafollicular cells (C-cells).
mucinous c. adenocarcinoma producing significant amounts of mucin.
oat-cell c. highly malignant neoplasm, rare in animals, possibly arising from APUD
cells in many tissues, but usually associated with lung. Called also small-cell carcinoma.
papillary c. carcinoma in which there are papillary excrescences; called also papillocarcinoma.
scirrhous c. carcinoma with a hard structure owing to the formation of dense connective
tissue in the stroma.
c. simplex an undifferentiated carcinoma.
c. of skin squamous cell carcinomas occur on the third eyelid, cornea or the eyelid
of cattle and horses, on the penis and prepuce of horses, from the mucosa of the frontal
sinus to invade the horn core of cattle (called also horn cancer), on the ears and
nose of white-faced sheep in high radiant sunlight areas of the world, on the vulva
of ewes when the tail is docked too short. In goats the ears, udder, base of the horn
and perineum are also susceptible sites. The tumors grow rapidly, show considerable
invasiveness and often metastasize to local lymph nodes. In dogs and cats, squamous
cell carcinomas are common, particularly on the face and pinnae of white cats. See
also squamous cell carcinoma.
small-cell c. see oat-cell carcinoma (above).
spindle cell c. squamous cell carcinoma marked by fusiform development or rapidly
proliferating cells.
stomach c. squamous cell carcinomas occur in the stomach of the horse and the bovine
rumen. The associated clinical syndrome in the horse is one of indigestion and weight
loss. Metastasis occurs commonly. In cows, there may be vagus indigestion or chronic
tympany of the rumen.
transitional cell c. occurs in the urinary bladder or urethra and derives from the
transitional epithelium. Several structural types may be observed: papillary, polypoid,
fungoid or sessile. In dogs, the tumor usually invasive and metastasis to regional
lymph nodes and to lung, bone, and skin is common. Called also urothelial carcinoma.
udder c. occurs rarely in mares and doe goats.
carcinomatosis [kahr″sľ-no-m
-to′sis] the condition of widespread dissemination of cancer throughout the body.
Sometimes used to refer to widespread neoplastic involvement of a a body cavity or
organ, e.g., abdominal carcinomatosis.
C-12:
Carcinoma on the nose of a whiteface sheep.
carcinomatous [kahr″sľ-nom′
-t
s] pertaining to or of the nature of cancer; malignant.
carcinophilia [kahr″sľ-no-fil′e-
] special affinity for tumor tissue.
carcinosarcoma [kahr″sľ-no-sahr-ko′m
] a malignant tumor composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues.
embryonal c. a rapidly developing, malignant mixed tumor of the kidneys, made up of
embryonal elements.
carcinosis carcinomatosis.
miliary c. that marked by development of numerous nodules.
card test a test in which the reagent or antigen, usually dyed, is impregnated into
absorbent paper. The subject specimen of urine, blood, plasma or serum is placed on
the impregnated card and a color or similarly easily seen change is recorded.
brucellosis c. t. an agglutination test for antibody in serum performed using a dyed
whole-cell suspension of Brucella abortus as antigen. Only a positive or negative
result is recorded.
cardenolide one of the two groups of naturally occurring cardiac glycosides; found
in plants including Digitalis, Nerium, Cascabela, Thevetia, Cryptostegia, Euonymus,
Gomphocarpus, Asclepias, Corchorus, Convallaria, Gerbera, Adonis, Acokanthera spp.
Those from Digitalis spp. are used medicinally.
carder a grooming device consisting of a small, flat board with multiple, fine wire
teeth on one side, and a short handle. It is used to comb out hair mats from the coats
of dogs. Called also slicker brush.
cardia [kahr′de-
] 1. the cardiac opening of the esophagus into the stomach. 2. the cardiac part of
the stomach; that part of the stomach surrounding the esophagogastric junction, distinguished
by the presence of cardiac glands.
cardiac [kahr′de-ak] 1. pertaining to the heart. See also heart. 2. pertaining to
the gastric cardia.
c. afterload the impedance to ventricular emptying presented by the arterial circulation.
c. area see precordium.
c. biopsy an uncommon clinical procedure. Can be performed via thoracotomy or with
a biopsy catheter introduced intravenously or intraarterially.
c. catheterization the insertion of a catheter into a vein or artery and guiding it
into the interior of the heart for purposes of measuring cardiac output, determining
the oxygen content of blood in the heart chambers, surgery, and evaluating the structural
components of the heart.
c. compensation in cardiac disease the compensation for the inefficiency of the heart’s
pump action by enlisting the various reserves of the heart such as hypertrophy, enlargement,
increase in rate, so as to maintain circulatory equilibrium and prevent the appearance
of signs of congestive heart failure.
c. compression an emergency measure to empty the ventricles of the heart in an effort
to circulate the blood, and also to stimulate the heart so that it will resume its
pumping action. Involves the application of pressure through the thoracic wall. More
commonly used in animals than other forms of cardiac massage.
c. conducting cells specialized cardiac fibers modified to conduct impulses from the
A-V node via the septum to the ventricles. Called also Purkinje fibers.
c. conducting system the cardiac tissue responsible for electrical conduction, made
up of the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, and the atrioventricular bundle
and cardiac conducting fibers.
c. depressor nerve a branch of the vagus nerve composed of afferent nerve fibers that
arise around the base of the heart and aortic arch; its stimulation elicits a brainstem
reflex that slows the heart, dilates the peripheral vessels and lowers blood pressure.
Called also aortic nerve, depressor nerve of Ludwig.
c. dilatation the heart volume is increased but the effective mass of cardiac muscle
is not. A dilated heart has lost some of its reserve.
c. dullness the area of the chest wall over which a dull sound, indicating the position
of the heart, can be elicited by percussion.
c. failure see heart failure.
c. fibrillation see ventricular fibrillation.
c. fibrosis see cardiac cirrhosis.
c. flow load the work required of the heart can be increased by a need for an increased
flow rate of blood, e.g., when there is an anastomosis, congenital arteriovenous defect,
portosystemic shunt.
c. function curves statistical curves used in depicting the cardiovascular function
by described by right atrial pressure (abscissa) plotted against cardiac output (ordinate).
Starling curves.
c. glands in the cardiac region of the gastric wall; branched, tubular, coiled, mucus-secreting.
c. horse sickness see African horse sickness.
c. hypertrophy enlargement of the heart coincident with an increase in muscle mass;
an indication of response to an increase in load which may or may not be associated
with disease. It is an expression of cardiac compensation but some of the cardiac
reserve has been lost.
c. impulse see cardiac impulse. Called also apex beat.
c. index cardiac output divided by the animal’s body surface area in m2. The normal
range for dogs is 1.8–3.5 L/m2. In horses, the usual measure for body size is body
weight in kilograms and the range for the adult horse is 7.2–8.8 L/kg/min.
left-sided c. enlargement may involve either the left ventricle or atrium, or both,
and can be demonstrated on radiographs and electrocardiography. Seen most commonly
in mitral valvular disease in dogs.
c. massage manual massage of the heart or stimulation with an electrical current through
an open thoracic wall. The term is sometimes used interchangeably with cardiac compression.
c. mucosa the most cranial of the gastric mucosa; secretes only mucus, except in pigs,
in which the area covered by this mucosa is much larger than in the other species
and bicarbonate is also secreted.
c. murmur see heart murmur.
c. output the volume of blood pumped per unit of time. May be calculated by oxygen
consumption measurement, carbon dioxide excretion (Fick methods), indicator dilution
(indocyanine green or lithium), thermodilution (cold saline). These require invasive
methods such as cardiac catheterization and are done in experimental studies but very
seldom in the clinical setting. Doppler echocardiography is a noninvasive ultrasound-based
technique that offers potential. In the clinical setting, cardiac output, and the
hemodynamic status is determined by heart rate, peripheral pulse quality, temperature
of extremities, and mucous membrane color and capillary refill time. Ancillary diagnostics,
such as indirect blood pressure, hemoglobin saturation by pulse oximetry or blood
gas analysis, and blood lactate may be used. See also Fick principle.
c. pacing employing cardiac pacemakers to control heart rate where there are bradyarrhythmias.
Temporary pacing, using transcutaneous or transvenous pacing, can be used to stabilize
the patient until normal rhythm is re-established or a permanent pacemaker can be
implanted.
c. preload ventricular end-diastolic volume.
c. pressure load the stress of working against an elevated blood pressure in the arterial
circuit; one of the two major groups of causes of heart disease; the other is flow
load.
c. racing syndrome a disease of companion birds manifested by a sudden increase in
heart rate, up to 1000/min, in the period immediately after being restrained. Death
occurs within a few seconds.
c. reserve the reserve mechanisms in the heart to compensate for defects which could
make the heart’s pumping action ineffective. The reserve mechanisms include hypertrophy,
enlargement, increase in heart rate, and an increase in stroke volume, a result of
the increase in muscle mass and the enlargement of the ventricles.
right-sided c. enlargement involves either the right ventricle or atrium.
c. rupture penetration of the myocardium by a reticular foreign body in cows, or rupture
of a patch of chronic fibrotic myocarditis in horses, causes cardiac tamponade, and
sudden death.
c. size may increase as a result of hypertrophy, dilatation or a combination of the
two. A common belief with some scientific support is that performance of horses in
sprint races is closely related to heart size.
c. stroke volume the amount of blood ejected with each systole.
c. tamponade see cardiac tamponade.
c. thrill see thrill.
c. troponin proteins see troponins.
c. valve fenestration the valve surface is incomplete, creating a lattice effect;
mostly congenital defects in foals.
c. valve hematocysts congenital, blood-filled cysts on the atrioventricular valves
considered to be of no pathogenic significance.
c. valve laceration tearing of the valve tissue or attachment to myocardium may occur
spontaneously or as a sequel to endocarditis; adds a significant additional flow load
to the heart.
c. valve rupture see cardiac valve laceration (above).
c. valves heart valves formed by evaginations of the cardiac and vascular endothelium
supported by connective tissue; includes atrioventricular and semilunar valves on
both sides of the heart.
c. valvular disease see valvular disease.
c. vascular shunts includes patent foramen ovale, ventricular septal defect, tetralogy
of Fallot, patent ductus arteriosus.
c. work includes effective work—that needed for the onward propulsion of blood through
the correct channels against arterial pressure, total work—includes all of the work
performed by the heart including some involved in moving blood in the wrong direction.
Cardigan Welsh corgi see Welsh corgi.
cardinal signs [kahr′dľ-n
l] the major clinical sign or cluster of signs that indicate a specific disease or
syndrome.
carding [kahr′dľng] industrial process which flattens wool, draws fibers into a continuous
sliver.
c. wool see carding wool.
cardi(o)- word element. [Gr.] relationsip to the heart.
cardioaccelerator [kahr″de-o-ak-sel′
r-a-t
r] quickening the heart action; an agent that so acts.
cardioactive [kahr″de-o-ak′tiv] having an effect on the heart.
cardioangiography [kahr″de-o-an″je-og′r
-fe] contrast imaging of the heart and blood vessels. Called also angiocardiography.
cardioangiology [kahr″de-o-an″je-ol′
-je] the study of the diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
cardiocele [kahr′de-o-sēl″] hernial protrusion of the heart through a fissure of the
diaphragm or through a wound.
cardiocentesis [kahr″de-o-sen-te′sis] surgical puncture into the pericardial space
and aspiration of fluid for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. Therapeutically, the
procedure is used as an emergency measure to relieve life-threatening cardiac tamponade.
Other clinical situations in which cardiocentesis can be employed include pericardial
effusion, traumatic perforation or rupture of the myocardium, and effusion secondary
to a tumor or thoracic injury. See pericardiocentesis.
cardiochalasia [kahr″de-o-k
-la′zh] relaxation or incompetence of the sphincter action of the cardiac opening
of the stomach.
cardiocirculatory [kahr″de-o-sur′ku-l
-tor′e] pertaining to blood flow through the heart and vascular system.
cardiodiaphragmatic [kahr″de-o-di″
-frag-mat′ik] pertaining to the heart and the diaphragm.
cardiodilator [kahr″de-o-di′-la-t
r] an instrument for dilating the cardia.
cardiodiosis dilatation of the cardiac opening of the stomach.
cardiodynamics [kahr″de-o-di-nam′iks] study of the forces involved in the heart’s
action.
cardioesophageal [kahr″de-o-
-sof″-je′
l] pertaining to the cardia of the stomach and the esophagus, as the cardioesophageal
junction or sphincter.
Cardiofilaria pavlovsky
a tissue-invading filarioid worm found in many birds but appearing to cause little
if any disease.
cardiogenesis [kahr″de-o-jen′
-sis] development of the heart in the embryo.
cardiogenic [kahr″de-o-jen′ik] originating in the heart.
c. plate the mesodermal primordium of the heart.
cardiogram [kahr′de-o-gram″] a tracing of a cardiac event produced by cardiography.
See also electrocardiogram.
apex c. graphic recording of the apex beat.
cardiograph [kahr′de-o-graf″] an instrument for recording some element of the heartbeat.
cardiography [kahr″de-og′r
-fe] the graphic recording of a physical or functional aspect of the heart, e.g.,
echocardiography, electrocardiography, kinetocardiography, phonocardiography, vibrocardiography.
apex c. graphic recording of low-frequency pulsations at the chest wall over the apex
of the heart.
ultrasonic c. echocardiography.
vector c. see vectorcardiography.
cardiohepatic [kahr″de-o-h
-pat′ik] pertaining to the heart and liver.
c. syndrome see round heart disease of turkeys.
cardioinhibitor [kahr″de-o-in-hib′ľ-t
r] an agent that restrains the heart’s action.
cardiokinetic [kahr″de-o-kľ-net′ik] 1. exciting or stimulating the heart. 2. an agent
that excites or stimulates the heart.
cardiokymography [kahr″de-o-ki-mog′r
-fe] the recording of the motion of the heart by means of the electrokymograph.
cardiolipin a phospholipid found only in mitochondria In mammalian cells; essential
for mitochondrial function. Disturbances in cardiolipin metabolism are causally linked
to pathologies including heart failure, hypothyroidism, and cardioskeletal myopathy
(Barth syndrome).
cardiologist [kahr″de-ol′
-jist] a veterinarian who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease.
cardiology [kahr″de-ol′
-je] study of the heart and its functions.
interventional c. see transcatheter, balloon valvuloplasty.
cardiolysis [kahr″de-ol′
-sis] the operation of freeing the heart from its adhesions to the sternal periosteum.
cardiomalacia [kahr″de-o-m
-la′sh] morbid softening of the muscular substance of the heart.
cardiomegaly [kahr″de-o-meg′
-le] enlargement of the heart.
cardiomelanosis [kahr″de-o-mel″
-no′sis] melanosis of the heart.
cardiomotility [kahr″de-o-mo-til′ľ-te] the movement of the heart; motility of the
heart.
cardiomyoliposis [kahr″de-o-mi″o-lľ-po′sis] fatty degeneration of the heart muscle.
cardiomyopathy [kahr″de-o-mi-op′
-the] a general diagnostic term designating disease of the myocardium, cardiomyocyte,
and supporting collagen and interstitial matrix; may be idiopathic or primary, or
secondary other disease. Common in dogs and cats.
arrhythmogenic right ventricular c. a familial disease in Boxers characterized by
syncope, typically occurring with exercise or excitement, ventricular arrhythmias,
and sudden death. Many affected dogs are normal on clinical examination and thorough
cardiac investigation, including electrocardiogram and echocardiography, may be required
to diagnose the condition. Called also Boxer cardiomyopathy.
Boxer c. generally a reference to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
(above), but Boxers also develop dilated cardiomyopathy (below).
congestive c. see dilated cardiomyopathy (below).
dilated c. 1. characterized by cardiac enlargement and poor myocardial contractility,
especially of the left ventricle, and associated with cardiac arrhythmias, congestive
heart failure, and often sudden death. Occurs most commonly in young to middle-aged
dogs of the large and giant breeds with rapidly developing signs of biventricular
failure, atrial fibrillation, and occasionally systolic murmurs. An inherited juvenile
dilated cardiomyopathy occurs in Manchester terriers. In cats, associated with taurine
deficiency. Called also congestive cardiomyopathy. 2. round heart disease of turkeys.
Doberman c. a distinctive cardiomyopathy is seen in Doberman pinscher dogs, often
presenting as an acute pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock, and sometimes sudden death.
hypertrophic c. occurs most commonly in cats, sometimes secondary to hyperthyroidism,
occasionally in dogs and rarely in cattle in association with generalized glycogenosis.
There is myocardial hypertrophy, primarily in the left ventricle and ventricular septum,
resulting in increased resistance to filling and sometimes an outflow obstruction.
In cats, there is often an associated aortic thromboembolism. Inherited in Maine Coon
and Ragdoll cats, due to mutations in the cardiac myosin binding protein C gene (MYBPC3).
infiltrative c. myocardial disease secondary to deposition in the heart tissue of
abnormal substances such as amyloid or neoplastic infiltration.
inherited c. occurs in calves and probably in the other species. In calves it causes
death due to acute heart failure up to the age of 3 months. Recorded in polled Hereford
and Japanese black cattle. There may be a brief period of dyspnea and blood-stained
frothy nasal discharge before death. Myocardial degeneration is obvious at necropsy.
See also woolly haircoat syndrome.
obliterative c. see restrictive cardiomyopathy (below).
occult c. in the subclinical stage, but detectable with echocardiography and ambulatory
electrocardiographic recording methods.
ovine c. fatal primary dilated cardiomyopathy of sheep, possibly familial; reported
in Switzerland.
primary c. disease originating in the myocardium and not secondary to other cardiopulmonary
or systemic disease.
C-13:
Cross section of the heart from a cat with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy showing gross
thickening of the left ventricular wall and papillary muscles.
From Kittleson, M.D., Kienle, R.D., Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine, Mosby, 1998.
restrictive c. impaired left ventricular compliance reduces ventricular filling. Uncommon
in animals but seen most often in cats, caused by endomyocardial fibrosis or abnormal
left ventricular moderator bands. Called also obliterative cardiomyopathy.
spontaneous c. a dilated cardiomyopathy that causes heart failure and death in young
turkeys. See round heart disease.
cardiomyopexy surgical removal of the epicardium and application of a pedicled flap
of adjacent muscle to the denuded myocardium and pericardium, as a means of supplying
collateral circulation to the heart.
cardionatrin see atrial natriuretic peptide.
cardionector the conduction system of the heart, comprising the sinoatrial node, bundle
of His and atrioventricular node.
cardionephric [kahr″de-o-nef′rik] pertaining to the heart and kidney.
cardioneural [kahr″de-o-n
o
⌣
o
⌣
′r
l] pertaining to the heart and nervous system.
cardio-omentopexy suture of a portion of the omentum to the heart.
cardiopathy [kahr″de-op′
-the] any disorder or disease of the heart.
cardiopericardiopexy [kahr″de-o-per″ľ-kahr′de-o-pek″se] surgical establishment of
adhesive pericarditis, to provide ancillary blood supply to the myocardium.
cardiopericarditis [kahr″de-o-per″ľ-kahr-di′tis] inflammation of the heart and pericardium.
cardiophrenic [kahr″de-o-fren′ik] pertaining to the heart and diaphragm.
c. angle viewed on radiographs as the angle formed by the diaphragm and the heart.
Alterations may be used to assess changes in the size and position of the heart.
c. ligament see phrenicocardial ligament.
cardioplasty [kahr′de-o-plas″te] plastic surgery of the distal esophagus and cardiac
sphincter of the stomach. Sometimes performed in the management of megaesophagus in
dogs.
cardioplegia [kahr″de-o-ple′j
] arrest of myocardial contraction, as by use of chemical compounds or cold in cardiac
surgery.
cardiopneumatic [kahr″de-o-noo-mat′ik] pertaining to the heart and respiration.
cardiopneumograph [kahr″de-o-noo′mo-graf] an apparatus for registering cardiopneumatic
movements.
cardioptosis [kahr″de-op-to′sis, kahr″de-o-to′sis] downward displacement of the heart.
cardiopulmonary [kahr″de-o-pool′m
-nar-e] pertaining to the heart and lungs.
c. arrest (CPA) cessation of effective external respiration and beating of the heart.
The common causes in animals are inadequate ventilation, caused by general anesthetic,
thoracic trauma, airway obstruction, and impediments to movement of the lung, thoracic
wall or diaphragm, acidemia, hypotension, electrolyte imbalance, or extreme changes
in body temperature (hypothermia, hyperthermia).
c. resuscitation (CPR) the re-establishment of heart and lung action. The basic steps
are: Airway, Breathing, Circulation. A patent airway must be established and maintained;
any obstruction is relieved and an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube inserted. Adequate
ventilation with oxygen is provided by intermittent positive pressure and, if required,
cardiac (chest) compression or massage is commenced.
cardiopuncture [kahr″de-o-pungk′ch
r] cardiocentesis.
cardiopyloric [kahr″de-o-pi-lor′ik] pertaining to the cardiac opening of the stomach
and the pylorus.
cardiorenal [kahr″de-o-re′n
l] pertaining to the heart and kidneys.
cardiorrhaphy [kahr″de-or′
-fe] suture of the heart muscle.
cardiorrhexis [kahr″de-o-rek′sis] rupture of the heart.
cardiosclerosis [kahr″de-o-skl
-ro′sis] fibrous induration of the heart.
cardioselective [kahr″de-o-s
-lek′tiv] having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue.
cardiospasm [kahr′de-o-spaz″
m] see achalasia.
cardiosphygmograph [kahr′de-o-sfig′mo-graf] a combination of the cardiograph and sphygmograph
for recording the movements of the heart and an arterial pulse.
cardiosplenopexy suture of the parenchyma of the spleen to the denuded surface of
the heart for revascularization of the myocardium.
cardiotachometer [kahr″de-o-t
-kom′-t
r] an instrument for continuously portraying or recording the heart rate.
cardiotachometry [kahr″de-o-t
-kom′
-tre] continuous recording of the heart rate for long periods.
cardiotherapy [kahr″de-o-ther′
-pe] the treatment of diseases of the heart.
cardiotomy [kahr″de-ot′
-me] 1. surgical incision of the heart. 2. surgical incision into the cardia.
cardiotonic [kahr″de-o-ton′ik] having a tonic effect on the heart; an agent that so
acts, e.g., positive inotropic drugs.
cardiotoxic [kahr′de-o-tok″sik] having a poisonous or deleterious effect upon the
heart.
c. glycosides see cardiac glycosides.
cardiovalvular [kahr″de-o-val′vu-l
r] pertaining to the valves of the heart.
cardiovalvulotome [kahr″de-o-val′vu-l
-tōm″] an instrument for incising a heart valve.
cardiovascular [kahr″de-o-vas′ku-l
r] pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.
c. accident includes aortic rupture, Marfan’s syndrome, acute heart failure, cardiac
valve rupture, cardiac tamponade.
c. collapse see circulatory collapse.
c. reserve see cardiac reserve.
c. system see circulatory system.
cardioversion [kahr′de-o-vur″zh
n] the delivery of a direct current shock synchronized with the QRS complex to the
myocardium as an elective treatment to end tachydysrhythmias; called also countershock
and precordial shock. Used in humans, it has also been effectively used in dogs with
atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardias.
cardioverter [kahr′de-o-vur″t
r] an energy-storage capacitor-discharge type of condenser that is discharged with
an inductance; it delivers a direct-current shock which restores normal rhythm of
the heart.
Cardiovirus
[kahr′de-o-vi″r
s] a genus in the family Picornaviridae that includes encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus
which causes disease in rodents, pigs, humans and some exotic species.
carditis [kahr-di′tis] inflammation of the heart; myocarditis.
cardivalvulitis [kahr-de-val″vu-li′tis] inflammation of the heart valves.
Carduus
a genus of thistles in the plant family Asteraceae (Compositae); has a high nitrate
content, causing nitrate/nitrite poisoning in ruminants. Includes C. pycnocephalus,
C. tenuifloris (slender or winged thistle).
careless weed Amaranthus spp.
caret the symbol ^ above a number indicating the expected value or expected frequency.
Carex vulpina
European plant in family Cyperaceae of sedges; contains cyanogenic glucosides.
carfentanil an opioid analgesic; a derivative of fentanyl used mainly in the capture
of wild animals with a potency 100 times that of fentanyl.
caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) an Artic and subarctic deer in the family Cervicae;
known as the reindeer outside North America. See reindeer.
Carica papaya
[kar′ľ-k
] pawpaw tree, source of the proteolytic enzyme papain.
caries [kar′ēz] decay, as of bone or teeth.
dental c. plaque-induced demineralization and loss of substance of the hard tissues
of the teeth, leading to continued destruction of enamel and dentin, and cavitation
of the tooth. Deep occlusal pits or fissures, deep periodontal pockets and tight contact
between teeth predispose to the formation of caries. Infrequently diagnosed in dogs;
occurs occasionally in sheep. Called also a cavity.
infundibular c. see infundibular necrosis.
carina [k
-ri′n] pl. carinae [L.] a ridgelike structure.
c. apex the most cranial point of the keel of the sternum of birds.
sternal c. the keel of the sternum, as in birds and horses.
c. tracheae a ridge between the openings of the right and left principal bronchi.
carinate [kar′ľ-nāt] said of birds having a carina or keeled sternum; cf. ratite.
Carmalt forceps conventional ratcheted, box-jointed hemostat forceps with grooves
on the blade surfaces that run in the same direction as the length of the blades.
Also known as the Rochester-Carmalt forcep. Frequently referred to as pedicle forceps
used to hold pedicles of tissue eg. ovarian pedicle during ovariectomy.
carminative [kahr-min′
-tiv] an agent that relieves flatulence.
carmustine (BCNU) [kahr-mus′tēn] a nitrosourea, used as an antineoplastic agent; rapidly
pass the blood-brain barrier and used as adjunct therapy for brain tumors.
Carmyerius
a genus of rumen (digenetic trematode) flukes found in Asia; member of the family
Paramphistomatidae. Includes C. gregarius and C. spatiosus (small rumen flukes of
Asia).
carnassial tooth [kahr-nas′e-
l] a large, shearing cheek tooth; the maxillary fourth premolar or mandibular first
molar in carnivores. Called also sectorial tooth.
carnification [kahr″nľ-fľ-ka′sh
n] development of fleshy fibrous tissue in the lung due to unresolved pneumonia.
carnitine [kahr′nľ-tēn] compound required for the transport of fatty acyl groups into
the matrix of the mitochondria where they undergo β-oxidation; also participates in
acetyl transfer reactions in alanine and aspartate metabolism; often designated vitamin
BT, due to its vitamin role in Tenebrio sp. Present in high concentrations (5% dry
weight) in meat extracts. Has been incorporated into low-calorie diets for obese dogs
to maintain muscle mass while promoting loss of fat and weight reduction.
c. acetyltransferase enzyme associated with buffering of acetyl groups from acetyl
CoA.
c. deficiency associated with primary myocardial disease in a number of species and
lipid storage myopathies in dogs.
carnivore [kahr′nľ-vor] any animal, particularly mammals of the order Carnivora, that
eats primarily flesh. Includes cats, dogs.
carnosinase [kahr′no-sľ-nās″] an enzyme that hydrolyzes carnosine (amino-acyl-l-histidine)
and other dipeptides containing l-histidine into their constituent amino acids.
carnosine [kahr′no-sēn] a dipeptide composed of beta-alanine and histidine, found
in skeletal muscle of vertebrates.
Caroli syndrome rare congenital cystic dilation of the bile ducts and renal cysts
(Caroli disease) with secondary liver fibrosis and portal hypertension; young dogs
typically present with excessive thirst and urination, vomiting, and ascites. Sporadic
and inherited forms are recognised in people.
carotenase an enzyme that converts provitamin A carotenoids into vitamin A; not present
in cats. Also called carotenoid oxygenase.
carotene [kar′
-tēn] a yellow or red pigment from carrots, sweet potatoes, milk and body fat, egg
yolk, etc.; it is a chromolipoid hydrocarbon existing in several forms. α-, β-, and
γ-carotene are provitamins that can be converted into vitamin A in the body by all
animals except cats. β-carotene is the most important because of a quantitatively
greater activity.
β-carotene see carotene.
carotenemia [kar″
-t-ne′me-] the presence of high concentrations of carotene in the blood.
carotenodermia [k
-rot″-no-dur′me-] yellowness of the skin due to carotenemia.
carotenoid [k
-rot′
-noid] 1. any member of a group of red, orange or yellow pigmented polyisoprenoid
lipids found in carrots, sweet potatoes, green leaves and some animal tissues; examples
are the carotenes, lycopene and xanthophyll. α-carotene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin
are provitamin A carotenoids and can be converted by mammals to retinol. 2. marked
by yellow color. 3. lipochrome.
c. pigments contribute to the yellow staining of fatty tissues especially in horses,
Channel Island breeds of cattle and old cats.
carotenosis [kar″o-t
-no′sis] deposition of carotene in tissues, especially the skin.
caroticotympanic [k
-rot″ľ-ko-tim-pan′ik] pertaining to the carotid canal and the tympanum of the middle
ear.
carotid [k
-rot′id] relating to the carotid artery, the principal artery of the neck. See Table
8.
c. body a small neurovascular structure lying in the bifurcation of the common carotid
arteries, containing chemoreceptors that monitor oxygen content in blood and help
to regulate respiration. Called also glomus caroticum.
c. body tumors usually unilateral nonfunctional adenoma, chemodectoma, nonchromaffin
paraganglioma, or locally invasive carcinoma which may cause deviation of the trachea.
c. canal the canal in the tympanic part of the temporal bone of carnivores that transmits
the internal carotid artery to the cranial cavity.
c. sheath contains the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagosympathetic
trunk.
c. sinus a dilatation of the proximal portion of the internal carotid or distal portion
of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids,
containing in its wall baroreceptors which when are stimulated by changes in blood
pressure slow the heart, cause vasodilation, and lower blood pressure; innervated
mainly by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
c. sinus reflex slowing of the heart rate when pressure is applied over the carotid
sinus.
c. sinus syndrome syncope sometimes associated with convulsive seizures due to overactivity
of the carotid sinus reflex.
carotidynia [k
-rot″o-din′e-] tenderness along the course of the carotid artery.
carp [kahrp] a freshwater fish used extensively for human food in some countries,
a pest in others. There are many varieties, including decorative ones. See also
Carassius
,
Ctenopharyngodon idella
. Called also Cyprinus carpio, C. cyprinus.
bighead c. Hypophthalmichthys
nobilis.
common c. see
Cyprinus carpio
.
crucian c. see
Carassius
carassius.
C-14:
Carpal instability/flexion syndrome. Bilateral contracture of the flexor carpi ulnaris
muscle in a 10-week-old puppy. Posture is due to flexion of both carpi.
Johnston, S.A., Tobias, K. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult: 2-Volume
Set, 2nd Edition. Saunders, 2017.
c. erythrodermatitis see erythrodermatitis.
grass c. see
Ctenopharyngodon idella
.
c. pox an infectious disease caused by Cyprinid herpes virus 1 (CyHV-1) that causes
unsightly, wart-like lumps on the skin, mouth, and fins. Lesions may persist for life,
but the mortality rate is low. Stress and low water temperatures may predispose to
infection.
silver c. Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix.
carpal [kahr′p
l] pertaining to the carpus.
c. bones are located between the radius and ulna and metacarpals. Typically, there
are six to eight bones, depending on the species, arranged in two rows and numbered
from medial to lateral. See Table 9.
c. canal syndrome see carpal tunnel syndrome (below).
c. flexion posture at parturition the fetus is presented with the carpal joints flexed,
thus increasing the diameter of initial parts entering the pelvic canal, resulting
in dystocia in some patients.
c. fracture see chip fractures, slab fracture.
c. instability/flexion syndrome idiopathic and self-limiting condition seen in young
puppies, particularly Doberman pinschers and Shar peis; the carpi remain slightly
flexed when standing and the paws are deviated inward. Called also carpal flexural
deformity.
c. necrosis necrosis of skin on the anterior aspect of the carpus of piglets due to
abrasion from rough floors or floors disinfected with caustic chemicals. Necrosis
may also be present on the posterior aspect of the hocks.
c. organ a group of tactile, sinus hairs located on the posterior aspect of the forelimbs
of cats, sensitive to touch. See also tactile hair organ.
c. pad the footpad of carnivores found on the palmar surface of the carpus, just distal
to the accessory carpal bone that it may serve to protect; also called (in greyhounds
and some other dogs) the ‘stopper’ pad. Its remnant in horses is thought to be the
‘chestnut’. See also footpad.
c. sheath common synovial sheath in the forelimb of the horse, shared by the superficial
and deep flexor tendons as they pass through the carpal canal.
c. tunnel the osseofibrous passage for the flexor tendons and median nerve, formed
by the flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones.
c. tunnel syndrome a complex of signs resulting from compression of the median nerve
in the carpal tunnel. In horses, there is lameness with pain on extreme carpal flexion.
There are no lesions on the anterior carpal bones.
carpal joint [kahr′p
l joint] a series of joints that includes the antebrachiocarpal, formed by the distal
ends of the radius/ulna and the proximal carpal row, the intercarpal joint between
the two rows of carpal bones, the carpometacarpal joint(s) between the distal row
of carpal bones and the metacarpal bone(s). Called also (in ungulates) the knee. See
also carpus.
c. j. luxation a major injury in horses while racing, usually involving fractures
of carpal bones and rupture of ligaments. The animal is unable to bear weight on the
leg and there is excessive mobility and crepitus. In dogs and cats, violent hyperextension
of the carpus damages soft tissue support for the joint so that the animal walks with
the carpus on or near the ground.
c. j. subluxation may occur in the dog as a result of trauma but is also recorded
as a familial disease associated with the simultaneous occurrence of hemophilia A
due to close localization of the responsible genes on the X-chromosome.
Carpathian brown cattle dark brown to gray dual-purpose cattle from Ukraine.
carpectomy [kahr-pek′t
-me] excision of a carpal bone.
Carpetmaster a New Zealand carpetwool sheep derived by mutation from the Perendale.
It has a white face, dark hooves, and wool of 35–45 microns.
carpetwool see carpet wool.
carpetwool sheep breeds used extensively for the production of wool for carpet manufacture
include Carpetmaster, Elliottdale, fat-tailed breeds generally, Scottish blackface,
Swaledale, Tukidale.
carpincho see capybara.
carpitis [kahr-pi′tis] common acute or chronic inflammation of the joint capsule of
the carpus and the associated structures in horses. There is pain and swelling, and
there may be exostoses in chronic cases. Called also popped knee in horses.
Carpoglyphus
[kahr″po-gli′f
s] a genus of the insect family of Acaridae. Includes Carpoglyphus lactis (the cause
of dried fruit mite dermatitis).
carpometacarpal [kahr″po-met″
-kahr′p
l] pertaining to the carpus and metacarpus.
c. joint the articulation between the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpals
in which there commonly is very limited movement.
carpopedal [kahr″po-ped′
l] affecting the carpus and foot.
carpophalangeal [kahr″po-f
-lan′je-
l] pertaining to the carpus and phalanges.
carprofen a propionic acid derivative, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent used as
an analgesic in dogs and cats.
carpus [kahr′p
s] the segment of the limb between the radius and ulna and metacarpus, made up of
six to eight bones, depending on the animal species, arranged in two rows and numbered
from medial to lateral. Called also the knee in horses and cattle and the wrist in
dogs and cats. See also Table 9 and entries under carpal.
dropped c., broken-down c. hyperextension injury in the dog or cat that results in
weight-bearing on the carpus and metacarpals.
C-15:
Equine left carpus. Cranial view.
Colville, T., Bassert, J. Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians,
3rd Edition. Mosby, 2015.
C-16:
Carpal hyperextension injury.
Johnston, S.A., Tobias, K. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult: 2-Volume
Set, 2nd Edition. Saunders, 2017.
C-17:
Many infectious agents are carried by animals at sites not associated with overt disease,
but these carriage sites provide the source for overt infection when risk factors
that allow overt disease to occur. Dermatophilus congolensis is present in this minor
lesion but can be spread by flies from this to other regions of the skin to result
in clinical dermatophilosis when excessive skin moisture or trauma allows infection.
Carré’s disease see canine distemper.
carriage dog see Dalmatian.
carrier [kar′e-
r] 1. an animal that harbors a disease organism in its body without manifest signs,
thus acting as a carrier or distributor of infection. A carrier may be one with a
latent infection and which appears healthy or a persistently infected animal. Other
types of carriers are the incubatory carrier, when the animal is not yet showing clinical
signs, or a convalescent carrier when it has passed the clinical stage. 2. a heterozygote,
i.e., an animal that carries a recessive gene, autosomal or sex-linked, together with
its normal allele. 3. an edible material used in the formulation of processed feeds.
The carrier is used to absorb or attach other ingredients by impregnation or coating
so that they are evenly mixed throughout the feed. 4. a component of a vaccine that
is more immunogenic than the primary antigen and included in order to elicit a greater
immunologic response by the recipient.
c. detection in genetic terms the detection of a heterozygote that carries the gene
that is under investigation.
c. effect use of a hapten conjugated to a carrier protein in a primary immune response
will result in a secondary immune response to the same combination, but not to the
hapten alone or the hapten in association with a different carrier protein.
obligate c. the subject is always available as a carrier of the infection.
c. protein membrane proteins that have a high affinity for particular solutes, e.g.,
glucose, and that facilitate the passage of these solutes through membrane barriers.
See also carrier-mediated transport.
c. register in genetic terms is a list of all the animals that have produced an affected
offspring.
c. state the state of being a carrier of an infectious disease or of a genetic defect.
c. test herd a herd consisting entirely of known carriers of a gene that is under
investigation; a definition that could be extended to include a herd comprising only
individuals known to carry a specific infectious agent.
carrier-free [kar′e-
r-fre] a term denoting a radioisotope of an element in pure form, i.e., essentially
undiluted with a stable isotope carrier.
carrier-mediated transport movement that occurs acrossmembranes, such as the blood–brain
barrier and the gastrointestinal mucosa. Inherent in the mechanism is a rapidly reversible
reaction between the substance being transported and components of the membrane. The
membrane component is the ‘carrier’. The mechanism is also characterized by (1) being
saturable; (2) like substances being able to compete for the services of the carrier
so that competitive inhibition occurs. There are two forms of carrier-mediated transport,
active transport and facilitated diffusion. The rapid transfer of drug metabolites
into urine is by active transport. Entry of glucose into most cells is by facilitated
diffusion, but its passage across the gastrointestinal mucosa is by active transport.
Active transport requires a direct expenditure of energy, whereas facilitated diffusion
is not energy dependent. Active transport can move substances against a concentration
gradient, facilitated diffusion cannot.
carrion eating chewing of bones or other carcass material; a species trait, or a sign
of nutritional deficiency, usually phosphorus.
Carrion’s disease [kah-re-ōn′] see
Bartonella
.
carrot bush [kar′
t]
Eremophila
deserti.
carrying capacity the number of animal units that a farm or area will carry on a year
round basis, including that needed for conservation of winter feed. The concept is
used mainly with arid and semi-arid lands. Usually stated as dry cows or dry sheep
equivalents per acre or hectare.
CARS compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome.
cartilage [kahr′tľ-l
j] a specialized, gristly connective tissue present in both mature animals and embryos,
providing a model in which most of the bones develop, and constituting an important
part of the organism’s growth mechanism; the three most important types are hyaline
cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage. Also, a general term for a mass of
such tissue in a particular site in the body.
alar c’s the cartilages of the wings of the nose.
annular ear c. a ring of cartilage interposed between the rolled-up auricular cartilage
and the skull.
arthrodial c., articular c. the hyaline cartilage, and rarely the fibrocartilage,
clothing the articular surfaces of synovial joints.
arytenoid c’s two pyramid-shaped cartilages of the larynx.
auricular c. cartilage of the pinna and much of the external ear canal.
c. canals tunnels containing blood vessels incorporated in developing cartilage.
connecting c. that connecting the surfaces of an immovable joint.
costal c. a bar of hyaline cartilage that attaches a rib to the sternum in the case
of true ribs, or to the immediately cranial rib in the case of the more cranial false
ribs, or tapers to a point to end in the musculature in floating ribs. They are broadest
dorsally where they form costochondral joints with the bony ribs.
cricoid c. a ringlike cartilage forming the caudal part of the larynx.
diarthrodial c. articular cartilage.
elastic c. cartilage that is more opaque, flexible, and elastic than hyaline cartilage,
and is further distinguished by its yellow color. The ground substance is penetrated
in all directions by frequently branching fibers that give all of the reactions for
elastin.
c. emboli see fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy.
ensiform c. xiphoid process.
fibrous c. fibrocartilage.
floating c. a detached portion of semilunar cartilage in the stifle joint.
hoof c. see ungal cartilage (below).
hyaline c. flexible, somewhat elastic, semitransparent cartilage with an opalescent
bluish tint, composed of a basophilic fibril-containing substance with cavities in
which the chondrocytes occur.
interarytenoid c. an occasional cartilage located between the two arytenoid cartilages.
lateral c. see ungal cartilage (below).
nasal c. rostral end to the internasal septum, separating the nasal cavities and anchoring
the other cartilages around the nostrils. Called also septal cartilage.
parapatellar c. cartilaginous plates medial and lateral to the patella in some species,
e.g., dogs.
permanent c. cartilage that does not normally become ossified.
retained enchondral c. cores occur in ulnar metaphysis and lateral femoral condyles
of young, giant breed dogs. Visible radiographically as radiolucent inverted cones,
extending into the metaphysis, they are often associated with growth deformities such
as forelimb valgus and genu valgum.
reticular c. elastic cartilage.
scapular c. dorsal extension of the blade of the scapula, mainly in ungulates; tends
to calcify with age.
c. scissors used for ear cropping in dogs.
semilunar c. one of the two intra-articular cartilages of the stifle joint.
temporary c. cartilage that is normally destined to be replaced by bone.
thyroid c. the unpaired cartilage of the larynx to which the vocal folds attach.
tibial c. the bed of cartilage located on the caudal surface of the intertarsal joint
of birds; the tendons of the digital flexors pass through it.
ungual c’s. the medial or lateral cartilage of the hoof of horses born on the palmar
processes of the distal phalanx. These flat or L-shaped plates of hyaline cartilage
lie mainly against the inner wall of the hoof with their proximal borders being free,
subcutaneous, and palpable on each side of the pastern joint. They are clad with venous
plexuses on their superficial and deep surfaces and are significant contributors to
the vascular pump. Calcification of the cartilages results in sidebone. Called also
lateral cartilages.
vomeronasal c. either of the two narrow strips of cartilage, one on each side, of
the nasal septum supporting the vomeronasal organ.
xiphoid c. posterior continuation of the sternum; supports the anterior abdominal
wall, especially the linea alba.
yellow c. elastic cartilage.
cartilage-forming tumor tumors containing principally cartilage (chondroma, chondrosarcoma);
some contain bone. Only a small proportion of skeletal neoplasms, except in sheep,
are cartilaginous.
cartilaginiform [kahr″tľ-l
-jin′ľ-form] resembling cartilage.
cartilaginous [kahr″tľ-laj′ľ-n
s] consisting of, or of the nature of, cartilage.
c. joint the bones of the joint are joined together by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.
See synchondrosis, symphysis.
c. metaplasia abnormal change of a tissue to cartilaginous tissue. Can occur in normal
tendons; is classified as abnormal only when the metaplasia is bony.
multiple c. exostosis see multiple cartilaginous exostosis.
c. osteoid degenerate cartilage that has lost its basophilic quality and stains like
osteoid.
c. tumor see cartilage-forming tumor.
cartogram a map showing the distribution of a population by area.
cartography map making.
epidemiological c. making maps that show epidemiological data about distribution of
disease or its causes by land area.
cartwheel flower plant see
Heracleum mantegazzianum
.
carumonam a monobactam antibiotic, very resistant to β-lactamase, with activity against
gram-negative bacteria, including most Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
caruncle [kar′
ng-k
l] 1. a small fleshy eminence, often abnormal. 2. one of the fleshy protuberances
on the head, face, and neck of a Muscovy duck.
hymenal c’s small elevations of mucous membrane around the vaginal opening, being
relics of the ruptured hymen, especially of women.
lacrimal c. small rounded piece of modified skin at the medial canthus of the eye
from which hairs often protrude; sometimes called the medial caruncle.
maternal c. see uterine caruncle (below).
medial c. see lacrimal caruncle (above).
sublingual c. an eminence on either side of the frenulum of the tongue (frenulum linguae),
on which the major duct of the sublingual gland and the duct of the submandibular
gland open.
uterine c. fleshy masses on the wall of the uterus of ruminants. The placenta is attached
only at these points, to the corresponding fetal cotyledon. There are about 100 of
them, and they are very much smaller in the nonpregnant female.
caruncula [k
-rung′ku-l] [L.] caruncle.
carunculitis inflammation of the uterine caruncles in ruminants.
carvedilol a third-generation beta-adrenergic blocker used in the treatment of heart
disease in dogs.
Cary-Blair medium a transport medium particularly used for Salmonella spp.
cary(o)-
see karyo-.
Caryophanon
see
Simonsiella muelleri
.
Caryophyllaeus
a genus of the family of cestodes Caryophyllaeidae, found in the intestines of freshwater
fishes. Includes C. fimbriceps, C. laticeps (carp).
Caryospora
apicomplexan protozoan parasites affecting mostly reptiles and raptors.
C. bigenetica
an occasional cause of pyogranulomatous dermatitis in puppies.
caryosporiosis infection by a protozoan of the genus Caryospora.
CASRN Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number.
casanthranol [k
-san′thr
-nōl] cascara.
Cascabela
South American shrub genus in the plant family Apocynaceae. Contains cardiac glycosides,
e.g., thevetin. Causes sudden death in animals eating any part of the plant. Includes
C. thevetia (Thevetia peruviana). Called also T. nereifolia, luckynut, yellow oleander,
cook tree, daffodil tree, be-still tree.
cascade [kas-kād′] a series of steps or stages (as of a physiological process) that,
once initiated, continues to the final step by virtue of each step being triggered
by the preceding one, sometimes with cumulative effect. For example, the coagulation
cascade or arachidonic acid cascade.
cascado [Indonesian] a bovine dermatitis caused by Stephanofilaria dedoesi.
cascara [kas-kah′r
] dried bark of Rhamnus purshiana, used as an irritant cathartic. Called also cascara
sagrada.
case [kās] in epidemiology, an animal that has the specified disease or condition
that is under investigation.
c. abstract a structured summary of a case report suitable for computer entry; permits
machine sorting and retrieval and leads an investigator to the original paper records
on which detailed descriptions must be based.
primary c. the patient that brings the disease into the population.
c.-control sampling selection of cases as a sample to use in a case-control study
(below).
c.-control study a retrospective, analytical, epidemiological study. Agroup of pre-existing
cases of the disease are matched with a selected group of control animals that do
not have the disease so that the presence or otherwise of an hypothesized disease
determinant can be ascertained in both groups.
c. definition the determination of the set of criteria (individual clinical signs,
postmortem, laboratory findings) that define the characteristics of an animal, or
herd, to be chosen as a case for a case-control study.
c. fatality rate the proportion of cases with a specified condition that die within
a specified time.
c. finding the strategy of surveying a population to find the sick animals that are
the foci of infection; an essential early step in the eradication of any disease.
c. history the collected data concerning an individual, contact and related animals,
environment and management procedures, including any past medical history and any
other information that may be useful in analyzing and diagnosing the case or for instructional
or research purposes.
index c. the first case recorded in an outbreak.
c. management care of a sick animal including specific and supportive medication,
surgical intervention, housing, bedding, nutrition, restraint, collection of specimens
for submission to laboratory, or stall-side tests.
c. population the group of animals in the total population that are sick or infected,
as distinct from the control population, that are not sick or infected.
c. recording entry in records of the clinical findings of individual sick animals.
May be structured or unstructured, paper or electronic, with or without the accounting
record for the case.
caseation [ka″se-a′sh
n] 1. the precipitation of casein. 2. a form of necrosis in which tissue is changed
into a crumbly, amorphous mass resembling cheese. See also caseous necrosis.
casein [ka′sēn] a phosphoprotein, the principal protein of milk, the basis of curd
and of cheese. Found in milk in colloidal suspension and precipitated by acid and
by rennet. Called also caseinogen.
c. clot the insoluble form of caseinogen produced by the action of rennin in the presence
of calcium.
c. digestion an identification test for bacteria assessed by inoculation of milk agar.
caseinogen [ka-sēn′o-jen] outside North America, the term for casein.
caseopurulent the lesion is partly caseous, partly purulent, or consistently of a
consistency midway between the two.
caseous [ka′se-
s] resembling cheese or curd; cheesy.
caseous lymphadenitis [ka′se-
s lim-fad″
-ni′tis] a chronic disease of sheep and goats caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.
The source of infection is discharge from pulmonary or skin abscesses with infection
through intact skin or skin wounds. Characterized by caseopurulent abscesses in lymph
nodes but with little effect on general health, except respiratory or wasting disease
associated with internal abscesses.
C-18:
Caseous lymphadenitis. Abscesses in lung of sheep, which when ruptured into a bronchus
these provide a source of infection to other sheep through infected nasal discharges.
cashmere, cashmere wool fine, downy hair fiber from the Kashmiri goat.
cashmere goat see Central Asiatic Pashmina.
Caslick E.A. Caslick, a veterinarian who pioneered in the field of equine reproduction
in the early 20th century.
C. operation a means of reducing the mucocutaneous cleft of the vulva to prevent the
aspiration of air and thus reduce the amount of infection and inflammation in the
urogenital tract. The simplest version of the operation is the suturing together of
the lips of the vulva, after removal of a narrow strip of mucosa, over most of their
length.
Casoni’s test [k
-so′ne] a traditional test for hydatid infection (echinococcosis) used in humans.
The production of a wheal and flare reaction at the site of intradermal injection
was indicative of infection.
caspases [kas′pās] cystein-aspartic acid proteases; a family of proteins that are
essential in the process of apoptosis.
caspofungin [kas″po-fun′jin] a β-glucan synthase inhibitor used as a broad spectrum
antifungal agent.
cassaine cardiotoxic diterpenoid alkaloid in the bark of Erythrophloeum guineense
tree. Causes anorexia, defective vision, increased heart sounds and dyspnea.
cassava [k
-sah′v] see
Manihot
.
cassette [k
-set′] 1. a light-proof housing for x-ray film, containing front and back intensifying
screens, between which the film is placed and held during exposure. Although it is
usual to have two screens, there may be only one where there is a special need for
a high detail picture. 2. a magazine for film or magnetic tape.
computed radiography c. lightproof housing for a computed radiography imaging plate.
c. grid composed of alternating strips of lead and radiotranslucent material such
as aluminum. Placed on top of the cassette it permits the passage only of the x-rays
that are passing directly to the film. Scattered rays are absorbed by the lead and
this reduces the effect of scatter on the film thus increasing image contrast.
c. holder a radiolucent holder, into which the cassette fits, on a long handle permitting
the person holding the cassette to stay well clear of the x-ray beam. Commonly used
with large animals.
c. tunnel a cassette holder that protects the cassette when patient such as a horse
stands on the cassette for a the acquisition of a radiograph.
Cassia
legume genus of the Caesalpiniaceae family of plants; can contain anthraquinone glycosides
that causes diarrhea and an unidentified toxin causing myopathy. Most species in the
genus have been reclassified as Senna spp.
Cassine buchanani
African plant in the family Celestraceae; an unknown toxin causes nephrosis. Called
also Elaeodendron buchananii.
Cassou artificial insemination gun an instrument used for artificial insemination
and embryo transfer. Consists of a very narrow diameter stainless steel plunger with
a knob handle. The plunger is fitted into a plastic straw from which the semen or
embryo is expelled.
cassowary a large omnivorous ratite bird native to Australia and New Guinea region,
with a brightly colored head and neck and a bony helmet on top of its head. Includes
southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius), dwarf cassowary (C. bennetti), and northern
cassowary (C. unappendiculatus). Can be aggressive.
CAST Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.
cast [kast] 1. a positive copy of an object, e.g., a mold of a hollow organ (a renal
tubule, bronchiole, etc.), formed of effused plastic matter and extruded from the
body, as a urinary cast; named according to constituents, as epithelial, fatty, waxy,
etc. 2. a restraint procedure used in horses and cattle, and occasionally in large
beasts such as elephants, to pull them to the ground so that surgical procedures can
be performed. Used less nowadays than previously because of the advent of new anesthetic
techniques. There are many techniques and special harnesses for special purposes.
3. an animal lies down but is unable to right itself into a position of sternal recumbency
so that it can rise, e.g., a horse in a loose box when it is lying too close to a
wall, a sheep in heavy fleece in wet weather. When helped to the sternal posture,
the animal is able to rise. 4. to form an object in a mold, as a replica of teeth
made in an impression. 5. a custom-made, external coaptation device, stiff dressing
or casing, usually made of plaster of Paris impregnated dressing, used to immobilize
body parts. More modern, lightweight casts are made of thermomoldable and fiberglass
or polyurethane resins. 6. culled, e.g., cast for age. 7. shedding of velvet by deer
stags and bucks.
full leg c. see long-leg cast (below).
bivalve c. one that is cut into two parts, longitudinally, to allow frequent cast
changes, particularly to allow access to a wound.
half c. see walking cast (below).
hyaline c. see urinary casts (below).
long-leg c. a rigid material, usually plaster of Paris, is applied from the toes to
as high as possible over the humerus or femur. Used for immobilization of fractures
of the radius, ulna or tibia.
renal c’s (1) see urinary casts (below).
stone c. a reproduction of the jaw and dentition made from powdered gypsum stone and
water in an impression mold.
urinary c’s precipitates of mucoprotein or plasma protein in the shape of the renal
tubular laminae in which they form, often with cellular elements. Observed in the
examination of urinary sediment, they indicate renal tubular or epithelial damage.
Hyaline casts are composed of mucoproteins or plasma proteins without formed cellular
elements and are considered normal in low numbers. Waxy, granular, epithelial, erythrocyte,
and leukocyte casts may occur, each representing a type of cellular reaction or stage
of degeneration within the cast. Fatty casts are formed from degenerating tubular
epithelial cells and, particularly in cats, lipid in these cells. Casts may dissolve
in alkaline urine. Called also cylindroids.
walking c. one that does not extend above the elbow or stifle, thereby permitting
movement of those joints so that the animal can walk on the leg. Suitable for fractures
of the metacarpus or metatarsus.
follicular c. a sheath of keratin debris, often enclosing a group of hairs, that causes
the hairs to clump or mat. A feature of primary keratinization defects as seen in
sebaceous adenitis, primary seborrhea and vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in dogs.
Castalis spectabilis
African member of the plant family Asteraceae; causes cyanide poisoning. Called also
Dimorphotheca spectabilis, blue bitou, Transvaal bitou.
castanospermine polyhydroxylated indolizidine alkaloid in the ripe seeds of Castanospermum
australe. Powerful inhibitor of mononuclear cell beta-glucosidase that is, however,
not the cause of the seeds’ toxicity.
Castanospermum australe
Australian tree in the legume family Fabaceae; contains castanospermine; an unidentified
toxin in ripe seeds (not castanospermine) causes severe enteritis in livestock, but
only if eaten in large numbers. Humans can be severely affected by less than one seed.
Called also Moreton Bay chestnut, black bean.
casters the small rubber wheels on surgical trolleys, patient stretchers, mobile equipment.
C-19:
Red cell cast in urine sediment.
From Raskin, R.E., Meyer, D., Atlas of Canine and Feline Cytology, Saunders, 2001.
conductive c. the casters are impregnated with carbon to facilitate the dispersal
of static electricity from equipment. This is enhanced if the floor also has a conductive
covering.
Castilleja
a North American genus of the plant family Scrophulariaceae; selenium converter plants
that selectively absorb selenium from the soil. Called also paintbrushes.
casting [kast′ing] the technique of using a rope or a special harness designed for
the purpose to make an animal fall to the ground or onto a specially prepared area.
Used for large animals especially horses and cattle.
c. bed the area designated for a cast animal to fall. It is usually cushioned with
straw or, in the case of a permanent facility, rubber or other synthetic padding.
Burley c. method one that uses a rope centered over the shoulders, crossed between
the front legs, crossed over the back and then passed between the hindlegs, avoiding
the scrotum or udder and with traction backward. Used in cattle.
half hitches c. method suitable only for cattle; a nonslip knot is applied around
the neck and half-hitches are placed behind the front legs and around the flanks.
Traction is applied backward.
c. harness an arrangement of leather or webbing straps, ropes and rings is applied
to the hindlegs below the pasterns with ropes running forward through a shoulder harness.
Traction on the ropes pulls the legs forward and the horse falls to one side. The
ropes are used to tie the legs in a convenient position. Not suitable for use with
cattle.
c. injury may be injury or even fracture of a limb bone, or injury to a nerve, especially
facial or radial nerves.
London c. a complicated technique for casting a horse using two ropes and three hobbles.
It is very easy on the horse and gives excellent exposure of the inguinal region.
Parker c. a method of casting a horse using two ropes, one of which pulls the feet
of two limbs on one side together while the other pulls the horse over.
c. pen used at abattoirs to restrain animals that are to be slaughtered according
to the Jewish law. It is a restraint cage or cradle that enables the operator to tip
the animal onto its back so that it can be slaughtered while it is still conscious.
Reuff c. using a single rope, a loop is passed around the horns, followed by three
half hitches, one around the neck, one around the chest behind the elbows and one
just in front of the udder.
castor bean see
Ricinus communis
.
castor bean tick see
Ixodes
ricinus.
castor oil a fixed oil obtained from the seed of the castor bean plant (
Ricinus communis
); it has an irritant effect on the intestines and acts as a powerful purgative. Castor
oil is also used externally as an emollient in seborrheic dermatitis and other skin
diseases. It does not contain significant amounts of ricin.
c. o. plant
Ricinus communis.
false c. o. plant Datura
stramonium, D. ferox.
Castor Rex see Rex (2).
castrate [kas′trāt] 1. to deprive of the gonads, rendering the animal incapable of
reproduction. 2. a castrated animal. The strictly correct usage of the word is to
apply it to animals of both sexes. Common usage is to restrict its use to the male.
castration [kas-tra′sh
n] excision of the gonads, or their destruction, as by causing avascular necrosis,
radiation or parasites.
Burdizzo c. see Burdizzo emasculatome.
closed c. the scrotal sac is incised and the testicle released still enclosed in its
tunica vaginalis. The cord is ligated and the testicle and its enveloping tunic removed
in toto. Preferred for adult stallions or when the inguinal canal is considered to
be sufficiently enlarged to permit eventration. Called also covered castration (below).
covered c. Called also covered castration. (see above).
elastic ring c. see elastrator.
elastrator c. see elastrator.
female c. removal of the ovaries, or bilateral oophorectomy; spaying.
male c. removal of the testes, or bilateral orchiectomy.
open c. incision through the tunica vaginalis and direct ligation of the spermatic
vessels and vas deferens. Compare with covered castration (above).
prepubertal c. in sheep, castration of males before puberty may result in a greater
risk of subsequent obstructive urolithiasis because of failure of the urethra to fully
develop its potential for dilatation. In companion animals, practiced most commonly
in animal shelters prior to rehoming stray animals.
c.-responsive dermatosis an alternate name alopecia X, based on the observation that
hair regrowth occurs in some dogs after castration.
standing c. one performed under sedation with local anesthetic while the animal is
standing. Most commonly performed in horses, llamas, and camels.
Castroviejo pertaining to Ramon Castroviejo, a Spanish/American ophthalmologist (1904–1987)
whose name is applied to a range of ophthalmic surgical instruments including corneal
scissors, forceps and trephines, razor blade holder, eyelid speculum, and needle holder.
casualty [kazh′oo-
l-te] an accident; an accidental wound; death or disablement from an accident; also
the animal so injured.
c. slaughter abattoir slaughtering of injured or sick animals. Rarely done these days
because of the difficulty of getting cattle with fractured or dislocated limbs onto
the abattoir floor. The modern, highly automated meat packing plant is not geared
to such interruptions. Prohibited in some countries because of animal welfare concerns.
Casuaris
see cassowary.
CAT computerized axial tomography. See computed tomography.
cat [kat] any member of the family Felidae, including the domestic cat, Felis catus,
and many exotic (here taken to mean nondomestic or zoological, rather than extraterritorial)
species. See also feline.
c.-bite abscess a common sequela to a frequent injury. Particularly during the mating
season, but also at other times, cats are likely to inflict or be subjected to bites
or scratches during fighting or even vigorous play with each other. These contaminated
puncture wounds, which are prone to abscessation, can be located anywhere on the body,
but most often occur at the tail base, lower limbs, and around the head and neck.
Pasteurella spp.,
Prevotella
spp.,
Porphyromonas
spp., fusiform bacilli, and β-hemolytic streptococci are commonly involved.
c. breeds are generally of two groups, the longhair and shorthair types. Within these,
there are numerous specific breeds whose differences may be great, in conformation,
color and certain distinctive features, or slight, on the basis of coat and/or eye
coloring. The longhaired breeds, also called Persians, are of short, stocky (cobby)
build with broad, short heads, small ears, large round eyes, and short, thick legs.
One variety, the Pekefaced, has an extremely short nose. There are some specific breed
types, but in general, they are divided on the basis of coat color, sometimes qualified
by pattern of pigmentation or eye color, and the list is very long. The major groups
are: solid colors (black, blue-eyed white, orange-eyed white, odd-eyed white, blue,
chocolate, lilac, red, cream), broken colors (tabbies, tortoiseshell, cream, bicolors
and harlequin), shaded colors (smoke, Chinchilla, silver and cameo), Himalayan (1)/Colorpoint
(various colors). Additional longhaired breeds are the Angora, Birman, Balinese, Cymric,
Javanese, Maine coon, Ragdoll and Turkish van. The shorthaired breeds include: Abyssinian,
American curl, Bengal, Bombay, British shorthair, Burmese, California spangled, Exotic
shorthair, Havana brown, Korat, Manx (may be longhair or shorthair), Oriental (many
different color groups), Rex, Russian blue, Siamese (further divided on the basis
of color in their points), Singapura, Somali, and Tonkinese. In addition, there is
the Sphinx cat, or Canadian hairless.
c. fancy a term used in reference to breeders, registration bodies, clubs and societies,
and any other groups sharing a common interest in cats (cat fanciers).
c. flu see feline viral respiratory disease complex, feline
Calicivirus
infection, feline viral rhinotracheitis.
c. foot in dog conformation describes a round, compact foot with tightly bunched,
arched toes.
c. plague see feline panleukopenia.
pouting c. see fat-chin.
c. pox see feline cowpox.
scabby c. disease feline miliary dermatitis.
c. scratch fever see cat-scratch disease.
swimming c. see Turkish van.
cat-scratch disease a benign, subacute, regional lymphadenitis of humans caused by
Bartonella henselae carried by cats and their fleas; more serious illness occurs rarely,
but particularly in severely immunosuppressed individuals. Usually associated with
a scratch or bite of a cat or a scratch from a surface contaminated by a cat. Called
also benign lymphoreticulosis.
cat(a)- word element. [Gr.] down, lower, under, against, along with, very.
catabasis the stage of decline of a disease.
catabiosis the natural senescence of cells.
catabolic [kat″
-bol′ik] see catabolism.
fractional c. rate the percentage of an available pool of body component, e.g., protein,
iron, which is replaced, transferred or lost per unit of time. Takes account of the
size of the pool of available metabolite in determining the absolute amount of it
that is lost or transferred. Same principle applies in fractional transfer rate.
catabolin one of the monokine group of substances which stimulates bone resorption
but only in the presence of osteoblasts. Called also IL-1, interleukin-1.
catabolism [k
-tab′o-liz-
m] any destructive process by which complex substances are converted by living cells
into simpler compounds, with release of energy. See also metabolism.
catabolite [k
-tab′o-līt] a compound produced in catabolism.
catacrotism [k
-tak′ro-tiz-
m] a pulse anomaly in which a small additional wave or notch appears in the descending
limb of the pulse tracing.
catadicrotism [kat″
-di′kro-tiz-
m] a pulse anomaly in which two small additional waves or notches appear in the descending
limb of the pulse tracing.
catadromous fish living most of their lives in fresh water, but entering marine waters
to spawn. Compare with anadromous.
catadromy migration of fish, as subadults or adults, from fresh to sea water.
catagen [kat′
-j
n] a period of regression in the cycle of hair growth from active growth (anagen)
to resting (telogen).
Catahoula leopard dog an American dog breed, named after a parish in Louisiana where
it was used to herd hogs, but is now used for cattle. It is a large dog (50–90 lb)
with a distinctive short, merled black, red, or brown coat, which can be coarse, smooth
or woolly. Heterochromia is common and congenital deafness occurs. Called also Catahoula
hog dog, Catahoula cur. The state dog of Louisiana.
Catalan ass a Spanish black, dark gray or brown donkey with paler underline.
Catalan sheepdog a medium-sized (44 lb) dog with a rough, long, flat or wavy, fawn,
sable or gray coat covering the body and face. A breed recognized by the Kennel Club
UK.
catalase [kat′
-lās] a heme-containing enzyme, found in most living organisms; specifically catalyzes
the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Catalase deficiency (acatalasemia, hypocatalasemia)
is an inherited trait, found in Beagles and American foxhounds; causes oral ulceration
and other organ and metabolic dysfunction.
c. test the reaction is used as a test in the identification of bacteria as catalase-positive
or catalase-negative.
catalepsy [kat′
-lep″se] a condition of diminished responsiveness usually characterized by a trancelike
state and constantly maintained immobility, often with flexibilitas cerea (a waxy
rigidity of muscles). In humans, the patient with catalepsy may remain in one position
for minutes, days, or even longer.
cataleptiform resembling catalepsy.
catalysis [k
-tal′
-sis] increase in the velocity of a chemical reaction or process produced by the presence
of a substance that is not consumed in the net chemical reaction or process; negative
catalysis denotes the slowing down or inhibition of a reaction or process by the presence
of such a substance.
covalent c. one type of enzyme reaction with substrates forming very unstable, covalently
joined enzyme–substrate complexes that undergo further reaction.
catalyst [kat′
-list] any substance that brings about catalysis.
catalytic constant [kat″
-lit′ik] first-order rate constant (kcat) reflecting the turnover number of the enzyme,
or the number of molecules of substrate converted to product per unit time, when the
enzyme is working at maximum efficiency. Called also turnover number.
catalyze [kat′
-līz] to cause or produce catalysis.
catamnesis [kat″am-ne′sis] the follow-up history of a patient after discharge from
treatment or a hospital; seldom used in veterinary medicine.
cataphora semicoma or somnolence punctuated by periods of partial consciousness.
cataphoresis [kat″
-f
-re′sis] in electrophoresis, the movement of charged particles toward the cathode,
or negative pole.
cataphoria [kat″
-for′e-] a downward turning of the visual axes of both eyes after visual functional
stimuli have been removed.
cataphylaxis [kat″
-f
-lak′sis] deterioration of the body’s natural defense caused by an infection
cataplasia [kat″
-pla′zh] atrophy with tissues reverting to earlier, or more embryonic conditions.
cataplasm [kat′
-plaz″
m] see poultice.
cataplexy [kat′
-plek″se] a condition, often associated with narcolepsy; marked by abrupt attacks
of a loss of voluntary muscular function (flaccid paralysis), except those controlling
respiration and eye movement. Observed in dogs, cats, and horses, especially Shetland
ponies. In dogs, these have been precipitated by extreme excitement, vigorous physical
or sexual activity. Usually of short duration. Most cases are idiopathic, but can
be associated with lesions of the brainstem.
C-20:
Congenital cataract in a foal.
From McAuliffe, S.B., Slovis, N.M., Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of the Foal,
Saunders, 2008.
food-elicited c. test used to diagnose cataplexy in which 10 small pieces of food
are placed 30 cm apart in a line on the floor. Normal dogs will eat all pieces in
less than 1 minute while cataplectic dogs take longer than this due to one or more
attacks of cataplexy.
cataract [kat′
-rakt] opacity of the ocular lens or its capsule or both. May affect the entire lens
or be localized, e.g., posterior polar cataract. May result from ocular injuries,
exposure to great heat or radiation, diabetes mellitus, chronic uveitis or inherited
factors. Rare in cattle and swine, common in dogs. Treatment consists of surgical
removal of the lens (lens extraction or cataract extraction).
acquired c. any noncongenital cataract; usually inherited or the result of trauma,
diabetes mellitus, or chronic uveitis.
after-c. any membrane over the pupillary area after extraction of the lens, due to
posterior capsule wrinkling and lens fiber regrowth. More notable in young animals.
See secondary cataract (below).
capsular c. cataract involving the lens capsule.
congenital c. present at birth; sometimes non progressive, not always inherited.
cortical c. a cataract involving the posterior or anterior lens cortex. Relatively
common in dogs; inherited in many breeds. Posterior cortical cataracts are often associated
with progressive retinal atrophy.
developmental c. one that occurs at any age before the animal becomes an adult.
diabetic c. one associated with diabetes mellitus.
electric c. one caused by electrical current as in electrocution.
embryonal c. one caused by prenatal influences.
galactosemic c. see galactosemia.
hyaloid c. a focal opacity at the point where the hyaloid artery meets the posterior
lens capsule. See also Mittendorf’s dot.
hypermature c. one in which the lens has begun to mineralize and resorb with subsequent
leakage of lens proteins. This, in turn, is associated with lens-induced uveitis.
immature c. cataract occupying less than 100% of the lens.
incipient c. a very small cataract causing no detectable impairment of vision.
inherited c. cataract proven or suspected to have a genetic basis; occurs in a number
of breeds of all common domestic species, sometimes in combination with other abnormalities
of the eye. Inherited cataracts can be congenital or acquired.
intumescent c. a mature cataract that has become swollen; typical of the rapid-onset
cataracts seen with diabetes mellitus in dogs.
juvenile c. one developing in very young animals, for example dogs less than 6 months
of age.
mature c. one involving 100% of the lens.
Morgagnian c. advanced stage of cataract progression seen in some cataracts and in
which liquefaction of the cortical lens fibers permits the nucleus to drop to the
bottom of the lens capsule, shrinkage of the lens capsule, and usually lens-induced
uveitis due to leakage of lens proteins.
nuclear c. one involving the nucleus of the lens; commonly congenital or nutritional
in origin.
nutritional c. cataract occurring as a result of a nutritional cause such as arginine
deficiency. See also galactosemia.
polar c. cortical cataract involving the anterior or posterior pole of the lens.
radiation c. one caused by radiation, as in radiotherapy.
secondary c. 1. a membrane over the pupillary area after surgical extraction of the
lens, due to posterior capsule wrinkling and lens fiber regrowth. More notable in
young animals. 2. noninherited cataract.
senile c. cataract that occurs as a result of normal aging in all species, typically
accompanied by nuclear sclerosis.
subcapsular c. cataract occurring immediately beneath the lens capsule; may be anterior
or posterior.
suture-line c. cataract involving the “Y” suture lines where lens fibers meet. Can
be in the anterior or posterior lens cortex or nucleus.
toxic c. one caused by exposure to a toxic substance.
traumatic c. one caused by trauma.
cataracta [kat″
-rak′t] [L.] cataract.
cataractogenic [kat″
-rak″to-jen′ik] tending to induce cataract forma-tion.
catarrh [k
-tahr′] inflammation of a mucous membrane (particularly of the head and throat), with
free discharge.
bovine malignant c. see malignant catarrhal fever.
catarrhal [k
-tahr′
l] having the characteristic of catarrh.
bovine c. fever see malignant catarrhal fever.
ovine c. fever see bluetongue.
catarrhine [kat′
-rīn] a member of the parvorder Catarrhini of primates. The Old World monkeys and
apes, native to Africa and Asia, all have down-facing nostrils and lack prehensile
tails.
catastrophe theory the mathematical basis for the study of large changes in a total
system which may result from small changes in a critical variable in the system.
catatricrotism [kat″
-tri′kro-tiz-
m] a pulse anomaly in which three small additional waves or notches appear in the
descending limb of the pulse tracing.
Catatropis
a genus of intestinal flukes (digenetic trematodes) of the family Notocotylidae. Includes
Catatropis verrucosa (avian ceca).
catching pens small enclosures in the shearing shed from which the sheep are dragged
onto the shearing floor to be shorn.
catchment area 1. the geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries. 2.
the region from which the data in a particular study are drawn. More commonly called
study area.
catechol [kat′
-kol] a compound, o-dehydroxybenzene, used as a reagent and comprising the aromatic
portion in the synthesis of catecholamines. Previously known as pyrocatechol.
catecholamine [kat″
-kol′
-mēn] any of a group of sympathomimetic amines (including dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline),
and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)), the aromatic portion of whose molecule is catechol.
The catecholamines play an important role in the body’s physiological response to
stress. Their release at sympathetic nerve endings increases the rate and force of
muscular contraction of the heart, thereby increasing cardiac output; constricts peripheral
blood vessels, resulting in elevated blood pressure; elevates blood glucose concentrations
by hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogenolysis; and promotes an increase in blood lipids
by increasing the catabolism of fats.
c.-depleting agents cause depletion of neuronal stores of norepinephrine (noradrenaline),
thereby reducing adrenergic responses, e.g., reserpine.
catecholaminergic [kat″
-kol-
m″in-ur′jik] activated by or secreting catecholamines.
c. receptor there are a variety of receptors that react differently with each of the
catecholamine agonists and antagonists. It is therefore possible to blockade these
receptors selectively.
catechu [kat′
-ku] a powerful astringent formerly used internally for the treatment of diarrhea.
Contains 25% to 35% catechutannic acid. Prepared from the heartwood of the leguminous
tree Acacia catechu.
categorical data data relating to category such as qualitative data, e.g., dog, cat,
female. It may be nominal when a name is used, e.g., location, breed, or ordinal when
a range of categories is used, e.g., calf, yearling, cow.
caterpillar [kat′
r-pil″
r] the larval stage of insects of the Lepidoptera family. Contact with caterpillars,
their nests or airborne bristles can cause intense skin irritation; in dogs, particularly
on the lips, muzzle and tongue.
army c. see
Pseudoletia separata
.
c. cell see Anitschkow cell.
Eastern tent c. (Malacosoma americanum) is the suspected cause of mare reproductive
loss syndrome. Eggs overwinter on branches in large egg masses and hatch to form larvae
that live as social insects in ‘tents’ from which they emerge to feed on leaves until
approximately 2 inches in 4 to 6 weeks, after which they pupate to form a moth. Larvae
(caterpillars) are hairy and black with a white stripe on the back and yellow stripes
on the sides. Moths are red/brown with two diagonal stripes on each wing.
hairy c. elongated mucosal erosions occur in mouths of horses grazing pasture infested
with hairy caterpillars. See also erosive stomatitis.
Processionary c.
Ochrogaster lunifer (bag shelter moth). Cause of equine amnionitis and fetal loss
syndrome in Australia; Grey and hairy with a brown head; so called because they commonly
walk in processions.
catfish [kat′fish] primitive, eel-like, freshwater fish; naked or covered with spines
or plates but not scales, and with characteristic barbels, the slender, whisker-like
structures around the mouth (‘cat’s whiskers’). Members of the suborder Siluriformes,
catfish are divided into many families, genera and species, including the blue catfish
(Ictalurus furcatus) and channel catfish (I. punctatus), important in aquaculture,
and Corydoras spp., which are popular as aquarium fish. See also
Ictalurus
and
Ameiurus
(the bullheads).
ghost c. see
Kryptopterus
.
glass c. Kryptopterus
spp.
catgut [kat′gut] an absorbable sterile strand derived from the intestinal submucosa
of sheep and fixed in formalin, used as a surgical ligature and suture.
chromic c. treated with basic chromate salts; the suture does not absorb as much water
as ordinary catgut and has a longer life and is stronger than the untreated product.
Catha edulis
[kath′
] small, rare African tree of the family Celastraceae. Contains an unidentified toxin
which causes depression, muscle spasms and dysentery. The leaves are chewed by humans
for their narcotic effect. Called also khat, gat, caffa.
Cathaemasiidae a family of alimentary tract flukes (digenetic trematodes) of birds.
Catharanthus
a genus of the plant family of Apocynaceae; contains an unidentified toxin that causes
incoordination and convulsions; includes C. pusillus (Vinca pusilla, lochnera pusilla,
milagaipoondu), C. roseus.
C. roseus
source of vincine alkaloids used in cancer chemotherapy; called also Madagascan periwinkle,
Vinca rosea.
catharsis [k
-thahr′sis] a cleansing or purgation.
Cathartes aura
turkey vulture, or turkey buzzard, a large New World Vulture, widespread in the Americas.
See vulture.
cathartic [k
-thahr′tik] an agent that stimulates bowel evacuation.
bulk c. one stimulating bowel evacuation by increasing fecal volume.
irritant c. a contact irritant that directly or indirectly causes diarrhea. May cause
potentially fatal colitis and laminitis in horses, so the use of these cathartic agents
should be avoided in horses.
lubricant c. one that acts by softening the feces and lubricating the exterior of
the fecal mass, thereby reducing friction between the feces and the intestinal wall.
osmotic c. agent that retains or attracts water into the intestinal lumen, thereby
producing softer feces; may also indirectly stimulate intestinal motor activity; includes
saline cathartic (below).
saline c. one that increases fluidity of intestinal contents by retention of water
by osmotic forces and indirectly increases motor activity.
stimulant c. one that directly increases motor activity of the intestinal tract.
cathepsin [k
-thep′sin] any of a group of proteinases (cathepsins A-G) found in most cells, which
takes part in cell autolysis and self-digestion of tissues. Includes serine, aspartic,
and cysteine proteases.
c. D an acid hydrolase isolated from cartilage that plays a part in the endogenous
degradation of proteoglycans in degenerative diseases of joints.
catheter [kath′
-t
r] a tubular, usually flexible, instrument, passed through body channels or inserted
through the skin for withdrawal of fluids from or introduction of fluids into a body
cavity or blood vessel.
angiographic c. a long catheter via which a contrast medium is injected for visualization
of the vascular system. Such catheters may have preformed ends to facilitate selective
locating (as in a renal or coronary vessel) from a remote entry site. They may be
named according to the site of entry and destination, such as femoral–renal and brachial–coronary.
arterial c. one inserted into an artery and utilized as part of a catheter–transducer–monitor
system to continuously observe the blood pressure of critically ill patients. An arterial
catheter also may be inserted for x-ray studies of the arterial system and for delivery
of chemotherapeutic agents directly into the arterial supply of malignant tumors.
balloon tipped c. a type of catheter incorporating a small balloon that may be introduced
into a canal, duct, or blood vessel and then inflated in order to clear an obstruction
or dilate a narrowed region eg., pulmonary stenosis valvuloplasty. Balloon-tipped
catheters may also be used to retain a catheter within a hollow viscus for the purpose
of drainage or introduction of therapeutics or nutrition. See Foley catheter below.
C-21:
Butterfly catheter.
Sonsthagen, T. Veterinary Instruments and Equipment: A Pocket Guide, 3rd Edition.
Mosby, 2013.
butterfly c. a metal needle with flexible plastic ‘wings’ and a short length of tubing.
The ‘wings’ assist in placement and facilitate fixation with tape.
cardiac c. a long, fine catheter especially designed for passage, usually through
a peripheral blood vessel, into the chambers of a heart under fluoroscopic guidance.
See also cardiac catheterization. used interchangeably with angiographic c.
cardiac biopsy c. introduced intravenously under the direction of fluoroscopy, can
be positioned in the right or left ventricle and an endocardial biopsy obtained.
central venous c. a long, fine catheter inserted into a vein and advance until its
tip is reaches the right atrium in order to administer parenteral fluids through a
large blood vessel (as in parenteral nutrition), antibiotics and other therapeutic
agents. This type of catheter is also used in the measurement of central venous pressure.
See also central venous catheterization.
column disk c. an indwelling device for continuous peritoneal dialysis. It is implanted
within the peritoneal cavity, resting against the body wall. The attached Silastic
tubing is used for infusing and draining the dialysate at intervals.
double-lumen c. one having two channels
c. drainage a catheter left in place to keep the bladder or other structure drained.
Preferably should have a one-way valve to avoid aspiration of air and infection.
elbowed c. a catheter bent at an angle near the beak.
Foley c. a thin, sterile tube made from rubber or silicone with a balloon tip. Frequently
inserted into the bladder to drain urine, or used as a feeding (enterostomy) tube.
Because it can be left in place in the bladder or gastrointestinal tract for a period
of time, it is also called an indwelling catheter.
indwelling c. one especially designed so that it is held in place in the urethra for
the purpose of draining urine from the bladder.
nasal c. placed in the nasal cavity through a nostril; a means of delivering oxygen
therapy.
over-the-needle c. a type of catheter where a large-bore sharp needle (stilette) is
contained within the lumen of the catheter with the needle tip extending farther than
the catheter tip to facilitate placement. Typically, the catheter is inserted into
a vascular space and advanced and the stilette withdrawn, leaving the plastic cannula
in situ.
self-retaining c. one constructed to remain in the bladder or other hollow organ,
effecting constant drainage. The catheter tip is usually shaped as a pigtail or has
a balloon tip.
through-the-needle the catheter is housed within the needle that is used to enter
the blood vessel. After insertion, the needle may be removed by withdrawing, but leaving
the catheter in place. A protective housing may be provided to cover the needle.
tracheal c. one with small holes at the terminal 1 inch, especially designed for removal
of secretions during tracheal suctioning.
ureteral c. a long, extremely small gauge catheter designed for insertion directly
into a ureter.
urethral c. any of various types of catheters designed for insertion via the urethra
into the urinary bladder. See also catheterization.
catheterization [kath″
-tur″-ľ-za′sh
n] passage of a catheter into a body channel or cavity. Common usage of the term is
in reference to the introduction of a catheter via the urethra into the urinary bladder
(transurethral catherization) or placement of a catheter in a peripheral vein. See
also cardiac catheterization and central venous catheterization.
balloon c. see balloon valvuloplasty.
catheterize [kath′
-t
r-īz] to introduce a catheter into a body cavity, usually into the urinary bladder
for the withdrawal of urine.
cathode [kath′ōd] the negative electrode, from which electrons are emitted and to
which positive ions are attracted.
c. beam, c. ray the beam of electrons, accompanied by high electrical potential that
flows from the cathode to the anode in the x-ray tube and interacts with the tungsten
target to produce x-rays.
c. filament the source of electrons in the cathode tube. The electrons interact with
the anode target to produce x-rays.
cathomycin [kath′o-mi″sin] see novobiocin.
cation [kat′i-on] an ion carrying a positive charge. In serum and in calculation of
anion gap, the measured major cations are Na+ and K+; the minor anions, (usually unmeasured)
include Ca2+ and Mg2+.
c.–anion balance the balance in serum or plasma between the anions and cations must
equilibrate near to the concentration of 155 mEq/L. Estimation of any imbalance, usually
by chloride and bicarbonate measurement, is basic to any determination of acid–base
abnormality. See also anion gap.
c. channels channels through selectively permeable membranes via which only cations
can migrate.
c.-exchange resin ion-exchange resin.
cation-exchange chromatography see ion-exchange chromatography.
cationic [kat″i-on′ik] related to or being a cation; having a positive charge.
c. detergents are wetting agents that disrupt or damage cell membranes, denature proteins
and inactivate enzymes. Examples are the quaternary ammonium compounds.
catnip [kat′nip] a plant in the mint family (Nepeta cataria) that contains the volatile
terpenoid, nepetalactone. It has distinctive aromatic qualities that are particularly
attractive to cats, inducing behavior that is variously described as sexual, playful,
and sometimes as hallucinatory. Often included in stuffed toys marketed for the domestic
cat. Used as a tea in Western herbal medicine.
Catostomus commersoni
the common sucker fish (North America), a secondary host for Metorchis conjunctus,
a fluke of cats and dogs.
catpox [kat′poks] see feline cowpox infection.
cat’s ear Hypochaeris radicata
.
catshead, catshead burr see catshead burr.
cattalo produced in Canada by mating British beef bulls to bison cows. See also beefalo.
cattery a housing facility for cats; usually for boarding or breeding.
cattle members of the family Bovidae. There are wild cattle (Bibos spp.) including
Banteng, Gaur, and Gayal. They resemble domestic cattle but have a hump on their back.
Domestic cattle are all members of the Bos genus. There are two species: Bos taurus
or European or British breeds of cattle, and Bos indicus, the Zebu or oriental domestic
cattle. The common breeds of each are set out below. Interbreeding between the species
is common, the offspring being called taurindicus or zeboid cattle.
beef c. breeds of cattle bred especially for the economic production of meat. See
beef breeds.
c. breeding herds commercial cattle herds that produce beef calves for sale to fatteners.
fat c. a class of beef cattle of any age but usually greater than 1 year, well-covered
and judged ready for slaughter to provide prime cuts of beef.
commercial c. cattle used to produce milk or meat for the general market.
company c. feedlot term for cattle are owned and fed by the feedlot as opposed to
custom fed cattle where the feedlot feeds, manages and markets cattle for customers
for a fee.
conditioned c. see preconditioning.
c. cycle increase and decrease in herd size over time as a result of cow-calf producers’
response to high or low cattle prices. The cycle usually lasts between 8 and 12 years.
dairy c. cattle used solely for the production of dairy products. Called also milk
or milch cows. See dairy breeds.
c. dog dogs used to herd and work cattle. See Australian cattle dog, Stumpy-tail cattle
dog, working dogs.
dual-purpose c. most breeds of cattle in continental Europe are of this type. They
produce heavy yields of milk and are also good carcass cattle. See dual-purpose.
eared c. cattle with Brahman blood; refers to the length of the ears but usually used
as a term of reference to their heat resistance.
feeder c. steers or heifers mature enough to be placed in a feedlot to be fattened
prior to slaughter; usually 600–900 lb at entry.
grade c. purebred cattle that are not registered. For example, most dairy herds are
comprised of purebred cattle, but they are not registered.
grass c. feedlot term for cattle grown on grass prior to placement in the feedlot
and not backgrounded.
green c. cattle with low condition.
high-risk c. term for cattle expected to experience significant disease when accepted
into the feedlot and in which morbidity and death loss in excess of 20% and 1.5%,
respectively, may occur. Usually because of young age, long transport, and risk factor
predisposition to respiratory diseases.
light c. store class cattle off range and destined for movement onto irrigated pasture
or into feedlot for fattening.
low risk c. cattle expected to experience minimal health problems at the feedlot because
of their age, background or preconditioning.
c. on feed US survey census term for cattle at the time of the survey that are being
fed a ration of grain, silage, hay and/or protein supplement and that will be shipped
from their current location directly to slaughter market.
pedigree c. cattle that are registered in a recognized stud book.
purebred c. cattle produced by matings between members of the same breed, not necessarily
pedigreed cattle.
put together c. feedlot term for a group of cattle assembled from various sources
rather than one single ranch; at greater risk for disease.
retained c. calves retained on a farm after weaning as stockers.
stud c. pedigree cattle maintained as a separate herd, whose offspring are often sold
as breeders, forming a major source of income for the enterprise.
young c. farmers’ term for weaned calves, yearlings and 2-year-old cattle.
cattle grid see stock guard.
cattle plague see rinderpest.
cattle tick fever see babesiosis. Called also Texas fever, redwater fever.
catvities cat cavities; see feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions.
Caucasian brown cattle brown with dark markings, dual-purpose cattle from Russia.
cauda [kaw′d
] pl. caudae [L.] a tail or tail-like appendage.
c. equina the collection of spinal roots that stream caudally from the end of the
spinal cord and occupy the vertebral canal.
c. equina compression see lumbosacral stenosis.
c. equina syndrome see cauda equina neuritis.
c. helicis caudal process of the helix of the ear of the dog.
cauda equina neuritis [kaw′d
] a syndrome of nonsuppurative inflammation of the nerve trunks of the cauda equina
in horses. It is characterized by paralysis of the tail, flaccidity of the anus and
rectum which can lead to fecal incontinence, paralysis of the bladder sometimes with
urinary incontinence, paresthesia or anesthesia of the tail and perineum, and incoordination
of the hindlimbs. There can also be involvement of isolated cranial nerves. Called
also polyneuritis equi.
caudad [kaw′dad] directed toward the tail or distal end; opposite of cephalad.
caudal [kaw′d
l] 1. pertaining to a cauda. 2. situated more toward the cauda, or tail, than some
specified reference point; toward the inferior (in humans) or hinder (in animals)
end of the body. See also posterior.
c. anesthesia a type of regional anesthesia in which an anesthetic is injected into
the caudal area of the spinal canal through the sacrococcygeal intervertebral space
or between the first and second coccygeal vertebrae. It affects the caudal nerve roots,
and renders the cervix, vagina and perineum insensitive to pain. See also epidural
anesthesia.
c. cervical instability see cervical spondylomyelopathy (wobbler syndrome).
c. cervical malformation/malarticulation see cervical spondylomyelopathy (wobbler
syndrome).
c. fold test the single intradermal (SID) fold tuberculin test for tuberculosis.
c. impression of liver the renal impression.
c. sheath part of the maturation process of spermatid to spermatozoa; a caudal sheath
of microtubules develops at the caudal edge of the head cap. Called also manchette.
c. tailfold when the cow’s tail is lifted there are two, rarely a single central,
folds of skin from the edges of the ventral surface of the tail to beside the anus.
The site of injection and a control for the single intradermal test. See also caudal
fold test (above).
c. tract usually refers to the tubular part of the female genital tract.
c. vena caval thrombosis in cattle, thrombosis of the caudal vena cava arises from
a hepatic abscess. The commonest result is the subsequent shedding of emboli and the
development of a chronic pulmonary disease often terminated by massive pulmonary hemorrhage
and bleeding to death through the mouth and nostrils. Others suffer a chronic course
with anemia, dyspnea, and persistent cough and are euthanatized because of cachexia
and prolonged distress.
caudate [kaw′dāt] having a tail.
caudatum the caudate nucleus.
caudectomy [kaw-dek′t
-me] removal of a tail; sophisticated terminology for tail docking as practiced in
dogs.
cosmetic c. done to conform with breed standards.
epididymal c. see epididymectomy.
therapeutic c. done for medical reasons, usually traumatic injury, infection or neoplasm.
caul, caul fat [kawl] meat hygiene term for the omentum and its contained fat depots.
Caucasian Ovcharka a large (102–160 lb), powerful, heavy-boned working dog with a
bear-like appearance. The head is large, the ears may be cropped and the tail is long
and plumed. There is thick, long or short coat in gray, fawn or red with a dark mask.
Called also Caucasian sheep dog, Caucasian shepherd.
cauliflower Brassica
oleracea var. botrytis.
c. saltwort Salsola
tuberculatiformis.
causal [kaw′z
l] relating to or emanating from cause. The combination of necessary and sufficient
factors, that is attributes and exposures, which alone or in combination, at some
time during an individual’s life, inevitably result in disease in that individual.
c. association a noxious agent is said to have a causal association with a particular
disease when it can be shown that it plays some role in producing the occurrence of
the disease. Generally, strength of association, biological information, biologic
plausibility, and statistical information are combined to infer causal associations.
In a direct causal association, the factor exerts its effect in the absence of intermediary
risk factors. This is uncommon. In an indirect causal relationship, the factor exerts
its effect via intermediary risk factors.
c. inference preliminary diagnosis.
c. modeling construction of models that set out the various relationships between
causal agents and the initiation of a disease.
causality the relationship between cause and effects.
principle of c. the postulate that every phenomenon has a cause or causes, i.e., that
events do not occur at random but in accordance with physical laws so that, in principle,
causes can be found for each effect.
causation [kaw″za′sh
n] the relation of cause to effect.
c. analysis comparison of the rate of occurrence of the disease in animals that were
exposed to the suspected agent to the occurrence rate in animals that were not so
exposed.
multiple c. a disease inwhich a combination, or alternative combinations, of causes,
are required to produce it. Called also multifactorial etiology.
cause [kawz] an event, condition or characteristics that plays an essential role in
producing an occurrence of the disease.
constitutional c. an inherent characteristic of the patient. Usually a systemic defect,
e.g., protoporphyria.
direct c. there must be no known variable intervening between the suspect factor and
the disease.
endogenous c. the cause comes from within the patient. See also constitutional cause
(above).
exogenous c. the cause comes from outside the patient, e.g., a virus infection.
indirect c. all causes other than the direct cause (see above).
host c. see endogenous cause (above).
necessary c. a minimal combination of risk factors that may be associated with the
agent, the host, and the environment that produce disease. There can be a different
set of sufficient causes for the same disease. An example would be respiratory disease
in housed calves.
precipitating c. the trigger mechanism that initiates the commencement of the disease
state.
predisposing c. a mechanism that makes a patient more susceptible to the precipitating
cause.
primary c. the principal factor in causing the disease.
secondary c. a factor that assists the primary cause. A cause of secondary importance.
specific c. the single cause in a single cause–single disease relationship.
sufficient c. a risk factor essential for the cause of a disease, although its occurrence
does not necessarily cause disease. An example would be the clostridial enterotoxemias.
caustic [kaws′tik] 1. burning or corrosive; destructive to tissue. 2. having a burning
taste. 3. a corrosive or escharotic agent.
c. bush Sarcostemma
spp.
bottle tree c. Eremophila
spp.
c. creeper Euphorbia
drummondii,
Sarcostemma
spp.
lunar c. toughened silver nitrate.
c. pencil see silver nitrate (toughened).
c. plant Sarcostemma
spp.
c. potash potassium hydroxide.
c. soda sodium hydroxide.
c. treated grain grain treated with caustic agent to improve its digestibility; can
cause abomasal ulcer and interstitial nephritis in cattle.
c. treated roughage roughage treated with caustic to improve its digestibility; can
cause interstitial nephritis when fed to cows over long periods.
c. vine Sarcostemma
spp. Called also caustic bush.
c. weed Euphorbia
drummondii.
cauterant [kaw′t
r-
nt] any caustic material or application.
cauterization [kaw″t
r-ľ-za′sh
n] destruction of tissue with a cautery.
cautery [kaw′t
r-e] 1. the application of a caustic agent, a hot instrument, an electric current,
or other agent to destroy tissue. 2. an agent so used.
cold c. cauterization by carbon dioxide, called also cryocautery.
CAV canine adenovirus.
CAV-1 canine adenovirus type 1; the cause of infectious canine hepatitis.
CAV-2 canine adenovirus type 2; a cause of canine respiratory disease.
cava [ka′v
] [L.] 1. plural of cavum.
2. a vena cava.
cavagram contrast imaging of a vena cava.
caval syndrome [ka′v
l sin′drōm] syndrome caused by the presence of large number of heartworms (Dirofilaria
immitis) in the posterior vena cava that can lead to the sudden onset of signs of
hemolytic anemia and liver failure, often without preceding cardiopulmonary signs.
Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy is a common complication, and the case fatality
rate is high. Called also vena caval syndrome.
caval vessels [ka′v
l ves′
ls] the principal vessels draining blood to the right atrium of the heart from the
body; the cranial and caudal caval vessels drain blood of quadrupeds, the superior
and inferior caval vessels drain the blood of bipeds. See also vena cava and Table
14.
cavaletti 1. a small, portable jump for schooling horses. Constructed of light poles,
4–6 ft long, resting on a cross of timber at each end so that the pole is 12–18 inches
above the ground. 2. parallel rails placed as obstacles used in physical therapy of
small animals.
Cavalier King Charles spaniel a small (13–18 lb) dog with prominent eyes, short nose,
and floppy ears. The haircoat is long and silky. Several colors or combinations are
recognized: black and tan, ruby (rich chestnut red), Blenheim (white with chestnut
red patches), and tricolor (called Prince Charles in the US) (white with black patches
and tan markings). Similar to, but larger than, the King Charles spaniel, and with
a longer nose (at least 1.5 inches long). The breed suffers from mitral valvular disease,
syringomyelia, Chiari-like malformation and the neurological condition known as episodic
falling. Called also Cavi.
cave sickness [kāv] histoplasmosis.
caveola [ka-ve-o′l
] pl. caveolae [L.] one of the minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed
during pinocytosis.
caveolae membrane-lined cavities.
caveolated cell flask-shaped cells characterized by an apical tubulovesical system
or tuft that are scattered through the epithelial cells of the intestines and respiratory
tract. Called also tuft cells.
caverna [ka-vur′n
] pl. cavernae [L.] a cavity.
cavernitis [kav″
r-ni′tis] inflammation of the corpora cavernosa or corpus spongiosum of the penis.
cavernoma [kav″
r-no′m] cavernous hemangioma. See also hemangioma.
cavernosal venal shunt [kav″
r-no′s
l] vascular shunt between the corpus cavernosum penis and the exterior circulation
of the penis. Too many of them results in inability to erect the penis.
cavernositis [kav″
r-no-si′tis] cavernitis; inflammation of the corpus cavernosum penis.
cavernosogram a radiographic image of the vascular system in a penis. Radiopaque contrast
material is injected into the corpus cavernosum penis and a series of radiographs
taken.
cavernostomy [kav″
r-nos′t
-me] operative drainage of a pulmonary abscess of the lung.
cavernous [kav′
r-n
s] pertaining to a hollow, or containing hollow spaces.
c. hemangioma histological variant of cutaneous hemangioma, comprised of large blood-filled
chambers.
c. sinus see cavernous sinus.
cavesson a leather head harness including a cheek strap that goes over the poll and
supports a noseband that usually goes right around the head, and a brow band. Used
as a point of attachment for a martingale or a leading shank. See also noseband.
Cavia
[ka′ve-
] a genus of the rodent of the subfamily Caviidae, the guinea pigs or cavies.
C. porcellus
see guinea pig.
Caviacoptes caviae
see
Trixacarus
caviae.
cavitary [kav′ľ-tar″e] characterized by the presence of a cavity or cavities.
cavitas [kav′ľ-t
s] pl. cavitates [L.] cavity.
cavitate formation of cavities.
cavitation [kav″ľ-ta′sh
n] the formation of cavities; also, a cavity.
cavitis [ka-vi′tis] inflammation of a vena cava.
cavity [kav′ľ-te] 1. a hollow or space, or a potential space, within the body (e.g.,
abdominal cavity) or one of its organs (e.g., cranial cavity). 2. in teeth, either
the space occupied by dental pulp and surrounded by developing dentin or the lesion
produced by dental caries. See also dental cavity (below).
absorption c’s cavities in developing compact bone due to osteoclastic erosion, usually
occurring in the areas laid down first.
amniotic c. the closed sac between the embryo and the amnion, containing the amniotic
fluid.
cranial c. the space enclosed by the bones of the cranium.
dental c. 1. the central space, often branched or multiple in compound teeth, of each
tooth; carries the nerve and blood supplies to the teeth. 2. the defect caused by
decay on a tooth surface. Called also caries.
glenoid c. the shallow, socket-like depression in the ventral angle of the scapula
for articulation with the head of the humerus.
infraglottic c. the space in the larynx caudal to the vocal folds and rima glottides;
reflects the shape of the cricoid cartilage.
medullary (marrow) c. the cavity, containing marrow, in the diaphysis of a long bone;
called also medullary canal.
nasal c. the proximal part of the respiratory tract, within the nose, bisected by
the nasal septum and extending from the nares to the pharynx. Much of the cavity is
occupied by the turbinate bones or conchae that also divide it into dorsal, medial,
and ventral meatuses. The common meatus is the narrow, vertical passage close to the
nasal septum. The rostral end of the cavity just inside the nostril is the nasal vestibule,
and the caudal part opening into the pharynx is the nasopharyngeal meatus.
oral c. the cavity of the mouth, made up of a vestibule and oral cavity proper. See
also mouth.
pelvic c. the space within the walls of the pelvis.
pericardial c. the potential space between the epicardium and the parietal layer of
the serous pericardium.
peritoneal c. the potential space between the parietal and the visceral peritoneum.
pleural c. the potential space between the parietal and the visceral pleura.
pulp c. the pulp-filled central chamber in a tooth; called also dental cavity.
serous c. a celomic cavity, like that enclosed by the pericardium, peritoneum or pleura,
not communicating with the outside of the body and lined with a serous membrane, i.e.,
one that secretes a serous fluid.
tension c. cavities of the lung in which the air pressure is greater than that of
the atmosphere.
thoracic c. the space within the thoracic walls cranial to the diaphragm and caudal
to the base of the neck. Called also cavitas thoracica.
tympanic c. an air chamber in the tympanic bone medial to the tympanic membrane that
contains the ear ossicles; it is lined with mucous membrane and continuous with the
auditory tube; called also the cavity of the middle ear, cavum tympani, cavitas tympani.
uterine c. the Y-shaped potential space (lumen) within the uterus communicating cranially
on either side with the uterine tubes and caudally with the vagina. Called also cavum
uteri.
CAVM complementary and alternative veterinary medicine.
cavography [ka-vog′r
-fe] contrast radiography of the vena cava.
cavoodles a hybrid name used to describe dogs produced from crossing Cavalier King
Charles spaniels and Poodles. Called also cavapoo. Not a recognized breed. See designer
dogs.
cavum [ka′v
m] [L.] cavity.
c. conchae that part of the external ear canal supported by the deeper, conchal part
of the auricular cartilage.
c. tympani see tympanic cavity.
c. uteri see uterine cavity.
cavus [ka′v
s] [L.] hollow.
cavvy, cavy the group of saddle horses on a cattle ranch used to work cattle. Called
also remuda.
cavy [ka′ve] guinea pig, Cavia porcellus.
spotted c. see paca.
cayenne tick see
Amblyomma
cajennense.
cayuse the strong, hardy pony used by American Indians.
CBC complete blood (cell) count.
CBG corticosteroid-binding globulin.
CBH cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity.
CBP competitive protein binding.
CBPP see contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.
Cb
5R cytochrome-b
5 reductase. This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of Hgb-Fe3+ to Hgb in erythrocytes.
A deficiency disorder is noted in dogs and cats causing methemoglobinemia.
CC medical record abbreviation for chief complaint.
cc cubic centimeter, the volume contained in a cube of 1 cm on each side. Equal volume
to one milliliter; not recommended for handwritten medication-related documentation
as it is prone to error and can be misinterpreted as ‘u’ (units); mL or cm3 preferred.
CCD 1. colony collapse disorder. 2. charge-coupled device.
CCK, CCK–PZ see cholecystokinin.
CCL cranial cruciate ligament.
CCl4
see carbon tetrachloride.
CCNU see lomustine.
CCoV canine coronavirus.
CCPP contagious caprine pleuropneumonia.
CCS canine Cushing’s syndrome.
CCT craniocerebral trauma.
CCU critical care unit.
CD1 1. canine distemper. 2. curative dose; that which is sufficient to restore normal
health. 3. Companion Dog; the first level title earned in obedience trials.
CD cluster of differentiation or cell differentiation proteins; serve as cell surface
markers that define cell lineages or functions.
CD antigen a group of cell surface molecules that act as markers on leukocytes.
CD3 cell marker present on both helper (Th) and cytotoxic (Tc) T lymphocytes; a component
of the T cell receptor complex.
CD4 cell marker found on monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and helper (Th) and
regulatory (Treg) T lymphocytes; interacts with class II MCH molecules on antigen
presenting cells to assist in Th cell activation.
CD8 found on T cytotoxic and variably on NK lymphocytes; an adhesion molecule that
interacts with class I MHC molecules to assist Tc cell activation.
CD50
median curative dose; the dose at which signs of the disease were resolved in 50%
of the test group.
Cd 1. chemical symbol, cadmium.
2. caudal or coccygeal in a vertebral formula.
cd candela.
CD virus canine distemper virus.
CDAA allidochlor.
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
CDEC sulfallate.
Cdk cyclin-dependent protein kinase. A family of protein kinases that require cyclin
as a separate subunit for activity.
cDNA complementary DNA; copy DNA; a DNA copy synthesized from a single-stranded RNA
template (e.g., mRNA, viral RNA) by use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase; the cDNA
can then be cloned and amplified and introduced into an expression vector (e.g., plasmid).
cDNA library a collection of cloned, double-stranded, complementary DNA molecules
obtained by reverse transcription of mRNA.
CDP 1. cytidine diphosphate. 2. a cancer chemotherapy protocol that utilizes chlorambucil,
dactinomycin, and prednisone. A modification of the COP protocol with less severe
side effects and lower costs.
CDR complementarity-determining regions of a T-cell receptor or antibody.
CDS method calibrated dichotomous sensitivity test; a form of the disk diffusion antimicrobial
sensitivity test.
CDV canine distemper virus.
CDX Companion Dog Excellent; the second level title, after CD (Companion Dog), earned
in obedience trials. The next level award is Utility Dog (UD).
CE 1. continuing education. 2. client education.
Ce chemical symbol, cerium.
CEA carcinoembryonic antigen; collie eye anomaly; previously, canine erythrocyte antigen,
which is now replaced by dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA).
CEAH Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health.
Cebalges
members of the mange mite family Pseuralgidae. Includes Cebalges gaudi (primates).
ceca [se′k
] plural of cecum.
cecal [se′k
l] arising from or pertaining to the cecum.
c. blackhead see
Histomonas
meleagridis.
chicken c. worms
Heterakis, Subulura spp., Strongyloides avium, Trichostrongylus tenuis, Aulonocephalus
lindquisti.
c. coccidiosis see coccidiosis.
c. coliform granuloma a nodular condition of the intestines, liver and cecum.
c. dilatation a disease of cows that occurs soon after calving characterized by moderate
abdominal pain, reduction in fecal volume, and a distended viscus in the upper right
flank detectable externally or by rectal examination. Called also cecal dilatation
and torsion but the circulation of the organ is rarely compromised. In horses, it
is usually part of tympany of the large intestine. See flatulent colic.
c. dilatation and torsion see cecal dilatation (above).
c. impaction occurs in horses. Often first manifest as acute colic with cecal rupture
and death. Can occur as low-grade colic or be clinically inapparent. Predisposed to
by hospitalization. A feature of mucoid enteropathy in rabbits.
c. inflammation see typhlitis.
c. intussusception see intestinal obstruction colic, intussusception.
c. inversion see cecocolic intussusception.
c. rupture is a specific entity in horses because it occurs during the act of foaling.
Death occurs very quickly due to toxic shock.
c. torsion in cows is part of the syndrome of cecal dilatation. In horses constitutes
a very serious threat to life. See also intestinal obstruction colic, red gut syndrome.
c. tympany see cecal dilatation (above), flatulent colic.
cecectomy [se-sek′t
-me] excision of the cecum.
cecitis [se-si′tis] see typhlitis.
cec(o)- word element. [L.] relationship to cecum.
cecocele [se′ko-sēl] a hernia containing part of the cecum.
cecocolic [se″ko-kol′ik] pertaining to the cecum and the colon.
c. intussusception see cecocolic intussusception.
c. ostium opening between cecum and colon.
c. volvulus a rare occurrence in dogs and cats requiring aggressive supportive treatment
and surgery.
cecocolopexy [se″ko-ko′l
-pek″se] an operation for fixation or suspension of the cecum and ascending colon.
cecocolostomy [se″ko-k
-los′t
-me] surgical anastomosis of the cecum and the colon.
cecoileostomy [se″ko-il″e-os′t
-me] ileocecostomy; surgical anastomosis of the ileumto the cecum.
cecopexy [se′ko-pek″se] fixation or suspension of the cecum to correct excessive mobility.
cecoplication [se″ko-plľ-ka′sh
n] plication of the cecal wall to correct ptosis or dilatation. An inverting stitch,
e.g., Lembert, will also plicate the cecum. This could be used over a weakened wall
that is still viable, e.g., needle decompression site.
cecorrhaphy [se-kor′
-fe] suture or repair of the cecum.
cecostomy [se-kos′t
-me] surgical creation of an artificial opening or fistula into the cecum.
cecotomy [se-kot′
-me] incision of the cecum.
cecotrope soft, nutrient-dense fecal pellets that are produced by fermentation in
the cecum of rabbits and reingested directly from the anus; a process known as cecotrophy.
Called also night feces. See also coprophagia.
cecum [se′k
m] 1. the first or proximal part of the large intestine, forming a dilated pouch distal
to the ileum and proximal to the colon. There is a great deal of variation in the
relative size between species. The dog’s cecum is a small, coiled organ. In the horse,
it is a very large fermentation chamber stretching from the upper right flank to the
xiphoid process of the sternum. Birds are different again. They have a double cecum
that appears to compensate digestively for the absence of a significant colon. 2.
any blind pouch. See also cecal.
c. cupulare one of the blind ends of the cochlear duct of the inner ear; associated
with the cupula of the cochlea.
c. vestibulare the other blind end of the cochlear duct of the inner ear; associated
with its origin in the cochlear recess of the vestibule of the osseous labyrinth.
cecum–colon appertaining to the cecum and colon together.
c.–c. rupture rupture of the dorsal sac of the cecum or the colon in mares at foaling.
c.–c. tympany idiopathic in foals.
cefacetrile a first-generation or Group I cephalosporin antibiotic used in cattle
for the treatment of mastitis.
cefaclor [sef′
-klor] a second-generation, orally active cephalosporin antibiotic; see cephalosporins.
cefadroxil [sef″
-droks′il] a first-generation, orally active cephalosporin antibiotic; see cephalosporins.
cefalexin cephalexin
cefaloridine cephaloridine.
cefalotin cephalothin.
cefapirin cephapirin.
cefazolin a first-generation or Group I cephalosporin antibiotic. Also called cephazolin;
see cephalosporins.
cefdinir [sef′dľ-nir] a third-generation, orally administered cephalosporin effective
against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
cefepime [sef′
-pēm] a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with greater resistance to β-lactamases.
cefixime [s
-fik′sēm] a third-generation, orally active cephalosporin antibiotic; see cephalosporins.
cefmetazole [sef-met′
-zōl] a second-generation or Group IV cephalosporin antibiotic that is relatively
resistant to β-lactamase; see cephalosporins.
cefoperazone [sef″o-per′
-zōn] a third-generation or Group III cephalosporin antibiotic, active against; Pseudomonas
aeruginosa; see cephalosporins.
cefpodoxime a third-generation, orally active cephalosporin antibiotic, active against
most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (excluding Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
Used orally as the prodrug, cefpodoxime proxetil, for the treatment of pyoderma in
dogs.
cefotaxime [sef″o-tak′sēm] a third-generation, or Group II, cephalosporin antibiotic.
cefotetan [sef′o-te″t
n] a second-generation or Group IV cephalosporin antibiotic that is relatively resistant
to β-lactamase; see cephalosporins.
cefovecin a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum injectable cephalosporin antibiotic used
to treat skin infections in dogs and wounds and abscesses in cats.
cefoxitin [s
-fok′sľ-tin] a second-generation or Group IV cephalosporin antibiotic, especially
effective against gram-negative organisms, with strong resistance to degradation by
β-lactamase; see cephalosporins.
cefpodoxime proxetil [sef″po-dok′sēm prok′s
-til] a third-generation, orally active cephalosporin antibiotic, effective against
gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (except Pseudomonas aeruginosa); see cefpodoxime.
cefquinome a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic licensed for veterinary use
in Europe and the UK, but not in the US. It is used in cattle, pigs, and horses.
ceftazidime [sef′ta-zľ-dēm″] a third-generation or Group III cephalosporin antibiotic,
active mainly against gram-negative bacteria and particularly Pseudomonas.
ceftiofur [sef-ti′o-foor] a third-generation or Group II cephalosporin antibiotic,
active against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and widely used in large
animal species.
ceftizoxime [sef″tľ-zok′sēm] a third-generation or Group IV cephalosporin antibiotic;
see cephalosporins.
ceftriaxone [sef″tri-ak′sōn] a third-generation or Group II cephalosporin antibiotic;
see cephalosporins.
cefuroxime [sef″u-rok′sēm] a second-generation, orally administered cephalosporin
antibiotic.
cegadera see
Heterophyllaea pustulata
.
celandine a common name applied to plants in several genera.
greater c. see
Chelidonium majus
.
lesser c. Ranunculus
ficaria.
c. poppy
Stylophorum diphyllum
-cele 1. word element. [Gr.] tumor, hernia. 2. hollow, cavity. See also -coele.
celery Apium graveolens
.
celiac [se′le-ak] pertaining to the abdomen.
c. disease a malabsorption syndrome in humans due to gluten sensitivity, characterized
by marked atrophy and loss of function of the villi of the jejunum (and rarely, the
cecum). Called also celiac sprue, gluten-induced enteropathy, nontropical sprue, and
adult, childhood or infantile celiac disease. See also gluten-sensitive enteropathy
of Irish setters.
celiacomesenteric ganglion the autonomic ganglion enmeshed in the celiacomesenteric
plexus; located at origins of celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries.
celiectomy 1. excision of the celiac branches of the vagus nerve. 2. excision of an
abdominal organ.
celio- word element. [Gr.] abdomen, through the abdominal wall, cavity, hollow.
celiocentesis puncture into the abdominal cavity.
celiocolpotomy [se″le-o-kol-pot′
-me] incision into the abdomen through the vagina.
C-22:
Structure of the cell as seen with the light microscope.
Hall, J. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Edition. Saunders.
celioenterotomy [se″le-o-en-t
r-ot′
-me] incision through the abdominal wall into the intestine.
celiogastrotomy [se″le-o-gas-trot′
-me] incision through the abdominal wall into the stomach.
celiography [se″le-o′gr
-fe] radiography of the abdomen.
celiomyomectomy [se″le-o-mi″o-mek′t
-me] myomectomy by abdominal incision.
celiomyositis [se″le-o-mi″o-si′tis] inflammation of the abdominal muscles.
celioparacentesis [se″le-o-par″
-sen-te′sis] paracentesis of the abdominal cavity; more often the term abdominocentesis
is used.
celiopathy [se″le-op′
-the] any abdominal disease.
celiorrhaphy [se″le-or′
-fe] suture of the abdominal wall.
celiotomy [se″le-ot′
-me] incision into the abdominal cavity.
vaginal c. incision into the abdominal cavity through the vagina.
cell [sel] the basic structural unit of living organisms. All living cells arise from
other cells, either by division of one cell to make two, as in mitosis and meiosis,
or by fusion of two cells to make one, as in the union of the sperm and ovum to make
the zygote in sexual reproduction. Cells are bounded by cell membrane or plasma membrane,
which is a lipid bilayer composed of two layers of phospholipids. Each layer is one
molecule thick with the charged, hydrophilic end of the lipid molecules on the surface
of the membrane and the uncharged hydrophobic fatty acid tails in the interior of
the membrane. Cells are divided into two classes, eukaryote(s), which have a true
nucleus and are found in higher plants and animals, fungi, protozoa and most algae,
and prokaryote(s), which are without a nucleus and found in bacteria. The lipid bilayer
of eukaryotic cells is impermeable to many substances, such as ions, sugars and amino
acids; however, membrane proteins selectively move specific substances through the
cell membrane by active or passive transport. Water, gases such as oxygen and carbon
dioxide, and nonpolar compounds pass through the cell membrane by
diffusion
. Materials can also be engulfed and taken into the cell enclosed in a portion of
the cell membrane. This is called phagocytosis when solids are ingested and pinocytosis
when liquids are ingested. The reverse process is called
exocytosis
. All of these processes permit the cell to maintain an internal environment different
from its exterior. See also body See also body fluid. The cells of the body differentiate
during development into many specialized types with specific tasks to perform. Cells
are organized into tissues and tissues into organs. See also APUD cells, Betz cells,
Clara cell, Gaucher’s cells, Golgi’s cells, HeLa cells, Hürthle cell, Kupffer’s cells,
Langerhans’ cell, Leydig’s cell, Merkel cell, mesangial cell, neuroendocrine cell,
Reed-Sternberg cell, Schwann cell, Sertoli cell, Türk cell, Vero cell.
011A c. suggested common progenitor cell for type 2 astrocyte and the oligodendrocyte.
accessory c’s an antigen presenting cell; such as a dendritic cell or macrophage presenting
an antigen on its surface in the context of the appropriate MHC antigen, capable of
being recognized by the T-cell receptor.
acinar c., acinous c. any of the cells lining an acinus, especially applied to the
zymogen-secreting cells of the pancreatic acini.
adherent c. one that adheres to the glass or plastic container in cell cultures, to
form the monolayer. See also cell culture (below).
alpha c’s 1. cells in the islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon. 2. acidophilic
cells of the anterior pituitary.
argentaffin c’s enterochromaffin cells containing cytoplasmic granules capable of
reducing silver compounds, located throughout the gastrointestinal tract, chiefly
in the basilar portions of the gastric glands and the crypts of Lieberkühn. They secrete
serotonin.
band c. an immature neutrophil in which the nucleus is not lobulated but is in the
form of a continuous band or horseshoe shaped. Called also band-form granulocyte,
band neutrophil and stab neutrophil.
basal c. an early keratinocyte, present in the basal layer of the epidermis.
basket c’s 1. cells in the cerebellar cortex whose axons carry basket-like groups
of fibrils that enclose the cell body of each Purkinje cell. 2. a ruptured erythrocyte
seen in a blood smear.
beta c’s 1. basophilic cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin and make up most
of the bulk of the islets of Langerhans; they contain granules that are soluble in
alcohol. 2. basophilic cells of the anterior pituitary.
blood c. one of the formed elements of the blood. See also blood.
c. body primarily used in reference to neurons; the central part of the cell that
contains the nucleus and adjacent cytoplasm, excluding the axon and dendrites.
bone c. a nucleated cell in the lacunae of bone. Called also osteocyte.
cartilage c. chondrocyte.
chromaffin c’s cells whose cytoplasm shows fine brown granules when stained with potassium
bichromate, occurring in the adrenal medulla and in scattered groups in various organs
and throughout the body.
cleavage c. any of the cells derived from the fertilized ovum by mitosis; a blastomere.
c. count see erythrocyte, leukocyte, somatic cell counts.
c. culture [sel kul′ch
r)] the artificial culture of living cells outside a living body. Animal cells were
originally grown in culture as explant cultures, i.e., small pieces of tissue. If
pieces of tissue are treated with enzymes such as trypsin, single cell suspensions
can be obtained which will settle onto glass or plastic surfaces and grow to form
a monolayer cell culture. Primary cell cultures can be passaged to form secondary
cell cultures. Cells in culture can be passaged a finite number of times before reaching
a crisis which can be compared with aging. The number of passages, before reaching
crisis, has been termed the Hayflick limit and is related to the longevity of the
species from which the tissue was originally derived. Within the Hayflick limit the
cells are referred to as a cell strain. Cells that survive the crisis and continue
to grow are referred to as a cell line. Cell lines can also be derived directly from
cancer cells. There are many properties that distinguish cell lines from cell strains,
including altered chromosome number, changes at the cell membrane, and reduced requirement
for certain growth factors.
c. cycle the cycle of biochemical and morphological events occurring in a dividing
cell population; it consists of the S phase, occurring toward the end of interphase,
in which DNA is synthesized; the G2 phase, for gap 2, the interval between S and M;
the M phase, for mitosis, consisting of the four phases of mitosis; and the G1 phase,
which lasts from the end of M until the start of S phase of the next cycle. Fully
differentiated cells are nondividing and are said to be in G0.
daughter c. a cell formed by division of a mother cell.
c. dehydration fluid loss from cells due to elevation of the osmotic pressure of blood
and tissue fluid; a potent stimulus to thirst.
C-23:
The cell cycle.
Wanamaker, B., Massey, K. Applied Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians, 5th Edition.
W.B. Saunders Company, 2014.
dendritic c. immune system cell located in skin and other tissues near external environments,
whose primary function is trapping, processing and presenting antigens to lymphocytes.
See also Langerhans’ cell.
c. differentiation the process whereby a less specialized cell becomes specialized
and reaches its mature form and function.
doughnut c. see torocyte.
embryonic stem c. a stem cell of fetal origin. See stem cell (below).
epithelioid c. enlarged activated macrophage that resemble epithelial cells due to
their expanded cytoplasm.
epsilon c. one of the groups of acidophilic cells in the adenohypophysis. Contains
granules that stain with azocarmine dye.
foam c. macrophages with a vacuolated cytoplasm that have a foamy appearance due to
the presence of phagocytosed lipids; seen in xanthomas and atheromas.
c. fusion see syncytial giant cell.
ganglion c. a large nerve cell, especially one of those of the spinal ganglia.
germ c. direct descendants of the primordial cells that originate from the yolk sac
endoderm and migrate to the gonadal ridges of the embryo, where they give rise to
either ova or spermatozoa. Called also gonocytes, sex cells.
gitter cells microglial phagocytic cells of the central nervous system that are laden
with degenerating myelin. The cells are spherical with a bubbly margin and with a
reduced nucleus. Called also compound granular corpuscles, scavenger cells, Hortega
cells, fat-granule cell.
glial c’s neuroglial cells.
goblet c. a mucous secreting cell found in the epithelium of various mucous membranes,
especially that of the respiratory passages and intestines.
granular c. one containing granules, such as a keratinocyte in the stratum granulosum
of the epidermis, when it contains a dense collection of darkly staining granules.
granulosa c. cell lining ovarian follicles, critical for normal oocyte development
and hormone production.
gustatory c. see taste bud.
heart failure c’s, heart lesion c’s iron-containing, rust-colored macrophages found
in the pulmonary alveoli in chronic pulmonary congestion such as congestive heart
failure.
helmet c. schizocyte or keratocyte.
helper c. Th cells; a subset of T lymphocytes that interacts with B lymphocytes, cytotoxic
T lymphocytes and macrophages to enhance immune responses; they play an integral role
in immunoregulation.
hybrid c. a mononucleate cell produced from a binucleate heterokaryon after the latter
undergoes mitosis. Such cells are initially unstable, tending to lose randomly some
of the double complement of chromosomes. Used for mapping genes to particular chromosomes.
See also heterokaryon, hybridoma.
immunologically competent c. see immunocyte.
inner c. mass cells of early conceptus (blastocyst) that will develop into fetus itself,
in contrast to trophoblast or trophoectoderm, that contribute to fetal membrane (placental)
development.
interstitial c’s the cells of the connective tissue of the ovary or of the testis
(Leydig’s cells) that furnish the internal secretion of those structures, i.e., testosterone.
islet c’s cells composing the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. See alpha cells,
beta cells (above).
juxtaglomerular c’s specialized cells, containing secretory granules, located in the
tunica media of the afferent glomerular arterioles. They cause aldosterone production
by secreting the enzyme renin and play a role in the regulation of blood pressure
and fluid balance.
K c’s, killer c’s T lymphocytes or null lymphocytes capable of cytotoxic activity
against target cells after activation by cytokines induced by viral infection, cells
coated with specific IgG antibody (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity or
ADCC) or other regulatory signals.
lacis c. accumulation of cells between the arterioles at the glomerular hilus. Called
also granular cell.
lacunar c. also known as Reed-Sternberg cells. Enlarged B-cells present in T-cell-rich-B-cell
(Hodgkin-like) lymphoma.
LE c. a mature neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte characteristic of lupus erythematosus
that contains engulfed nuclear antigen-antibody complexes within its cytoplasm. See
also lupus erythematosus.
Leydig’s c’s interstitial cells of the testis, which secrete testosterone.
c. line see cell culture (above).
luteal c’s., lutein c’s the plump, pale-staining, polyhedral cells of the corpus luteum.
lymph c. lymphocyte.
lymphoid c’s lymphocytes and plasma cells.
mast c. a connective tissue cell that has basophilic, metachromatic cytoplasmic granules
that contain histamine, heparin, hyaluronan, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis
(SRS-A), and, in some species, serotonin. Express Fc receptors specific for IgE on
their cell surface.
c.-mediated immune reaction see cellular immunity.
memory c. an expanded clone of small lymphocytes derived from stimulated antigen-sensitized
B and T lymphocytes. They have antigen receptors of the same specificity as the parent
cell. Important in the secondary immune response.
mesenchymal c. see mesenchyme.
microglial c. see microglia. See also neuroglia cells (below).
c. migration movement of cells from their place of origin to other tissues; one of
the fundamental processes of development.
milk c. count see somatic cell counts.
mother c. a cell that divides to form new, or daughter, cells.
Mott c. a plasma cell with large, clear cytoplasmic pockets.
natural killer c’s, NK c’s null lymphocytes capable of cytotoxic activity against
target cells after activation by cytokines induced by viral infection, cells coated
with specific IgG antibody (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity or ADCC)
or other regulatory signals.
nerve c. any cell of the nervous system; a neuron.
c. nests see isogenous groups.
neuroglia c’s, neuroglial c’s see neuroglia.
null c’s lymphocyte-like cells that lack specific antigen receptors and other surface
markers characteristic of B and T lymphocytes; they include K and NK cells; their
numbers are elevated in active systemic lupus erythematosus and other disease states.
olfactory c’s a set of specialized cells of the mucous membrane of the nose; the receptors
for smell.
P c’s. found in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. May be a source of electrical
impulses.
parafollicular c’s see C cell.
Pick’s c’s round, oval or polyhedral cells with foamy, lipid-containing cytoplasm
found in the nervous and reticuloendothelial system in Niemann–Pick disease.
plasma c. a spherical or ellipsoidal cell with a single, eccentrically placed nucleus
containing dense masses of chromatin in a wheel-spoke arrangement, an area of perinuclear
clearing that contains the Golgi apparatus, and generally abundant cytoplasm. Plasma
cells are produced by cell division of B lymphocytes following antigen stimulation
and are involved in the synthesis and release of antibody. Called also plasmacyte
and plasmocyte.
prickle c. a dividing keratinocyte of the prickle-cell layer of the epidermis, with
delicate radiating process connecting with other similar cells.
prokaryotic c. see prokaryote.
Purkinje’s c’s large branching cells of the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex.
red c., red blood c. erythrocyte.
reticular c’s the cells forming the reticular fibers of connective tissue; those forming
the framework of lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen. They are weakly phagocytic,
stromal in origin, and distinct from the monocyte–macrophage system.
reticuloendothelial c. a cell of the reticuloendothelial system.
scavenger c. see gitter cell (above).
Sertoli c. Cell lining seminiferous tubule, supporting and critical to all stages
of spermatogenesis.
sickle c. a crescent or sickle-shaped erythrocyte seen in some humans and deer. The
abnormal shape caused by the presence of varying proportions of hemoglobin S.
c. signaling communicating system between and within cells that regulates and coordinates
cellular responses; enables cells to perceive and respond appropriately to changes
in their environment.
signet-ring c. a cell in which the nucleus has been pressed to one side by an accumulation
of intracytoplasmic mucin.
somatic c’s the cells of the body other than the germ cells.
c. sorting see fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
c. specialization conversion of a simple cell type into a specialized cell type capable
of a special function, e.g., a secretory cell; a major part of the growth of an embryo
and the differentiation of basic mesenchymal tissue into specialized organs.
spindle c. spindle shaped cells that are usually mesenchymal in origin.
spur c. spiculed mature erythrocyte. See also acanthocyte.
squamous c’s flat, scale-like epithelial cells.
stab c. see band cell (above).
stellate c. any star-shaped cell, as a Kupffer cell or astrocyte, having many filaments
extending in all directions.
stem c. 1. a cell that is able to proliferate into identical copies (daughter cells)
the same as itself and can also make daughter cells that are not identical and that
can differentiate into more than one type of specialized cell. See also stem cell.
2. a primitive hematopoietic cell that is capable of self-replicating or differentiating
into precursor cells of erythrocytes or any of the leukocytes.
C-24:
Cell to cell communication.
From Koeppen, B.M., Stanton, B.A., Berne & Levy Physiology, 6th ed, Mosby, 2008.
stipple c. an erythrocyte containing granules that take a basic or bluish stain with
Wright’s stain.
c. suicide apoptosis.
suppressor c’s a subset of T lymphocytes that act to suppress activation of both antibody
and cell-mediated immune responses. They play a role in immunoregulation, suppressing
active immune responses after clearance of antigens, and suppression of anti–self-immune
responses. See also T lymphocytes.
target c. 1. an abnormally thin erythrocyte showing, when stained, a dark center and
a peripheral ring of hemoglobin, separated by a pale, unstained zone containing less
hemoglobin; seen in regenerative anemia and hypochromic states such as iron deficiency.
Called also codocyte, Mexican hat cell. 2. any cell selectively affected by a particular
agent,
such as a hormone or drug. 3. cell expressing surface non–self-antigens that induce
nonimmune and immune cytolysis, e.g., a virus-infected or tumor cell.
C-25:
Target cells (codocytes) in blood from a Cairn terrier dog with a regenerative anemia
and hepatic hemochromatosis secondary to pyruvate kinase deficiency.
Harvey, J.W. Veterinary Hematology. W.B. Saunders Company, 2011.
taste c’s cells in the taste buds associated with the nerves of taste.
c. therapy see glandular therapy.
totipotential c. an embryonic cell that is capable of developing into any type of
body cell.
white c., white blood c. leukocyte.
cell-adhesion molecule transmembrane proteins with an extracellular binding domain
and intracellular functional domain that are expressed on the cell surface and mediate
adhesion of cells to one another and to insoluble matrix and also function in the
regulation of cell signaling, cell motility, migration, sorting, and differentiation.
Cell-adhesion molecules are classified into at least six molecular families including
the immunoglobulin superfamily, the cadherins, the integrins, the receptor protein
tyrosine phosphatases, the selectins, and the hyaluronate receptors.
cell-mediated effected by cellular elements.
c.-m. hypersensitivity see delayed hypersensitivity.
c.-m. immunity see cellular immunity.
cellobiase an enzyme associated with bacteria and protozoa (particularly in ruminants)
catalyzing the hydrolysis of β1→4 glycosidic bonds of the disaccharide, cellobiose.
See also glucosidase.
cellobiose [sel″lo-bi′ōs] a simple polysaccharide composed of two molecules of glucose
and formed by the digestion of cellulose by cellulase.
cellophane band [sel′o-fān] used to occlude blood flow in extrahepatic portosystemic
shunts by gradual fibrotic narrowing of the vessel.
cellular pertaining to, or made up of, cells.
c. genetics see cytogenetics.
cellularity [sel″u-lar′ľ-te] the state of a tissue or other mass as regards the number
of its constituent cells.
cellules claveleuses [sel′ūlz] mononuclear cells that accumulate in the dermis in
lesions of sheeppox. They are virus-infected cells and their cytoplasm contains one
or more eosinophilic inclusion bodies.
cellulicidal [sel″u-lis′ľ-d
l] destroying cells.
cellulitis [sel″u-li′tis] a diffuse inflammatory process within solid tissues, characterized
by edema, redness, pain and interference with function. It may be caused by infection
with streptococci, staphylococci, or other organisms. Cellulitis usually occurs in
the loose tissues beneath the skin, but may also occur in tissues beneath mucous membranes
or around muscle bundles or surrounding organs.
anaerobic c. see malignant edema.
canine juvenile c. see juvenile pyoderma.
epidemic equine c. see equine viral arteritis, equine influenza.
periapical c. see apical abscess.
periesophageal c. caused by perforation of the esophagus and establishment of a mixed
infection into the tissues surrounding the esophagus.
cellulofibrous [sel″u-lo-fi′br
s] partly cellular and partly fibrous.
celluloneuritis [sel″u-lo-n
o
⌣
o
⌣
-ri′tis] inflammation of neurons.
cellulose [sel′u-lōs] a polysaccharide containing β1→4 linked glucose carbohydrate
forming the skeleton of most plant structures and plant cells. In herbivores, digested
by bacteria in the rumen or cecum, primarily to volatile fatty acids that can be used
as a source of energy.
absorbable c. an absorbable oxidation product of cellulose; used as a specially treated
form of surgical sponge that promotes blood clotting and can be used as a temporary
dressing. Called also oxidized cellulose.
oxidized c. see absorbable cellulose (above).
cellulytic breakdown of cellulose, e.g., by hydrolysis. Occurs at a sufficient level
to provide a source of energy only in ruminants and species with a large intestine
adapted to fermentation.
c. bacteria bacteria in the rumen which digest cellulose to volatile fatty acids,
especially acetic, butyric, and propionic.
celo- cavity. [Gr.] cavity.
CELO virus chicken embryo lethal orphan virus. See quail bronchitis.
celoblastula the common type of blastula, consisting of a hollow sphere composed of
blastomeres.
celom [se′l
m] coelom.
celoschisis [se-los′kľ-sis] congenital fissure of the abdominal wall.
celoscope an endoscope used to perform celoscopy.
celoscopy [s
-los′k
-pe] endoscopic examination of a body cavity, especially the abdominal cavity, for
which the term laparoscopy is most often used.
celosomia [se″lo-so′me-
] congenital fissure or absence of the sternum, with hernial protrusion of the viscera.
celothelioma abdominal mesothelioma.
Celsius [sel′se-
s] pertaining to Anders Celsius, Swedish astronomer (1701–1744).
C. scale a temperature scale with the ice point at 0 and the normal boiling point
of water at 100 degrees (100°C). For equivalents of Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures,
see Tables 4 and 17.
C. thermometer a centigrade thermometer employing the Celsius scale. The abbreviation
100°C should be read as ‘one hundred degrees Celsius’.
Celtic pony group of pony breeds including Connemara, Icelandic, Shetland.
Celtic red see brachyceros.
CEM contagious equine metritis. Sexually transmitted disease of horses caused by Taylorella
equigenitalis.
CEM selective medium chocolate agar made with Eugon Agar and 5% horse blood; used
to cultivate Taylorella equigenitalis.
cement [s
-ment′] a substance that produces a solid union between two surfaces.
bone c. usually an acrylic compound used in fracture repair and positioning of bone
pins.
dental c. materials used to affix dental restorations and to fill prepared defects.
See gutta-percha.
glass ionomer c. a mixture of polyacrylic acid and fluoroaluminosilicate glass used
for restorative dentistry.
c. lines basophilic lines in histological sections of bone that represent highly mineralized
connective tissue that binds the elements of the bone together.
cementasome see keratinosome.
cementicle [s
-men′tľ-k
l] a small, spherical or ovoid calcified mass embedded within or attached to the cementum
layer on the root surface of a tooth, or lying free within the periodontal ligament.
cementoblast [s
-men′to-blast] a large cuboidal cell, found between fibers on the surface of cementum,
which is active in the formation of cementum.
cementoblastoma [s
-men″to-blas-to′m] an odontogenic fibroma whose cells are developing into cementoblasts
and in which there is only a small proportion of calcified tissue.
cementocyte [s
-men′to-sīt] a cell found in lacunae of cellular cementum, frequently having long
processes radiating from the cell body toward the periodontal surface of the cementum.
cementoenamel junction [s
-men″to--nam′
l] a line on the surface of a tooth where the enamel on the crown meets the cementum
on the root.
cementogenesis [s
-men″to-jen′
-sis] development of cementum.
cementoma [se″m
n-to′m] a benign odontogenic neoplasm of mesenchymal origin, consisting of cementum-like
tissue deposited by cells resembling cementoblasts.
cementosome see keratinosome.
cementum [s
-men′t
m] the bone-like connective tissue covering the roots of teeth in dogs and cats and
prior to wear the entire tooth in equines.
Cenchrus ciliaris
see
Pennisetum
ciliare (buffel grass, African foxtail).
cenosis a morbid discharge.
cenosite [se′no-sīt] a facultative commensal organism that can live away from its
host. Called also coinosite.
censoring in epidemiology, a loss of information from a study, whether by subjects
dropping out of the study or because of infrequent measurement.
census measurement of a parameter of population by total counts of individuals.
centaur a mythological race of savage men who lived in Greece. They were depicted
as men from the head to the loins and horses from there back. A common emblem for
veterinary organizations.
Centaurea
[sen-taw′re-
] a genus of thistles of the Asteraceae family of plants; some contain sesquiterpene
lactones that cause nigropallidal encephalomalacia in horses. Includes C. solstitialis
(yellow star or St. Barnaby’s thistle), C. repens (C. picris, Russian or creeping
knapweed, hard heads).
Centaurium
a genus of plants in family Gentianaceae. Contain an unidentified toxin that causes
diarrhea, hepatic damage and nephrosis. Includes C. beyrichii (quinine weed, mountain
pink, rock centaury), C. calycosum (Arizona centaury, mountain pink).
centaury common name for plants in the genus
Centaurium
.
Arizona c.
Centaurium calycosum.
rock c.
Centaurium beyrichii.
Centella uniflora
New Zealand plant member of the family Apiaceae; suspected on one occasion of causing
convulsions, recumbency, and liver and kidney damage in sheep. Called also centella.
center [sen′t
r] a point from which a process starts, especially a plexus or ganglion giving off
nerves that control a function.
accelerating c. one in the brainstem involved in acceleration of heart action.
appetite c. located in the hypothalamus; controls appetite.
auditory c. the center for hearing, in the more anterior of the transverse temporal
gyri.
cardioinhibitory c. one in the medulla oblongata that exerts an inhibitory influence
on the heart.
deglutition c. a nerve center in the medulla oblongata that controls swallowing.
diaphragmatic c. see diaphragmatic tendon.
C-26:
Centaurea solstitialis.
From McAuliffe, S. Knottenbelt and Pascoe’s Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders
of the Horse, 2nd Edition, Elsevier, 2014.
emetic c. located in the reticular formation of the brainstem, this center controls
vomiting.
eructation c. controls eructation in ruminants; located in the medulla oblongata.
germinal c. the collection of mitotically active stem cells and lymphoblasts that
forms the center of a lymphoid follicle within a lymph node or spleen.
gustatory c. the cerebral center supposed to control taste.
lymph node germinal c. centers in lymph nodes where lymphocytes are produced.
medullary respiratory c. the center in the medulla oblongata that coordinates respiratory
movements.
motor c. any center that originates, controls, inhibits or maintains motor impulses.
nerve c. a collection of nerve cells in the central nervous system that are associated
together in the performance of some particular function.
perineal c. see perineal body.
reflex c. any nerve center at which afferent sensory information is converted into
efferent motor impulses.
respiratory c’s a series of the centers (the apneustic, pneumotaxic and medullary
respiratory centers) in the medulla and pons that coordinate respiratory movements.
c.-surround retinal organization the arrangement of cells in the receptive field of
the retina; the sensitivity of a certain spot in the retina is affected by what is
occurring in adjacent areas.
swallowing c. deglutition center.
thermoregulatory c’s hypothalamic centers regulating the conservation and dissipation
of heat.
vasomotor c. a combination of two centers in the reticular formation of the brainstem;
includes a pressor and a depressor center.
vomiting c. see emetic center (above).
Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) a body within the Food and Drug Administration
of the US Food and Drug Administration; regulates the manufacture and distribution
of food additives and drugs that will be given to animals. These include animals from
which human foods are derived, as well as food additives and drugs for pet (or companion)
animals.
center-tie a method for tethering cows in fixed stalls in barns. A chain is fixed
overhead and to the center of the front edge of the feed trough. The cow is attached
to this by a curved yoke that slides up and down the chain.
centerencephalic pertaining to the center of the encephalon.
centering aid a device used when radiographing a part to ensure that the center of
the beam of the x-ray will pass through the part at the correct angle and that the
part will be in the center of the beam. Modern machines must all have a light beam
diaphragm that acts as the centering aid and the beam collimator.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) an agency of the US Department of
Health and Human Services, located in Atlanta, Georgia, which serves as a center for
the control, prevention and investigation of diseases.
Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health (CEAH) a grouping within the USDA formed
to explore and analyze animal health and related agricultural issues to facilitate
informed decision making in government and industry. Includes the Center for Animal
Health Information and Analysis, the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS),
the National Surveillance Unit (NSU) and the Office for International Collaboration
and Coordination (OICC).
centesimal scale [sen-tes′ľ-m
l] in homeopathy, the scale of dilution of a remedy. Each dilution is one in a hundred.
-centesis word element. [Gr.] puncture and aspiration of.
centi- (c) [L.] hundred; prefix used in the metric system of naming units of measurement
to indicate one-hundredth (10−2) of the unit, e.g., centigram.
centigrade (C) [sen′tľ-grād] having 100 gradations (steps or degrees), as the Celsius
scale. For equivalents of Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures, see Tables 4 and 17.
centigram (cg) [sen′tľ-gram] one-hundredth of a gram.
centiliter (cL, cl) [sen′tľ-le″t
r] one-hundredth of a liter.
centimeter (cm) [sen′tľ-me″t
r] one-hundredth of a meter, or approximately 0.3937 inch.
cubic c. a unit of capacity, being that of a cube 1 cm on a side; abbreviated cm3,
cu.cm. or cc.
centimorgan [sen″tľ-mor′g
n] a unit used to express genetic distances between loci determined by the frequency
with which recombination events occur between the genes. One cM corresponds to a recombination
frequency of 1%. Named after T.H. Morgan (1886–1945), American geneticist. See also
genetic map.
centipedes [sen′tľ-pēdz] many-legged arthropods in the class Chilopoda. They are relatively
harmless, but they can inflict a painful bite.
centrad [sen′trad] toward a center.
central [sen′tr
l] pertaining to a center; located at the midpoint.
c. artery the vessel within some or most of the optic nerve that becomes visible with
an ophthalmoscope after it emerges from the optic disc to radiate in part or whole
over the fundus of the eye. The vessel gives rise to the embryonic hyaloid artery
that nourishes the developing lens. Formally called arteria centralis retinae. See
Table 8.
c. channel the fast-flowing channel through the capillary bed, the rate controlled
by the metarterioles that exert a sphincter-like action on the system.
c. cord syndrome injury to the central portion of the cervical spinal cord resulting
in disproportionately more weakness or paralysis in the forelimbs than in the hindlimbs;
pathological change is caused by hemorrhage or edema.
c. layer central of the three layers of gray matter in the cerebellum; the principal
cell type is piriform.
c. nervous system see central nervous system.
c. progressive retinal degeneration see retinal.
c. respiratory oscillator pool of nerve cells in the pons and medulla oblongata that
are responsible for the rhythmic to-and-fro movements of respiration.
c. tendon of diaphragm see diaphragmatic tendon.
c. vein the centrally placed drainage vessel of each hepatic lobule, receiving blood
from the hepatic sinusoids.
c. venous catheterization insertion of an indwelling catheter into a central vein
for the purpose of administering fluid and medications and for the measurement of
central venous pressure (see below).
c. venous pressure (CVP) the intravascular pressure of blood within the thoracic vena
cava, measured by an in situ catheter positioned in the intrathoracic cranial (introduced
via the jugular vein) or caudal vena cava (introduced via the lateral saphenous or
femoral vein). Measurements of pressure are made using a calibrated manometer or an
electronic pressure transducer. The technique is used mainly in dogs and cats.
Central and Upper Belgian a white, blue pied or blue breed of dairy cattle produced
in Belgium by crossing Shorthorn and Friesian with local red cattle.
Central Asiatic Pashmina a white or black-and-white goat, maintained for its haircoat,
which produces cashmere fiber. Called also cashmere or Kashmiri goat.
Central Europe tickborne fever see Russian spring–summer encephalitis.
central pattern generator a biological neurological circuit that produces a rhythmic
output in the absence of an input. These circuits are composed of neurons and interneurons
that are located in various parts of the central nervous system including the spinal
cord and are responsible for rhythmic movements such as walking, breathing and chewing.
Central pattern generator dysfunction has also been proposed as the cause of tremors
in various conditions such as Huntington’s Disease.
central ray the center of the x-ray beam. As the x-ray beam travels from the x-ray
tube the beam diverges. The divergence of the beam leads to distortion of the edge
of the image. The central point is the point of minimum distortion. This is most important
when imaging the spine and assessing intervertebral disc spaces. Intervertebral disc
spaces at the edge of the image will appear artifactually narrow.
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI) see CAB International (CABI).
centri-, centro- word element. [L., Gr.] center, central location.
centric [sen′trik] pertaining to a center.
chromosome c. fusion replacement of two chromosomes by one produced by fusion of the
centromeres of two acrocentric chromosomes. Called also Robertsonian translocation.
centriciput [s
n-tris′ľ-p
t] the central part of the upper surface of the head, located between the occiput
and sinciput.
centrifugal [sen-trif′
-g
l] moving away from a center.
centrifugate [s
n-trif′u-gāt] material subjected to centrifugation.
centrifugation [sen-trif″u-ga′sh
n] the process of separating elements of a solution, mixture or suspension from the
heavier portions by centrifugal force.
density gradient c. a procedure for separating particles such as viruses or ribosomes
or molecules such as DNA in which the sample is placed on a preformed density gradient
such as sucrose or cesium chloride. Upon centrifugation either by rate zonal or equilibrium
procedures, the macromolecules are ‘banded’ in the gradient and can be collected as
a pure fraction.
centrifuge [sen′trľ-fūj] 1. to rotate, in a suitable container, at extremely high
speed, to cause the deposition of solids in solution, or to separate substances on
the basis of their density. 2. a laboratory device for subjecting substances in solution
to relative centrifugal force up to 25,000 times gravity. See also cytocentrifuge.
centrilobular [sen″trľ-lob′u-l
r] pertaining to the central portion of a lobule, usually with reference to liver
parenchyma. Corresponds to ‘periacinar’ when the acinar concept of liver structure
is used.
c. necrosis necrosis restricted to the hepatocytes immediately surrounding the central
(hepatic) venule. Called also periacinar necrosis.
centriole [sen′tre-ōl] either of the two cylindrical organelles located in the centrosome
and containing nine triplets of microtubules arrayed around their edges; centrioles
migrate to opposite poles of the cell during cell division and serve to organize the
spindles. They are capable of independent replication and of migrating to form basal
bodies.
centripetal [s
n-trip′-t
l] moving toward a center.
centrodistal joint [sen″tro-dis′t
l] formed between the central tarsal bone and the first, second and third tarsal bones.
centrokinesia [sen″tro-kľ-ne′zh
] movement originating from central stimulation.
centromere [sen′tro-mēr] the clear constricted portion of the chromo some at which
the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during
cell division.
Centrorhynchus
thorny-headed (acanthocephalan) parasites of birds. See also
Macracanthorhynchus
.
centrosclerosis [sen″tro-skl
-ro′sis] osteosclerosis of the marrow cavity of a bone.
centrosome [sen′tro-sōm] a specialized area of condensed cytoplasm containing the
centrioles and playing an important part in mitosis.
centrosphere [sen′tro-sfēr] centrosome.
centrum [sen′tr
m] pl. centra [L.] 1. a center. 2. the body of a vertebra.
c. commune the solar plexus.
Centruroides
[sen″troo-roi′dēz] genus of bark scorpions.
century plant see
Agave
americana.
cenuriasis see coenurosis.
Cephaelis
[sef″
-e′lis] see
Psychotria
.
cephalad [sef′
-lad] toward the head.
cephaledema [sef″
l--de′m] edema of the head.
cephalexin [sef″
-lek′sin] a first-generation, orally active cephalosporin antibiotic. It is widely
used in bacterial infections of the skin in dogs and cats. Called also cefalexin (INN).
cephalhematocele [sef″
l-he-mat′o-sēl] a hematocele under the pericranium, communicating with the venous
sinuses of the dura mater.
cephalhematoma [sef″
l-he″m-to′m] a localized effusion of blood beneath the periosteum of the skull of
the newborn, due to disruption of the vessels during parturition.
cephalic [s
-fal′ik] pertaining to the head, or to the head end of the body.
c. vein the vein on the cranial aspect of the forearm of most domestic mammals; much
favored for intravenous injection in dogs; see Table 14.
cephalin [sef′
-lin″] a group of phospholipids found particularly in the brain and other nerve tissue.
cephalitis [sef″
-li′tis] encephalitis.
cephal(o)- word element. [Gr.] head.
cephalocele [sef′
-lo-sēl″] protrusion of a part of the cranial contents. See also encephalocele.
cephalocentesis [sef″
-lo-sen-te′sis] surgical puncture of the head.
cephalodactyly [sef″
-lo-dak′t
-le] malformation of the head and digits.
cephalogyric [sef″
-lo-ji′rik] pertaining to turning motions of the head.
cephalohematoma [sef″
-lo-he″m-to′m] cephalhematoma.
cephalomelus [sef″
-lom′-l
s] a fetus with an accessory limb growing from the head.
cephalomotor [sef″
-lo-mo′t
r] moving the head; pertaining to motions of the head.
Cephalomyia
see
Rhinoestrus
.
cephalonia [sef″
-lo′ne-] a condition in which the head is abnormally enlarged, with sclerotic hyperplasia
of the brain.
cephalonium a first-generation cephalosporin, used in intramammary and topical preparations.
Called also cefalonium.
cephalopagus [sef″
-lop′-g
s] craniopagus.
cephalopathy [sef″
-lop′
-the] any disease of the head.
cephalopelvic [sef″
-lo-pel′vik] pertaining to the head of the fetus and the pelvis of the dam.
c. disproportion the head of the fetus is disproportionately large and will not pass
through the pelvis of the dam. Caused usually by hydrocephalus.
Cephalopina titillator
the nasal bot of camels.
cephalopods [sef′
-lo-podz″] members of the class Cephalopoda, including cuttle fish, squid and octopus.
Cephalopsis
a member of the genus of flies in the family Oestridae. Current name is Cephalopina
titillator.
C. titillator
nasal bot fly of camels. The larvae inhabit the nasal sinuses.
cephaloridine a first-generation or Group I cephalosporin antibiotic; see cephalosporins.
cephalosporinase [sef″
-lo-spor′in-ās] an enzyme that hydrolyzes the −CO−NH− bond in the lactam ring of cephalosporin,
converting it to an inactive product.
cephalosporins [sef″
-lo-spor′inz] a group of broad-spectrum, semisynthetic antibiotics derived from Acremonium
(previously Cephalosporium), a genus of soil-inhabiting fungi, which share the nucleus
7-aminocephalosporanic acid. Cephalosporins named before 1975 are spelled with ‘ph’,
while those named later are spelled with ‘f’. First-generation cephalosporins (e.g.,
cefaclor, cephazolin, cefadroxil, cephalexin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, cephapirin,
cephradine) are active mainly against gram-positive bacteria. Second-generation cephalosporins
(e.g., cefmetazol, cefoxitin) have a broader spectrum of activity; and third-generation
cephalosporins (e.g., cefoperazone, cefotaxime, moxalactam) are active mainly against
gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fourth-generation cephalosporins
(e.g., cefepime) have an extended spectrum and increased resistance to hydrolysis
by β-lactamases. In a more recent system of classification, cephalosporins are grouped
according to their route of administration and antimicrobial activity. The orally
active cephalosporins, with fair activity against gram-positive bacteria and modest
activity against gram-negative bacteria (except Pseudomonas), form one group; they
include cephalexin, cephradine, cefadroxil, cefaclor, cefdinir, cefixime, cefpodoxime,
and cephaloglycin. Those active by parenteral administration are placed into four
groups: Group I has high activity against gram-positive bacteria and moderate activity
against gram-negative (except Pseudomonas); it includes cefapirin, cefacetrile, cephaloridine,
cephalothin, and cephazolin. Group II has high activity against Enterobacteriaceae;
it includes cefamandole, cefmenoxime, cefotaxime, cefotiam, ceftiofur, cefuroxime,
and ceftriaxone. Group III has high activity against Pseudomonas and other gram-negative
bacteria; it includes cefsulodin, ceftazidime, and cefoperazone. Group IV is resistant
to β-lactamase; it includes cefoxitin, moxalactam, cefmetazole, cefepime, and cefotetan.
Cephalosporium species [sef″
-lo-spor′e-
m] the fungal genus that produces the naturally occurring cephalosporin antibiotics.
Now classified as Acremonium species.
cephalothin [s
-fal′o-thin] a first-generation or Group I cephalosporin antibiotic with an antibacterial
spectrum similar to cefazolin and cephalexin. Called also cefalothin (INN).
cephalothoracic [sef″
-lo-th
-ras′ik] pertaining to the head and thorax.
cephalothoracopagus [sef″
-lo-thor″-kop′-g
s] conjoined twins united at the head, neck, and thorax.
cephalotomy [sef″
-lot′
-me] 1. the cutting up of the fetal head to facilitate delivery. 2. dissection of
the fetal head.
cephalotrypesis trephination of the skull.
cephamycins [sef″
-mi′sins] semisynthetic, β-lactam antibiotics produced by Streptomyces spp.; includes
cefoxitin sodium, cefmetazole and cefotetan.
cephapirin [sef-
-pi′rin] a first-generation or Group I cephalosporin antibiotic. Most commonly used
as an intramammary infusion in cows for treatment of mastitis. Called also cefapirin
(INN).
cephazolin cefazolin.
Cephenemyia
a genus of bot flies in the family Oestridae. Includes Cephenemyia apicata, C. auribarbis,
C. jellisoni, C. phobifer, C. pratti, C. stimulator, C. trompe, and C. ulrichi (nasal
cavities of wild mammals).
cephradine [sef′r
-dēn] a first-generation, orally active cephalosporin antibiotic with a spectrum of
activity similar to cephalexin.
cera [L.] wax.
ceramidase [s
-ram′ľ-dās] an enzyme occurring in most mammalian tissue that catalyzes the reversible
conversion of ceramides to sphingsine and free fatty acids by acylation–deacylation.
ceramide [ser′
-mīd] any of a group of naturally occurring sphingolipids in which the NH2 group of
sphingosine is acylated with a fatty acyl CoA derivative to form N-acylsphingosine.
c. glucoside the major sphingolipid accumulated in Gaucher’s disease. Called also
glucocerebroside.
c. lactosidosis a sphingolipidosis in which ceramide lactoside accumulates in neural
and visceral tissues owing to a deficiency of a β-galactosidase.
cerate a medicinal preparation for external use, compounded of fat or wax, or both,
intermediate in consistency between an ointment and a plaster.
cerat(o)-
see kerato-.
Ceratocephalus testiculatus
see
Ranunculus
.
ceratohyoid short rods of the hyoid bone that connect the body of the hyoid bone to
the epihyoid (dog, cat, ruminants, pig) or stylohyoid (horse).
Ceratomyxa
a genus of protozoa in the class Myxosporea.
C. shasta
important parasite of young salmonids limited in occurrence to the Pacific Northwest
of the US. It causes severe losses in young fish in culture ponds. Signs include swelling
at vent, distended abdomen, and subcutaneous boils. The parasite uses polychaetes,
such as Manayunkia speciosa, as its intermediate host to complete its life cycle.
Ceratophyllus
[ser″
-to-fil′
s] a genus of fleas in the order Siphonaptera. Includes Ceratophyllus columbae, C.
(Nosopsyllus) fasciatus, C. gallinae, C. garei, and C. niger (Western chicken flea—rodents
and wild birds).
Ceratopogonidae [ser″
-to-po-gon′ľ-de] a family of biting midges of the order Diptera; the most important
genus is
Culicoides
.
Ceratostomella fimbriata
a fungus that grows on green celery stalks; induces production of a furocoumarin that
causes primary photosensitization.
Cerbera
plant genus in the family Apocynaceae; contain a cardenolide cardiac glycosides in
seed kernels that can cause sudden death. Includes C. manghas (sea mango), C. floribunda
(kameduangel, gray milkwood), C. dilatata, C. odollam (pink-eyed cerbera, odallum).
cercaria [s
r-kar′e-] pl. cercariae [Gr.] the final, free-swimming larval stage of a trematode
parasite.
cercarial pertaining to or emanating from cercariae.
c. dermatitis see
Trichobilharzia
.
cerclage [ser-klahzh′] [Fr.] encircling of a part with a wire ring or loop, as for
fixation of fragments in a fractured bone. Also used to prevent rotation of oblique
fractures managed by intramedullary pin fixation. See also hemicerclage.
cable and crimp c. multifilament cable secured with a crimp.
Cercocarpus
a North American genus of the Rosaceae plant family; includes C. breviflorus, C. montanus;
contains cyanogenetic glycosides and may cause cyanide poisoning. Called also mountain
mahogany.
cercus [sur′k
s] a bristle-like appendages on the rear of most insects and some arthropods.
cere the firm, fleshy bond lying across the base of the beak of some birds. Prominent
in parrots and birds of prey.
c. hypertrophy occurs in psittacine birds, particularly budgerigars; overgrowth may
occlude the nares. Called also brown hypertrophy of the cere.
cereal [sēr′e-
l] cultivated grain crops of barley, wheat, rye, and oats, members of the plant family
Poaceae (Graminae). See also barley, wheat, rye, oat.
c. crop oats, wheat, barley, rye crops used as grazing when immature or failed and
short. Usually used when other feed is short and livestock are hungry. Hypomagnesemia,
nitrate/nitrite poisoning and photosensitization may occur on immature green crops
and lactic acid indigestion due to ingestion of grain on stunted mature crops.
C-27:
Hypertrophy of the cere and overgrowth of the beak in a budgerigar.
cerebellar [ser″
-bel′
r] pertaining to the cerebellum.
c. agenesis absence of the cerebellum due to its non appearance in the embryo.
c. aplasia see cerebellar atrophy (below).
c. ataxia the incoordination of gait characterized by exaggerated movements. There
is no paresis. There is exaggerated strength and distance of movement—hypermetria.
Caused usually by damage to the cerebellum or to the spinocerebellar tracts. May be
congenital due to cerebellar atrophy or acquired due to inflammation or malacia of
the cerebellum.
c. atrophy degeneration and loss of cells of the cerebellum as a result of in utero
viral infection. Purkinje cells are most predominantly affected, leading to abnormal
migration of other cell types within the developing cerebellum of the fetus. Clinical
signs of cerebellar disease are present at birth and stabilize or improve subsequently.
Commonly affects cattle and cats infected with bovine virus diarrhea virus or feline
panleukopenia virus. Distinguished from cerebellar abiotrophy in which the cerebellum
forms normally but undergoes premature degeneration after birth. In the latter, the
animals are normal at birth but develop progressive signs of cerebellar dysfunction
later. Segmental atrophy occurs in pigs but is asymptomatic.
c. coning see cerebellar lipping (below), brain herniation.
c. cortex the superficial gray matter of the cerebellum.
c. dysfunction see cerebellar ataxia (above).
c. dysmelinogenesis recorded in Chow Chow dogs; characterized by congenital head tremor.
feline c. ataxia see feline panleukopenia; cerebellar atrophy (above).
c. hypomyelinogenesis abnormally reduced myelination in the cerebellum; characterized
clinically by severe neonatal tremor.
c. hypoplasia deficiency of cells of the cerebellum, the degree and distribution of
which is variable. See cerebellar atrophy (above).
inherited c. defects includes cerebellar abiotrophy, atrophy, agenesis, hypoplasia,
neuraxonal dystrophy.
c. lipping caused by diffuse cerebral edema. The vermis of the cerebellum protrudes
through the foramen magnum and lies like a tongue over the medulla.
c. neuronal abiotrophy see cerebellar abiotrophy (above).
c. neuraxonal dystrophy reported in collie sheepdogs. The lesion is limited to axons,
and there are no lesions in the cerebellar folial neurons.
c. syndrome clinical signs related to cerebellar dysfunction, namely hypermetria,
trunkal sway, intention tremors (particularly of the head and neck). Rarely, absent
menace response (with intact vision) or decerebellate rigidity may also be seen.
cerebellitis [ser″
-bel-i′tis] inflammation of the cerebellum.
idiopathic c. see shaker dog disease. Also referred to as corticosteroid responsive
tremor syndrome.
cerebello-olivary [ser″
-bel″o-ol′i-var″e] conducting or passing from the cerebellum to the olivary nucleus.
Ceratocystis
an obsolete name for the perfect state of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii. See
Ophiostoma stenoceras
.
cerebellomedullary cistern [ser″
-bel″o-med′
-lar″e] see cisterna cerebello-medullaris.
cerebellopontine [ser″
-bel″o-pon′tēn] conducting or passing from the cerebellum to the pons varolii.
c. abscess usually complications of otitis media generated by pharyngeal infection.
See also brain abscess.
cerebelloreticular tract [ser″
-bel″o-r-tik′u-l
r] part of the reticular formation, matched by a reverse pathway of reticulocerebellar
tract, and therefore of the modulating mechanism of the integration centers in the
brain.
C-28:
Cerebellar hypoplasia (right).
cerebellum [ser″
-bel′
m] the part of the metencephalon situated on the back of the brainstem, to which it
is attached by three cerebellar peduncles on each side; it consists of a median lobe
(vermis) and two lateral lobes (the hemispheres). Structures in the cerebellum include
cingulum, cerebellar cortex, culmen, pyramid of cerebellum, arbor vitae, folia cerebelli,
dentate nucleus, uvula, and vermis. See also brain.
vestibular c. see archicerebellum.
cerebral [s
-re′br
l] pertaining to the cerebrum. See also brain.
c. circulation arterial blood supply reaches the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral
arteries via the circle of Willis, in some species originating directly from the internal
carotid and basilar arteries, in others via an interposed rete mirabile. See also
blood–brain barrier, blood–CSF barrier, cerebrospinal fluid.
c. contusion contusion of the brain following a head injury. See also cerebral contusion,
brain trauma.
c. cortex the convoluted layer of gray matter covering the cerebral hemispheres, which
governs thought, memory, sensation, and voluntary movement. See also brain, pyramidal
tracts, extrapyramidal system.
c. cortical dysplasia encompasses a range of disorders including neuronal heterotopia,
microgyria, ulegyria, lissencephaly, pachygyria.
c. diencephalic syndrome the clinical signs associated with lesions of the cerebral
cortex and diencephalon. They include seizures, behavioral or mental change, abnormal
movements such as circling and head pressing, deficits in contralateral postural responses
and sometimes visual impairment.
c. dura mater the membranous cover around the brain. Endosteal and meningeal layers
are separated only by the cranial venous sinuses. Continuous with the spinal cord
dura and the sheaths of the spinal nerves. Has three internal folds that separate
sections of the brain. See falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, sella turcica.
c. edema abnormal accumulation of fluid within the brain. Can be subdivided into vasogenic
edema (below), cytotoxic edema (below), hydrostatic edema (below), and interstitial
edema (below).
cytotoxic c. edema caused by the intracellular accumulation of water due to energy
failure within neurons and glia. Occurs in both gray and white matter and is most
commonly the result of ischemia or hypoxia.
c. flush the congestion of the cerebral vessels causing a pink coloration; of infections
by Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, it is the former in which the cerebral flush occurs.
c. gyri convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum.
c. hemisphere symmetrical right and left halves of the cerebrum divided by the longitudinal
fissure.
hydrostatic c. edema caused by the sudden flooding of capillary beds with extracellular
accumulation of protein-poor fluid due to a sudden increase in intravascular pressure.
Occurs most commonly in areas of the brain following removal of mass lesions such
as tumors.
interstitial c. edema caused by accumulation of water in periventricular white matter
due to a sudden increase in intraventricular pressure as a result of acute obstructive
hydrocephalus.
c. peduncle see cerebral peduncle.
c. pia mater thin connective tissue membrane that lies closely against the cerebral
surface and carries blood vessels into the tissues of the brain.
c. piriform lobe on the floor of the brain medial to the lateral olfactory tract.
c. pole frontal (rostral) and occipital (caudal) poles of the cerebrum.
c. substantia nigra occupies the interior of the cerebral peduncles.
c. syndrome characterized by abnormal mental state, abnormal movements such as pacing
or head pressing, visual impairment and seizures.
c. vascular accident (CVA) see cerebrovascular accident.
vasogenic c. edema that characterized by increased permeability of capillary endothelial
cells; the most common form of brain edema.
c. ventriculography see ventriculography.
cerebration [ser″
-bra′sh
n] functional activity of the brain.
cerebritis inflammation of the cerebrum.
cerebroangiography [ser″
-bro-an″je-og′r
-fe] see cerebral arteriography.
cerebrocerebellar [ser″
-bro-ser″-bel′
r] pertaining to the cerebrum and the cerebellum.
cerebrocortical [ser″
-bro-kor′tľ-k
l] pertaining to the cerebral cortex.
c. malacia, c. necrosis see polioencephalomalacia.
cerebroid [ser′
-broid] resembling brain substance.
cerebroma any abnormal mass of brain substance.
cerebromalacia [ser″
-bro-m-la′sh] abnormal softening of the substance of the cerebrum. See also leukoencephalomalacia,
polioencephalomalacia.
cerebromeningitis [ser″
-bro-men″in-ji′tis] meningoencephalitis.
cerebronic acid [ser″
-bron′ik] a very long chain fatty acid derived from sphingomyelin, which is the principal
hydroxy saturated acid from the brain. Unique to nervous tissue.
cerebropathy [ser″
-brop′
-the] any brain disorder.
cerebrophysiology [ser″
-bro-fiz″e-ol′
-je] the physiology of the brain.
cerebropontile [ser″
-bro-pon′tīl] pertaining to the cerebrum and pons.
cerebrosclerosis [ser″
-bro″skl
-ro′sis] hardening of the cerebrum.
cerebroside [s
-re′bro-sīd″] a general designation for sphingolipids in which sphingosine is combined
with galactose or glucose; found chiefly in nervous tissue.
cerebrosis [ser″
-bro′sis] any disease of the cerebrum.
cerebrospinal [ser″
-bro-spi′n
l] pertaining to the brain and spinal cord.
c. abscess see brain abscess.
c. angiopathy is thought to be a sequel to subclinical edema disease due to an Escherichia
coli toxemia of pigs. The disease is sporadic within a group and is characterized
by incoordination, apathy, aimless walking, and circling. Emaciation occurs rapidly
and most affected animals are euthanatized on humanitarian grounds.
c. dysmyelinogenesis a characteristic lesion in the brain of newborn piglets affected
by congenital tremor caused by swine fever infection of the dam during early pregnancy.
See also congenital tremor syndrome of piglets.
c. embolism see fibrocartilaginous embolism.
c. fluid (CSF) the fluid within the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal
cord, and the four ventricles of the brain. The fluid is formed continuously by arachnoid
granulations as well as the choroid plexus in the ventricles, and is reabsorbed into
the blood by the arachnoid villi at approximately the same rate at which it is produced.
Examination of the CSF for the presence of abnormal or excessive numbers of cells,
protein content, pressure is an important source of information about the nervous
system.
c. fluid–blood barrier CSF passes into the CSF system (brain ventricles, the central
canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space) at the choroid plexus and passes
out of the subarachnoid space into the sagittal sinus. The confining membranes of
the system control selectively the passage of certain materials between it and the
brain tissue (CSF–brain barrier) and between it and the blood (CSF–blood barrier).
c. fluid–brain barrier see cerebrospinal fluid–blood barrier (above).
c. nematodiasis invasion of the central nervous system by the microfilaria of Setaria
labiatopapillosa (S. digitata) in most species causes an acute focal encephalomyelomalacia.
The clinical picture is one of incoordination, then paralysis of the limbs, especially
the hinds. Parasites that have been identified in the brain or spinal cord of horses
include rhabditid nematodes (Halicephalobus gingivalis), strongyloid nematodes (Strongylus
vulgaris, S. equinus, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, P. arelaphostrongylustenuis), spiruroid
nematodes (Draschia megastoma), filarid nematodes (Setaria spp.), and warble fly larvae
(Hypoderma spp.). Also known as verminous myelitis.
c. thrombosis see fibrocartilaginous embolism.
c. vasculitis see vasculitis.
cerebrovascular [ser″
-bro-vas′ku-l
r] pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum or brain.
c. accident (CVA) failure of blood supply to part of the brain, also called infarction.
Infarction can occur either as the result of hemorrhage from a vessel (hemorrhagic
infarct) or occlusion of a vessel (ischemic infarct). In both cases, disruption of
the blood supply leads to failure of oxygen and hence energy supply to brain tissue
within the associated vascular territory. Cerebrovascular accidents occur more commonly
in dogs than in cats, and common sites of infarction include the cerebral hemispheres,
thalamus, and cerebellum. Underlying conditions that may be associated with CVA include
hypertension, endocrine disease, kidney disease, heart disease, and metastatic disease.
See also feline ischemic encephalopathy.
cerebrum [s
-re′br
m] the main portion of the brain, occupying the front part of the cranial cavity;
its two cerebral hemispheres are united by the corpus callosum. The term is sometimes
applied to the postembryonic forebrain and midbrain together or to the entire brain.
See also brain.
Cereopsis novaehollandiae
see Cape Barren goose.
CERF Canine Eye Registry Foundation.
cerium (Ce) [sēr′e-
m] a chemical element, atomic number 58, atomic weight 140.12.
ceroid an insoluble polymer of oxidized lipid and protein; an acid-fast, sudanophilic,
pigment found in the liver, the nervous system and muscle. Accumulates in pathological
conditions including liver cirrhosis and lysosomal disorders. See also ceroid lipofuscinosis.
certain safety factor margin of safety of a drug measured from the ratio of the median
lethal dose (LD50) and the median effective dose (ED50). Called also therapeutic index,
LD50/ED50.
certainty confidence in a certain event or outcome occurring; a subjective judgment
by a decision maker. The sure thing, the guaranteed happening, the certain winner.
c. required refers to the making of a diagnosis. The criterion on which a decision
can be made about how far to go in the investigation of a case is the degree of certainty
required.
certificate written certification of an examination, treatment, necropsy carried out
by a veterinarian.
health c. certificate provided by a licensed veterinarian attesting to the health
status of the animal or group of animals.
title c. a state or municipal-issued document that identifies the owner or owners
of personal or real property.
ceruletide a cholecystokinin-like decapeptide, originally isolated from the skin of
an Australian frog. It causes contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the
sphincter of Oddi. Used in humans to treat paralytic ileus and in radiography during
cholecystography.
ceruloplasmin [s
-roo″lo-plaz′min] an alpha2-globulin of the plasma, being the form in which most of
the plasma copper is transported. Used as a measure of the copper status of animals.
cerumen [s
-roo′m
n] a waxy secretion of the glands of the external acoustic meatus; ear wax.
c. glands modified sweat glands in the epithelial lining of the external auditory
meatus. The wax serves to maintain the microenvironment of the ear canal, especially
its relative humidity; the accumulated wax gradually migrates outward from the eardrum
carrying debris with it.
ceruminolysis [s
-roo″mľ-nol′
-sis] dissolution or disintegration of cerumen (ear wax) in the external acoustic
meatus (external ear canal). Also used to describe the therapeutic effect of some
medications used in the treatment of otitis externa.
ceruminosis [s
-roo″mľ-no′sis] excessive or disordered secretion of cerumen.
cervical [sur′vľ-k
l] pertaining to the neck or to the cervix. See also cervical spine.
c. ankylosis ankylosis (fusion) of the intervertebral joints in the neck. See hypervitaminosis
A.
c. aplasia segmental aplasia of the genital tract may be manifested by the absence
or deformity of the cervix. Infertility is absolute. Diagnosis in large animals can
be performed by transrectal palpation; small animals may require surgical exploration.
c. cirrhosis caused by severe laceration at parturition; a rare cause of dystocia.
c. curve one of the vertebral curves of the body.
c. dislocation a physical method of euthanasia for laboratory mice, immature rats,
and poultry. Must be performed by an experienced person in order to achieve rapid
and humane death.
c. fixation suturing of the cervix through the vaginal floor to the prepubic tendon.
Used in the treatment of vaginal prolapse in cows.
c. incompetence damage to the cervix during parturition in the mare may cause its
deformity and render it incapable of effectively closing off the uterus from the vagina.
Infection of the uterus and infertility result.
incomplete c. dilation incomplete dilation of the cervix during parturition in adult
cows, less commonly in heifers, may necessitate obstetrical, even cesarean, assistance;
thought to be hormonal. See also ringwomb in ewes.
c. inflammation see cervicitis.
c. instability, c. malformation, c. malarticulation see cervical spondylomyelopathy
(below).
c. line lesions of the tooth neck characterized by progressive, subgingival, osteoclastic
resorption. These occur commonly in cats. See feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions.
c. lymphadenitis infection with abscessation of cervical lymph nodes in guinea pigs;
usually caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus.
c. malarticulation see cervical spondylomyelopathy (below).
c. malformation see cervical spondylomyelopathy (below).
c. massage suitable for use only in cows. The fetus is pulled up into the cervix and
light traction maintained while a well-lubricated hand is pushed gently between the
cervix and the fetus. This is done repeatedly and continued if there is no evidence
of trauma. The cervix may dilate sufficiently to allow normal delivery of the calf.
c. mucus from the cervix. Its presence in liberal amounts is used as an indication
of estrus.
c. paralysis inability to lift the head, usually accompanied by paralysis of all four
limbs.
c. plexus see cervical plexus.
c. rib see cervical rib.
c. spinal cord lesion any lesion affecting the spinal cord between the first and eighth
spinal cord segments. Includes fracture–dislocation, cervical vertebral abscess, compression
due to exostosis, spinal myelitis and myelomalacia, congenital lesions including spinal
canal stenosis.
c. spondylolisthesis see cervical spondylomyelopathy (below).
c. spondylomyelopathy compression of the cervical spinal cord in dogs caused by either
soft tissue or bony changes affecting the surrounding structures. Seen most commonly
in large and giant breed dogs, particularly Great Danes and Dobermans. Compression
of the spinal cord may occur as the result of hypertrophy of the dorsal anulus fibrosus
of affected intervertebral discs, hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum, enlargement
of articular facet joints, stenosis of the spinal canal and tipping or dorsal angulation
of vertebral bodies. Changes are thought to be degenerative in nature and have been
proposed to be the result of subclinical instability, possibly related to the breed
conformation. Affected dogs show signs related to the level of compression—commonly
an ataxia of the hindlimbs with a base-wide hindlimb stance, together with a short
stride, stiff forelimb gait. As a result of the uncertain etiology of the condition
a large number of names have been used to describe the condition, including canine
wobbler syndrome, cervical instability, cervical malformation, cervical malarticulation
syndrome, disc-associated wobbler syndrome and cervical stenotic myelopathy, amongst
others. Cervical spondylomyelopathy seems to be the most widely accepted terminology
currently, although this may change in the future.
c. spondylopathy see cervical spondylomyelopathy (above).
c. static stenosis one of the two syndromes listed under cervical vertebral stenotic
myelopathy; characterized by compression of the cord at C5–C7 in large male horses
1–4 years of age; the position of the neck is immaterial; the resulting syndrome is
characterized by an insidious onset of ataxia. See also enzootic equine incoordination.
c. stenotic myelopathy focal myelopathy caused by compression of the spinal cord by
excessive flexion of the neck in patients, especially dogs, in which there is a pre-existing
narrowing of one of the two vertebral foramina in one or more vertebrae, especially
cervical vertebrae. See also degenerative myeloencephalopathy.
c. swab swab of the os cervix for bacterial and virological examination for pathogens
likely to affect fertility adversely. Used in fertility examination of cases of prolonged
infertility in ruminants. See also uterine swab.
c. syndrome clinical signs caused by a lesion of the spinal cord between C1 and C5.
They include tetraparesis to tetraplegia or hemiparesis to hemiplegia, hyperreflexia,
hypertonia, depressed postural responses, and sometimes cervical pain.
c. trauma most common are lacerations during parturition; resulting adhesions and
fibrosis may cause subsequent dystocia.
c. vertebrae the skeleton of the neck, in most mammals comprising seven vertebrae,
in birds up to 25.
c. vertebra fracture in horses occurs as a result of head-on collisions at speed;
causes recumbency and inability to move limbs voluntarily, but there is full consciousness
and patient can eat and drink if assisted.
c. vertebral malformation malarticulation syndrome see cervical spondylomyelopathy
(above).
c. vertebral stenotic myelopathy one of the causes of incoordination in young horses.
See enzootic equine incoordination.
cervical abscess of pigs streptococcal abscess of the lymph nodes of the throat; a
specific disease of pigs that exerts its importance at slaughter because of the rejection
of affected parts. The cause is infection with beta-hemolytic streptococci of Lancefield
Group E.
cervicectomy [sur″vľ-sek′t
-me] excision of the cervix uteri.
cervicitis [sur″vľ-si′tis] inflammation of the cervix uteri.
cervic(o)- word element. [L.] pertaining to a neck, or the cervix.
cervicobrachialgia [sur″vľ-ko-bra″ke-al′j
] pain in the neck radiating to the forelimb, due to compression of nerve roots of
the cervical spinal cord. Called also root signature.
cervicocolpitis [sur″vľ-ko-kol-pi′tis] inflammation of the cervix uteri and cranial
vagina.
cervicofacial [sur″vľ-ko-fa′sh
l] pertaining to the neck and face.
cervicofemoral angle [sur″vľ-ko-fem′or-
l] the angle at which the neck of the femur joins the shaft. Called also the angle
of inclination. Important in assessment for hip dysplasia in dogs.
cervicopexy [sur′vľ-ko-pek″se] suture of the uterine cervix, or paracervical tissue,
to aid in the retention of a prolapsed cervix and, or, uterus.
cervicoplasty [sur′vľ-ko-plas″te] plastic surgery on the neck.
cervicospinal arthropathy [sur′vľ-ko-spi′n
l] see cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy.
cervicothoracic ganglia [sur″vľ-ko-th
-ras′ik] the staging post for most sympathetic nerve impulses going to the heart;
called also stellate ganglia.
cervicothoracic syndrome [sur″vľ-ko-th
-ras′ik] clinical signs associated with lesions of the spinal cord segments from C6
to T2. Includes tetraparesis to tetraplegia or hemiparesis to hemiplegia, neurogenic
muscle atrophy in the forelimbs, depressed postural responses, and hypalgesia to analgesia
caudal to the level of the lesion. Horner’s syndrome is sometimes present.
cervicotomy [s
″vľ-kot′
-me] incision of the circular muscle layers of the cervix to permit the passage of
a normal-sized fetus through a stenosed cervix. Performed only in the cow and not
conducive to subsequent fertility.
cervicovaginal [s
r″vľ-ko-vaj′ľ-n
l] pertaining to the cervix and the vagina.
cervicovesical [sur″vľ-ko-ves′ľ-k
l] relating to the cervix uteri and urinary bladder.
cervid a member of the family Cervidae; deer, elk, reindeer, moose, wapiti, muntjacs,
and sikas.
Cervidae [sur′viks] the family of the order Artiodactyla, ruminants; contains the
true deer, elk, moose, chital, muntjacs, and caribou (reindeer).
cervix pl. cervices neck; the front portion of the neck (collum), or a constricted
part of an organ (e.g., cervix uteri, see below).
double c. incomplete fusion of the müllerian ducts leads to duplication of all or
parts of the female genital tract. In cows one of these is a duplication of the cervix
but with only one uterus. More common is a double external os but a single internal
os. Both represent an inconvenience at artificial insemination and are detectable
on transrectal or vaginal examination.
c. uteri the narrow caudal end of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
c. vesicae the caudal constricted part of the urinary bladder, proximal to the opening
of the urethra.
Cervus
a genus of deer in the family Cervidae mostly found in Eurasia. The taxonomy of this
genus is in flux. Includes C. albirostris (Whitelipped deer), C. alfredi (Philippine
spotted deer), C. canadensis (elk or wapiti), C. duvaucelii (Barasinga), C. elaphus
(European red deer), C. eldii (Eld’s deer), C. mariannus (Philippine Sambar), C. nippon
(Sitka deer), C. schomburgki (Schomburgk’s deer; extinct), C. timorensis (Rusa deer),
C. wallichi (Central Asian red deer), C. unicolor (Sambar).
cesarean section [s
-zar′e-
n] delivery of a fetus by incision through the abdominal wall and uterus. The procedure
takes its name from the Latin word caedere, to cut, and has no relation to the birth
of Caesar as is sometimes believed. Called also C-section.
cesarotomy see cesarean section.
cesium (Cs) a chemical element, atomic number 55, atomic weight 132.905.
c.-137 a product of atomic fission by explosion or breakdown of a reactor. It is feared
as a pollutant because of its very long half-life.
Cesky terrier a long, short-legged terrier with pendulous ears, long tail and wavy,
silky coat of gray clipped to a short length, except on the upper part of the head,
lower legs, over the rib and the belly. A Czechoslovakian breed, developed from Scottish
and Sealyham terriers. Called also Bohemian terrier, Czech terrier.
cesspit a pit to retain the sediment, usually fecal, of a drain.
cestocidal destructive to cestodes.
cestocide an agent that destroys cestodes.
cestodal cysts the larval (metacestode) stage of cestodes in mammal hosts, e.g., Echinococcus
spp. cysts in humans, Cysticercus tenuicollis cysts in sheep.
cestode [ses′tōd] 1. any individual of the class Eucestoda. 2. cestoid.
cestodiasis [ses″to-di′
-sis] infestation with tapeworms.
cestodology [ses″to-dol′
-je] the scientific study of cestodes.
cestoid [ses′toid] resembling a tapeworm.
Cestrum
[ses′trum] a genus of shrubs in the family Solanaceae. C. aurantiacum (orange-flowered
cestrum), C. corymbosum var. hirsutum, C. elegans (purple cestrum) C. fasciculatum
(red cestrum), C. hartwegii, C. axillare (laevigatum) (inkberry bush), C. nocturnum
(night-flowering cestrum), C. parqui (Chilean jessamine, green cestrum) cause liver
necrosis. The toxins are diterpenoid (kaurene) glycosides parquin and carboxyparquin
allied to carboxyatractyloside. C. diurnum (jasmine, wild jasmine) causes generalized
calcinosis through a calcinogenic glycoside. See also enzootic calcinosis.
cestrum [ses′trum] common name for plants in the genus
Cestrum
.
Cetacaine [se′t
-kān] trademark for a combination local anesthetic containing tetracaine hydrochloride,
benzocaine, and butamben used topically on mucous membranes.
cetacean marine mammals of the order Cetacea that includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
cetalkonium chloride [s
t-l-ko′ne-
m] a cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant, used as a topical antiseptic against
a variety of bacteria and fungi.
cetirizine [s
-tir′ľ-zēn] a histamine type 1 (H1)-receptor antagonist (antihistamine) used in treating
allergic conditions.
Cetonia aurata
see
Macrodactylus subspinosus
.
cetrimonium bromide [set″rľ-mo′ne-
m] a quaternary ammonium antiseptic and detergent, applied topically to the skin to
cleanse wounds, as a preoperative disinfectant; also used to cleanse utensils and
to store surgical instruments.
cetylpyridinium chloride [se″t
l-pir″ľ-din′e-
m] a cationic disinfectant used as a local anti-infective applied topically to intact
skin or mucous membrane.
cevadine one of the alkaloids of Veratrum californicum but not one known to be implicated
in the production of congenital defects that occur in sheep fed on this plant.
cevitamic acid [se-vi-tam′ik] see ascorbic acid.
Ceylonocotyle
a genus of flukes (digenetic trematodes) in the family Paramphistomatidae. Includes
Ceylonocotyle scoliocoelium, C. streptocoelium (rumen, reticulum). See under paramphistomosis.
Cf chemical symbol, californium.
CFT complement fixation test.
CFU see colony-forming units.
cg centigram.
CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research.
cGMP 3′5′ cyclic guanosine monophosphate; a common cellular regulator; mediates vasodilation
of blood vessels; essential in regulation of sodium channels of the retina. Decrease
in cGMP concentration leads to hyperpolarization of the retinal membrane.
CGS, cgs centimeter–gram–second (system), a system of measurements based on the centimeter
as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of
time.
Ch a title denoting Champion; used for dogs to designate one that has accrued the
specified number of points in competitions.
CH50
the dose of complement that lyses 50% of a red cell suspension.
Chabertia
[shah-ber′te-
] a genus of nematodes in the superfamily Strongyloidea. Chabertia ovina (colon of
ruminants). See chabertiasis.
chabertiasis [shah-b
r-ti′
-sis] infestation with Chabertia ovina. Characterized by weight loss and the passage
of soft feces containing much mucus. Called also chabertiosis.
chabertiosis see chabertiasis.
Chabrador a hybrid name applied to dogs resulting from crossing Chow chows and Labrador
retrievers. See also designer dogs.
chacu see chaku.
chaerophyllin toxic principle in Chaerophyllum.
Chaerophyllum
a genus in the plant family Apiaceae. Contains a toxin chaerophyllin capable of causing
diarrhea and incoordination. Includes C. sylvestre, C. temulum (rough or wild chervil,
ass’s parsley).
chaeta see seta.
chafe [chāf] tinflammation of the skin cause caused by rubbing or friction, e.g.,
skin against a harness or skin to skin contact.
chaff 1. chaffed hay; called also chop. 2. the winnowings from a threshing, consisting
of awns, husks, glumes, and other relatively indigestible materials.
Chagas’ disease, Chagas–Cruz disease [chah′g
s] see
Trypanosoma
cruzi, American trypanosomiasis.
chagoma [ch
-go′m] skin tumor in trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma cruzi.
chain [chān] a collection of objects linked together in linear fashion, or end to
end, as the assemblage of atoms or radicals in a chemical compound, or an assemblage
of individual bacterial cells.
c. binomial model model of an outbreak of an infectious disease in which the outbreak
is depicted as a series of steps with a binomial statement of the probability of an
outcome at each step.
branched c. an open chain of atoms, usually carbon, with one or more side chains attached
to it.
heavy c. any of the large polypeptide chains of five classes that, paired with the
light chains in most vertebrate species, make up the antibody molecule. Heavy chains
bear the antigenic determinants that differentiate the immunoglobulin classes. See
also heavy-chain disease.
heavy c. switch see class switching.
J c. a polypeptide component of polymeric IgM and IgA molecules.
kappa c. one of the two light chains types that are a component of immunoglobulin.
The other is lambda (λ).
lambda c. one of the two light chain types that are a component of immunoglobulins;
the other is kappa (κ).
C-29:
Lip chain.
light c. either of the two small polypeptide chains (molecular weight 22,000) that,
when linked to heavy chains by disulfide bonds, make up the antibody molecule; they
are of two types, kappa and lambda, which are unrelated to immunoglobulin class differences.
light c. disease the overproduction of immunoglobulin light chain molecules by certain
B cell tumors (plasmacytomas). See monoclonal gammopathy.
lip c. a chain run through the lower left side ring of the halter of a horse, under
the upper lip tight against the gum, through the right-side ring, and attached to
the upper right cheek ring. Used to achieve greater control. Can cause significant
injury if used improperly. Banned by some show horse organizations.
nose c. a chain run through the lower left side ring of the halter of a horse, over
the nose, through the right-side ring, and attached to the upper right cheek ring.
Designed to encourage a horse to lower his head and become more responsive when pressure
is applied to the shank.
obstetric c. used in obstetrics in cattle and horses to snare extremities and for
traction. Made of rustproof metal with links designed not to kink or to jam. They
have a loop link at each end to facilitate single-handed formation of a loop. The
links are shaped so that the ring-grip handles used for traction will grip at any
point and stay put with the strongest pull.
c. shank a leather lead with a short section of chain at the proximal end. It can
be placed over the horse’s nose, through the mouth or across the upper gum for greater
control.
side c. a chain of atoms attached to a larger chain or to a ring.
stallion c. strong chain, 1–2 ft (0.5 m) long, at the end of a solid lead. For leading
a stallion with little chance of his biting through the lead.
c. termination method See Sanger–Coulson method.
chaku a system of corralling vicuñas in which large numbers of individuals drive the
scattered population into a broad funnel, at the end of which is a capture corral
where the vicuñas are caught, sheared, and released. The chaku system was perfected
by the Inka but was a longstanding tradition in the Andean Altiplano.
Ch’aku a variety of llama characterized by high follicular density on the body and
face. This woolly llama is less common than the non woolly kara variety in Bolivia
and Peru, but abundant in northwest Argentina.
chaku llama see Ch’aku.
chalasia [k
-la′zh] relaxation of a bodily opening, such as the cardiac sphincter. See also megaesophagus.
chalazae strands of albumen that come from each pole of a bird or reptile egg and
suspend the yolk in the approximate center of the egg. The chalazae are often twisted
because of rotation of the yolk.
chalazion [k
-la′ze-on] eyelid mass resulting from obstruction and inflammation of a meibomian
gland.
chalcosis [kal-ko′sis] copper deposits in tissue.
chalk bones [chawk] see osteopetrosis.
challenge feeding [chal′
nj] a system of feeding dairy cows that provides more feed than is justified by the
level of the individual cow’s milk production. In the early part of the lactation,
the cow is challenged to produce more milk and in many instances does so. If the cow
does not respond, the level of feeding is reduced. Called also lead feeding because
the cow is led to produce more heavily.
C-30:
Chalazion on the upper eyelid of a dog.
From Maggs, D.J., Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 6th Ed, Elsevier,
2018.
chalone [kal′ōn] a group of tissue-specific, water-soluble substances that are produced
within a tissue and that inhibit mitosis of the cells of that tissue and whose action
is reversible.
chalybeate containing or charged with iron.
Chamaecytisus proliferus
a tree legume in the family Favaceae used as a browse plant for ruminant nutrition;
rarely, an unidentified toxin is associated with congenital leucoencephalopathy of
calves and a staggers syndrome in cattle. Called also Cytisus proliferus, tagasaste,
tree lucerne, escobon.
chamber [chām′b
r] an enclosed space.
anterior c. that part of the aqueous humor-containing space of the globe between the
cornea and anterior iris face.
posterior c. that part of the aqueous humor-containing space of the globe between
the posterior iris and the lens.
vitreous c. the vitreous humor-containing space in the globe, bounded anteriorly by
the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the retina and optic nerve.
chambering [chām′b
r-ing] a technique of modifying the padding in harness over a gall or other sore spot.
The stuffing is worked away with an awl or needle and stitched to the felt to stop
it from working back into the cavity.
chameleon lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae, they have a very long tongue, independently
mobile eyes and feet with two toes pointing forward and three backward; many species
have a prehensile tail. Best known for their ability to change color to blend with
their surroundings as well as communication with conspecifics. Over 200 species, with
the veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) the most commonly kept captive species.
chamois 1. sheepskin specially impregnated with fish oil to make it pliable; used
for cleaning. 2. (Rupicapra rupicapra) a high altitude, medium-sized, East European
goat-antelope, with short, slightly-curved horns; also introduced into New Zealand
for recreational hunting.
C-31:
A panther chameleon.
Bassert, J.M. McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition.
Saunders, 042017. VitalBook file.
chamomile [kam′
-mēl] a medicinal herb derived from flowerheads of two species of the Asteraceae family,
the more common being Matricaria chamomilla; used for its anti-inflammatory, antiseborrheic,
and calmative properties. Also spelled camomile.
champignon a mushroom-like swelling that forms in scirrhous cord.
chancre [shang′k
r] the 2- to 4- in, hard, hot, painful lesion that develops at the site of tsetse-fly
bites when the fly is a transmitter of trypanosomiasis. In human medicine, refers
to the primary lesion of syphilis.
chandelier plant see
Bryophyllum
delagoense.
Chandipura virus (CHPV) a vesicular virus closely related to Vesicular stomatitis
virus. Associated with sporadic encephalitis outbreaks in humans in India but does
not cause vesicular stomatitis in livestock.
Chandlerella
a nematode parasite genus belonging to the family Onchocercidae, found in birds.
channel [chan′
l] in biophysical terms these are the ‘pores’ in semipermeable membranes through which
specific physicochemical units, e.g., cations, calcium ions, can pass; the rate of
passage of some channels may be much slower than others, hence there is an expansive
nomenclature, e.g., slow calcium channel, fast calcium channel.
water c. see aquaporins.
channel aeration a modification of the activated sludge method of disposing of sewage.
The sewage is aerated in a long channel rather than in a lagoon.
Channel Island breeds usually used in reference to the Jersey and Guernsey breeds
of dairy cattle.
channelopathy [chan″n
l-op′
-the] dysfunction of ion channels affecting excitability of cell membranes in neurons
and skeletal myocytes; includes myotonia, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.
Chanos chanos
an important food fish in Southeast Asia. Called also milkfish.
Chantilly/Tiffany a semi-longhaired, North American breed of cat, similar to the Tiffanie,
which is recognized in the UK. Although originally chocolate, many coat colors are
seen.
chaperone [shap′
r-ōn] a family of proteins that aid in the folding of target proteins.
chaperonin [shap″
r-o′nin] a class of chaperone proteins.
char salmonid fish in the genus
Salvelinus
. Includes the Arctic char (S. alpinus).
character [kar′ak-t
r] a quality or attribute indicative of the nature of an object or an organism. 1.
in genetics, the expression of a gene or group of genes as seen in a phenotype. 2.
in wool the evenness of the crimp.
acquired c. a noninheritable modification produced in an animal as a result of its
own activities or of environmental influences.
dominant c. a mendelian character that is expressed when it is transmitted by a single
gene.
mendelian c’s in genetics, the separate and distinct traits exhibited by an animal
or plant and dependent on the genetic constitution of the organism.
primary sex c’s those characters of the male and female directly concerned in reproduction.
recessive c. a mendelian character that is expressed only when transmitted by both
genes (one from each parent) determining the trait.
secondary sex c’s those characters specific to the male and female but not directly
concerned in reproduction.
sex-conditioned c., sex-influenced c. an autosomal trait whose full expression is
conditioned by the sex of the individual, e.g., cryptorchism.
sex-linked c. one transmitted consistently to individuals of one sex only, being carried
in the sex chromosome.
Charadriiformes a large group of aquatic shorebirds and coastal diving birds, worldwide
in distribution. Found along seacoasts and inland waters. Includes sandpipers, plovers,
gulls, auks, and their relatives
charbon [Fr.] see anthrax.
Charbray a taurindicus breed of beef cattle, white to light red in color, produced
by crossing Brahman and Charolais.
Charchesium polysinum
a protozoan that parasitizes the skin of tadpoles. Lesions may cover the gills and
cause asphyxia.
charcoal [chahr′kōl] carbon prepared by charring wood or other organic material.
activated c. the residue of destructive distillation of various organic materials,
treated to increase its adsorptive capacity; used orally as a general-purpose antidote
(specifically, as an adsorbent) for ingested toxins and bacterial enterotoxins.
Charcot–Bottcher crystals characteristic intracellular cytoplasmic crystals that occur
in normal canine Sertoli cells, but do not occur in Sertoli cell tumors.
C-32:
Charolais beef bull.
From Sambraus, H.H., Livestock Breeds, Mosby, 1992.
Charcot triad [shahr-ko′] biliary colic, jaundice, and fever, three signs associated
with acute cholecystitis.
charge-coupled device (CCD) [chahrj] photosensitive computer chip made of crystalline
silicone; used to record light images and generate computer graphic image files. Various
imaging applications including digital photography and digital radiography.
charlatan a pretender to knowledge or skills not possessed; see also quack.
Charles’ law [shahrlz] at a constant pressure the volume of a given mass of gas varies
directly with the absolute temperature.
charlock Sinapis
arvensis.
jointed c. see
Raphanus
raphanistrum. Called also wild radish.
Charolais a white or cream breed of cattle with pink mucosae, produced in central
France and used for dairy, beef, or draft purposes.
Charollaise sheep meat and wool polled sheep, originated from Leicester longwool plus
local breed.
charque South American dried salted beef.
chart [chahrt] a record of data in graphic or tabular form.
pedigree c. a graph showing various descendants of a common ancestor, used to indicate
those affected by genetically determined disease.
time c. a graph on which the values of a variable are plotted on one axis and time
on the other.
veterinary medicine c. the written or digital record of communication, presenting
complaint, examination, diagnostic testing, and treatment occurring between a veterinarian,
client, and patient. also called record, medical record, or veterinary medical record.
technique c. in radiography, a table of kVP, mA, and sec (mAs) values to enable the
selection of the correct settings on an x-ray machine for a particular body part thickness.
charting [chahr′ting] the keeping of a clinical record of the important facts about
a patient and the progress of its illness. The patient’s chart most often contains
a medical history, a nursing history, results of physical examinations, laboratory
reports, results of special diagnostic tests, and the observations of the nursing
staff. See also problem-oriented medical record.
Chartreux an old French breed of cats; it has a blue-gray, medium-length, double coat
and gold- to copper-colored eyes.
chase pursuit of a lure on a racetrack or of a dragged hare in a field by a Greyhound.
chaser a secondary or follow-up breeding male put in with a herd of cows or ewes when
the fertility of the first stud is suspect.
Chastek paralysis a condition of thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency in farmed foxes
and mink induced by the consumption of certain species of raw fish that are known
to contain thiaminases. When ingested, thiaminases cleave the thiamine molecule rendering
it inactive, and therefore unusable, by the body. Because thiamine plays an integral
role in energy utilization, this condition manifests as muscular weakness, paralysis,
and ultimately death. B1 deficiency of foxes was originally described as Chastek paralysis
following an outbreak on the Chastek Farm in Minnesota in 1936.
chauffage [Fr.] treatment with a low-heated cautery that is passed to and fro close
to the tissue.
CHD canine hip dysplasia.
check ligament one of the two ligamentous accessory heads to the digital flexors of
the horse. The superior (proximal) check ligament connects the superficial flexor
tendon to the caudal aspect of the radius, while the inferior (distal) check ligament
connects the deep digital flexor tendon to the palmar aspect of the third metacarpal
(cannon) bone). See also suspensory ligament.
C-33:
Blood film from a cat with Chediak-Higashi syndrome showing large pink granules in
neutrophils (arrows).
Sirois, M. Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 6th Edition. Mosby, 2014.
c. l. desmotomy surgical division of the ligament for treatment of contracted flexor
tendons, certain cases of flexor tendonitis or desmitis of the affected ligament in
horses.
checkerboard [chek′
r-bord] the pattern of a chess or draft board; used in many circumstances to display
the results of mixing a specific number of variables. The variables are listed in
columns designated along the horizontal border and the same or different variables
in lines along the vertical border; the results of each mixing are recorded in the
box where the columns and lines carrying the ingredients of the mix intersect.
checkered giant rabbit large show rabbits that come in white with defined black or
blue (gray) markings. In the UK, called the Giant Papillon.
checkpoint [chek′point″] points in the cell cycle of eukaryotic cells which prevent
progress until each stage is satisfactorily completed.
Chediak–Higashi syndrome [cha′de-ahk he-gah′she] an inherited disease in humans, cattle,
cats, Aleutian mink, white tigers, and Orca whales. There is dilution of color in
the hair and ciliary processes of the eye, with abnormally large secretory granules,
caused by mutations in the lysosomal trafficking regulator LYST gene, in all cell
types and particularly noticeable in circulating neutrophils and eosinophils. Leukocytes
are defective in chemotaxis and intracellular killing. Affected individuals suffer
from an increased susceptibility to infection and bleeding tendencies caused by a
platelet storage defect.
cheek [chēk] the fleshy portion of either side of the face, forming the sides of the
mouth and continuing rostrally to the lips. Attached to alveolar borders of maxillae
and mandibles. Called also bucca.
cleft c. facial cleft caused by developmental failure of union between the maxillary
and primitive frontonasal processes.
c. pouches fur-lined evaginations of the oral cavity extending alongside the head
and neck, as far as the scapulae, in hamsters. Used to transport food.
c. swelling caused usually by osteomyelitis of the jaw bones, local neoplasia, packing
of food in a chronically malfunctioning cheek or a large foreign body stuck in the
cheek space (buccal vestibule).
c. teeth molars and premolars.
cheese a food produced industrially by the precipitation of milk protein and capable
of acting as a vector of animal disease caused by resistant bacteria but especially
by viruses, especially foot-and-mouth disease.
c. fly infests cheese but of esthetic importance only. Called also cheese skipper,
Piophila casei.
c. mite Tyroglyphus
siro.
cheese-washer’s lung a hypersensitivity pneumonitis of humans caused by inhalation
of Penicillin casei spores present in cheese casings.
cheeseweed Malva
parviflora.
cheesewood Alstonia
scholaris.
cheesy gland [che′ze] chronic disease characterized by hard swelling of one or more
peripheral lymph nodes containing semiliquid to caseous pus; may rupture spontaneously
or be lacerated during shearing and discharge pus to the exterior; colloquial for
caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats.
cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) a spotted, long-legged, non climbing, diurnal big cat;
the fastest of land animals. Easily trained and used for hunting; some are illegally
placed in private collections. Because of loss of habitat and prey, it is considered
a vulnerable species. Originally widespread in Africa and Asia, its distribution has
markedly reduced, now occurring in eastern and southern Africa with small numbers
in isolated regions of Asia, such as Iran. Called also hunting leopard.
Cheilanthes
[ki-lan′thēz] a fern member of the family Sinopteridaceae; known toxic components
include ptaquiloside and thiaminase. Called also cloak ferns, rock ferns.
C. distans, C. tenuifolia
a rock fern that causes incoordination and somnolence in sheep.
C. sieberi
has caused hemorrhagic disease and enzootic hematuria in cattle through ptaquiloside,
and polioencephalomalacia in sheep. Called also rock or mulga fern.
C. sinuata
causes polioencephalomalacia (‘jimmies’) in grazing ruminants. Called also jimmy fern.
cheilectropion [ki″lek-tro′pe-on] eversion of the lip.
cheilitis [ki-li′tis] inflammation of the lips.
cheil(o)- word element. [Gr.] pertaining to a lip.
cheilognathopalatoschisis [ki″lo-na″tho-pal″
-tos′kľ-sis] cleft of the lip, upper jaw, and hard and soft palates.
cheilognathoschisis [ki″lo-na-thos′kľ-sis] cleft of the upper lip and jaw.
cheiloplasty surgical repair of a lip defect.
anti-drool c. suspension of the lower lip to the inside of the upper cheek by a mucosal
flap to reduce the leakage of saliva and food in dogs with excessive lip folds or
denervated lower lip.
cheilorrhaphy [ki-lor′
-fe] suture of the lip; surgical repair of a harelip.
cheiloschisis [ki-los′kľ-sis] see cleft lip.
cheilosis [ki-lo′sis] fissuring and dry scaling of the lips and angles of the mouth.
Cheilospirura
a genus of nematodes of the family Acuariidae.
C. hamulosa
found in the gizzard of fowls and turkeys. Heavy infestations cause emaciation, weakness
and anemia. Called also Acuaria.
cheilotomy [ki-lot′
-me] incision of the lip.
chelate [ke′lāt] to combine with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of
a ring; by extension, a chemical compound in which a metallic ion is sequestered and
firmly bound into a ring within the chelating molecule. Chelates are used in treatment
of metal poisoning.
chelating agent a substance which combines with a metallic ion to produce an inert
chelate, e.g., ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, penicillamine.
chelerythrine a toxic alkaloid found in the plant
Chelidonium majus
.
chelicerae pair of movable oral appendages adapted for cutting carried by acarids,
including ticks.
chelidonine a toxic alkaloid found in the plant
Chelidonium majus
.
Chelidonium majus
temperate zone plant of the family Papaveraceae; contains the isoquinoline alkaloid
chelidonine; causes vomiting, colic and diarrhea, possibly somnolence. Called also
greater celandine, celandine poppy.
Chelonia
sea turtles in the family Cheloniidae; with flat, rounded shells and flipper-like
forelimbs.
C. mydas 1. green turtle. 2. large endangered sea turtle, only species in genus Chelonia.
Also known as black sea turtle, Pacific green turtle or green sea turtle.
chelonian generally refers to members of the superorder Chelonia that includes tortoises,
terrapins, turtles, and sea turtles. More specifically, refers to sea turtles in the
family Cheloniidae or superfamily Chelonioidea.
Chelopistes
a genus of lice in the superfamily Ischnocera. Includes C. meleagridis (turkeys).
chemical [kem′ľ-k
l] 1. pertaining to chemistry. 2. a substance composed of chemical elements, or obtained
by chemical processes.
agricultural c. chemical used in agriculture. Includes pesticides, anthelmintics,
fertilizers, algaecides, herbicides, and soil fumigants.
c. environment that part of the animals’ environment that is composed of chemicals.
For farm livestock, this includes fertilizers, defoliants, worm drenches, insect sprays,
and adjuvants to feed. For companion animals see household chemical (below).
household c. the roster of chemicals that one can expect to find in the average household.
Includes insect sprays and repellents, snail bait, rodenticide, garden sprays, human
medicines, and the like.
c. senses see olfaction (2), taste.
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CASRN) a unique number for every drug
in all its forms.
chemiosmosis movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane along an electrochemical
gradient.
chemist [kem′ist] 1. an expert in chemistry. 2. sometimes used as an abbreviation
for pharmaceutical chemist or pharmacist.
chemistry [kem′is-tre] the science dealing with the identification of the substances
composing matter, the investigation of their properties, interactions and the way
in which they combine and change to form new substances.
colloid c. chemistry dealing with the nature and composition of colloids.
inorganic c. that branch of chemistry that deals with inorganic compounds, those not
containing carbon and also carbides, oxides of carbon, and carbonates.
organic c. the branch of chemistry dealing with organic compounds, those characterized
by carbon–carbon bonds, i.e., all compounds containing carbon except oxides of carbon,
carbides, and carbonates.
chem(o)- word element. [Gr.] chemical, chemistry.
chemoattractant [ke″mo-
-trak′t
nt] a chemical (chemotactic) agent that induces an organism or a cell, a leukocyte,
to migrate toward it.
chemoautotroph [ke″mo-aw′to-trōf] organism (typically a bacterium or a protozoan)
which obtains energy from chemical reactions and is able to synthesize all the organic
compounds it requires from carbon dioxide.
chemocautery [ke″mo-kaw′t
r-e] cauterization by application of a caustic substance.
chemodectoma [ke″mo-dek-to′m
] nonchromaffin paraganglionoma: any tumor of the chemoreceptor system, e.g., a carotid
body tumor, aortic body tumor. Brachycephalic breeds of dogs are predisposed, possibly
due to genetic factors and chronic hypoxia.
chemohormonal [ke″mo-hor-mo′n
l] pertaining to drugs having hormone-like activity.
chemoimmunization used in the control of protozoal diseases; consists of simultaneous
administration of virulent protozoa and an appropriate babesicide.
chemokines [ke′mo-kīnz] a large family of chemotactic cytokines which stimulate cell
movements with roles in inflammation, immune responses, and angiogenesis.
chemokinesis [ke″mo-kľ-ne′sis] the movement of cells in response to chemokines.
cheminosis [kem″e-os-mo′sis] any disease due to chemical agents.
chemolithotroph [ke″mo-lith′o-trōf] an organism that derives its energy from oxidation
of inorganic compounds and its carbon from carbon dioxide.
chemolithotrophic [ke″mo-lith″o-tro′fik] deriving energy from the oxidation of reduced
inorganic compounds such as ferrous iron, ammonia, nitrite, phosphite, hydrogen sulfide
or hydrogen; said of bacteria.
chemoluminescence [ke″mo-loo″mľ-nes′
ns] the emission of light by chemical reactions, most commonly oxidation. (1) Used
as a measure of metabolic activity of phagocytic cells, e.g., neutrophils, monocytes
and macrophages. (2) A developing technique for marking the state of preservation
of food. As the food deteriorates, it begins to emit fluorescent light.
chemolysis [ke-mol′ľ-sis] chemical decomposition.
chemonucleolysis [ke″mo-noo″kle-ol′
-sis] dissolution of a portion of the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disk by
injection of a chemolytic agent for treatment of a herniated intervertebral disk.
chemo-organotroph [ke″mo-or′g
-no-trōf″] an organism that derives its energy and carbon from organic compounds.
chemo-organotrophic [ke″mo-or″g
-no-tro′fik] deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds; said of bacteria.
Called also chemoheterotrophic.
chemopallidectomy [ke″mo-pal″ľ-dek′t
-me] destruction of tissue of the globus pallidus by a chemical agent.
chemoprophylaxis [ke″mo-pro″f
-lak′sis] prevention of disease by chemical means.
chemoreception [ke″mo-re-sep′sh
n] the physiological reception of chemical stimuli.
chemoreceptor [ke″mo-re-sep′t
r] any of the special cells or organs adapted for excitation by chemical substances
and located outside the central nervous system. There are chemoreceptors in the large
arteries of the thorax and the neck; called carotid and aortic bodies. These receptors
are responsive to changes in the oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentration
in the blood. When oxygen concentration falls below normal in the arterial blood,
the chemoreceptors send impulses to stimulate the respiratory center so that there
will be an increase in alveolar ventilation, and consequently, an increase in the
intake of oxygen by the lungs. Other chemoreceptors are the taste buds, which are
sensitive to chemicals in the mouth, and the olfactory cells of the nose, which detect
certain chemicals in the air.
c. trigger zone (CTZ) located in the floor of the fourth ventricle; sensitive to motion,
uremia, apomorphine. Activation stimulates neurons of the emetic center.
c. tumors see chemodectoma.
chemoreflex [ke″mo-re′fleks] a physiological reflex initiated by a chemical substance.
C-34:
Severe chemosis of the right eye of a goat.
From Stummer, P. Fuchs-Baumgartinger, A., Franz, S., Nell, B. Severe chemosis caused
by nephrotic syndrome in a goat: A case report. Vet J 175:141-143, 2008. Elsevier.
chemosensitive [ke″mo-sen′sľ-tiv] sensitive to changes in chemical composition. In
the case of cancer cells, sensitive to therapeutic agents.
chemosensory [ke″mo-sen′s
r-e] relating to the perception of chemical substances, as in odor detection.
chemosis [ke-mo′sis] edema of the conjunctiva.
chemostat [ke′mo-stat] a vessel that provides constant growth conditions for bacteria.
chemosterilants [ke″mo-ster′ľ-l
nts] chemicals used to render an animal sterile (infertile). For example, creating
sterile male insects in the control of single mating insects such as screw-worm.
chemosurgery [ke″mo-sur′j
r-e] the destruction of tissue by chemical agents for therapeutic purposes; originally
applied to chemical fixation of malignant, gangrenous or infected tissue, with use
of frozen sections to facilitate systematic microscopic control of its excision.
chemosynthesis [ke″mo-sin′th
-sis] the building up of chemical compounds under the influence of chemical stimulation,
specifically the formation of carbohydrates from carbondioxide and water as a result
of energy derived from chemical reactions.
chemotactic factor [ke″mo-tak′tik] soluble molecules that attract and guide the movement
of cells such as bacteria, sperm cells, embryonic cells, and phagocytes.
chemotaxin [ke″mo-tak′sin] a substance that induces chemotaxis.
chemotaxis [ke″mo-tak′sis] taxis or directional movement of cells in response to a
chemical signal.
leukocyte c. the response of leukocytes to products formed in immunological reactions,
wherein leukocytes are attracted to and accumulate at the site of the reaction; a
part of the inflammatory response. See also inflammation.
chemotherapy [ke″mo-ther′
-pe] the treatment of illness by chemical means; that is, by medication.
adjuvant c. given after surgical removal or radiation therapy of a primary tumor,
to slow growth of metastases or in some cases to cure.
cancer c. the use of antineoplastic agents in the treatment of malignant growths;
the primary choice for hematopoietic tumors and also employed where the preferred
treatment by other means, such as surgical removal, is not possible. A variety of
malignancies in dogs and cats have been successfully managed with some of the chemotherapeutic
agents used in the treatment of cancer in humans. See also protocol (2).
combination c. several drugs are used in parallel or in sequence. See also COP (2),
DMAC, MOPP, VAC, VMC.
metronomic c. small doses of chemotherapy given daily instead of maximally tolerated
doses given at longer intervals, targeting the tumor blood supply and modulating the
immune response to the tumor rather than killing the cancer cells directly.
multimodal c. chemotherapy combined with other forms of treatment, e.g., surgical
excision.
neoadjuvant c. given prior to surgery or radiotherapy, generally to reduce tumor size.
c. protocol see protocol (2).
rescue c. single drugs or drug combinations that typically are not found in standard
protocols and are reserved for use in the setting of drug resistance.
chemotic [ke-mot′ik] pertaining to or affected with chemosis.
chemotrophic [ke″mo-tro′fik] deriving energy from the oxidation of organic (chemo-organotrophic)
or inorganic (chemolithotrophic) compounds; said of bacteria.
chemotropism [ke-mot′ro-piz-
m] tropism in response to the influence of chemical stimulation.
chenodeoxycholic acid [ke″no-de-ok″se-kol′ik] a primary bile acid, C24H40O4, administered
as an anticholelithogenic agent. Called also chenodiol.
C-35:
‘Cherry eye’ in a Bulldog.
Johnston, S.A., Tobias, K. Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal Expert Consult: 2-Volume
Set, 2nd Edition. Saunders, 2017.
chenodiol [ke″no-di′ol] see chenodeoxycholic acid.
Chenopodium
[ke″no-po′de-
m] a plant genus of the Chenopodiaceae family; many plants in the genus contain soluble
oxalates and can cause acute oxalate poisoning. Includes C. album (fat hen, lambsquarters,
white goosefoot), C. atriplicinum (Scleroblitum atripliclinum, lambstongue). Other
plants can cause cyanide poisoning, e.g., C. carinatum (green crumbweed, Boggabri),
C. glaucum (oak-leaved goosefoot), C. melanocarpum (black crumbweed), C. rhadinostachyum
(Dysphania radinostachya, C. chenostachyum, mouse-tailed crumbweed).
C. ambrosioides
contains wormseed oil; previously used as an anthelmintic. Capable of causing gastroenteritis;
oil of chenopodium has caused deafness in dogs and cats at the therapeutic doses if
not given with a purgative. Called also Dysphania ambrosioides, C. antheminticum var.
ambrosioides, wormseed.
Cherax
a genus of crayfish found in Australia.
cherry [cher′e] common name for many plants, mostly in the genera
Prunus
and Physalus, but also in the name of plants of other genera. Includes bird, fire,
pin and wild red cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica, P. padus), black cherry (Prunus serotina),
finger cherry (
Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa
), Jerusalem, madeira winter, and winter cherry (
Solanum
pseudocapsicum), wild cherry (Prunus serotina), wild ground cherry (Physalis).
cherry eye [cher′e i] lay term for eversion of the nictitating membrane (third eyelid)
caused by hypertrophy and prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid, over the free
margin of the membrane.
chervil see
Chaerophyllum
.
Chesapeake Bay retriever a medium-sized (55–80 lb), muscular dog with short, thick,
slightly wavy, water-repellent coat and woolly undercoat. The color is distinctive:
shades of brown, sedge (yellow to chestnut) and ‘deadgrass’ (faded tan to dull straw
color). The eyes are yellow-amber. Hereditary cataracts occur in the breed. Called
also Chessie. The official state dog of Maryland.
chest [chest] see thorax, thoracic, flail chest.
c. compression a means of external cardiac massage; most likely to be effective in
small dogs and cats, but very difficult in large animals.
c. wound common in horses and cattle, damage to the underlying chest wall with communication
to the pleural cavity and pneumothorax being the main danger.
Chester White pig a fat, white breed of meat pigs developed in the US. Known originally
as Chester County White, and subsequently as Ohio Improved Chester.
chestnut [chest′n
t] 1. flattened, oval masses of horn on the medial surface of the forearm and the
hock of the horse. Those on the forelimb are just proximal to the carpus, those on
the hindlimb are at the distal end of the tarsus. In donkeys the hindlimb chestnut
is very small, in mules it is absent. They are regarded as being vestiges of the carpal
and tarsal pads. 2. fruit of the chestnut tree Castanea sativa. 3. a popular coat
color in horses. A deep reddish brown varying from a red dominance or light chestnut,
to a heavier brown tone, liver or deep chestnut. Mixed with white hairs is a chestnut
roan.
c. rule mating two chestnut horses will not produce offspring with black, gray, brown
or bay coat colors.
c. slough occurs in cattle when limb badly swollen or injured in grass fire.
C-36:
Location of ergots and chestnuts in horses.
Colville, T., Bassert, J. Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians,
3rd Edition. Mosby, 2015.
C-37:
An adult Cheyletiella mite.
From Kummel, B.A., Color Atlas of Small Animal Dermatology, Mosby, 1989.
Cheviot long-woolled, meat sheep from the UK, characterized by a prominent Roman nose,
woolless face, polled head, and medium-quality wool.
chevrotain mammals in the family Tragulidae in the infraorder Artiodactyla. They are
very small (6–15 inches high), hornless ungulates and have protruding canine teeth
that serve as tusks. Known also as mouse-deer. The water chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus)
is the only African species and also known as the fanged deer, with the other species
native to Asia.
chewing see mastication.
c. disease see nigropallidal encephalomalacia.
chewing the cud see rumination.
Cheyletiella
[ki″l
-te-el′] a genus of mites in the family Cheyletidae. Host specificity is not certain;
in general C. blakei infests cats, C. parasitovorax infests rabbits and hares, and
C. yasguri infests dogs. Cause cheyletiellosis.
cheyletiellosis [ki″l
-te″el-o′sis] infestation by Cheyletiella spp. Causes a mild, scaling dermatitis in
dogs and cats with variable pruritus; amore severe, pruritic dermatitis, mainly on
the back of rabbits, and intensely pruritic vesicles in humans. Called also cheyletiella
dermatitis, ‘walking’ dandruff.
Cheyletoides uncinata Syringophilus
uncinatus.
Cheyletus eruditus
house dust mite capable of causing dermatitis in indoor companion animals.
Cheyne–Stokes respiration [chān stō ks′] abnormal breathing pattern characterized
by rhythmic waxing and waning of the depth of respiration; the animal breathes deeply
for a short time and then breathes very slightly or stops breathing altogether (apnea).
CHF abbreviation for congestive heart failure.
chi [ki] [Χ, χ] the twenty-second letter of the Greek alphabet.
ch’i
see Qi.
chi-square distribution in statistical terms this is said of a variable with K degrees
of freedom if it is distributed like the sum of the squares of K independent random
variables each of which has a normal distribution with mean zero and variance of 1.
C-38:
Cheyletiellosis in a cat with diffuse scaling and erythema.
From Hnilica, K.A., Small Animal Dermatology: A Color Atlas and Therpeutic Guide,
4th ed, Elsevier, 2017.
C-39:
Chianina dual-purpose bull.
From Sambraus, H.H., Livestock Breeds, Mosby, 1992.
chi-squared test one of the statistical techniques for determining (1) if there are
significant differences between two or more series of frequencies or proportions and
(2) whether one series of proportions is significantly different from a control series.
Pearson’s chi-square is used for unmatched data and McNemar’s chi-square for matched
data.
Chiana a very tall, white with black points and mucosae, breed of dairy cattle, used
also for draft. Called also Chianina.
Chiangus a black, polled beef breed of cattle produced by crossing Chianina and Angus
cattle.
Chianina cattle Italian spelling for the Chiana breed of white with black points,
meat cattle.
Chiari-like malformation [ke-ah′rē] in humans, a congenital abnormality of the brain
in which the cerebellar tonsils descend through the foramen magnum and may be associated
with abnormal flow of cerebrospinal fluid. A similar, but not identical, condition
most like the Chiari-type 1 malformation of humans, is found in Cavalier King Charles
spaniels, and possibly Brussels griffon dogs, with hypoplasia of the occipital fossa,
cerebellar herniation, and syringomyelia. Called also caudal occipital malformation.
chiasm [ki′az-
m] a decussation or X-shaped crossing.
optic c. a structure in the forebrain formed by the decussation of fibers of the optic
nerves from the left and right retina, the degree of decussation depending on the
species.
chiasma [ki-az′m
] pl. chiasmata [L., Gr.] chiasm; in genetics, the points at which members of a chromosome
pair are in contact during the prophase of meiosis and because of which recombination,
or crossing over, occurs on separation.
c. formation the process by which a chiasma is formed; it is the cytological basis
of genetic recombination, or crossing over.
chibata Arrabidaea
bilabiata.
CHIC Canine Health Information Center.
Chicago disease blastomycosis.
chick [chik] abbreviation for chicken (1). The term is usually used for recently hatched
chickens until their yellow down feathers are replaced with white ones.
chicken [chik′
n] a young domestic fowl up to the age at which the bird can survive without supplementary
heat and feed. In some poultry industries that is about 4 weeks. However, the endpoint
varies with the type of husbandry practiced. Called also chicks. In the North American
poultry industry, a chicken is any domestic fowl up to about 20 weeks of age.
c. anemia bone marrow hypoplasia with thymic and bursal atrophy with concomitant immunosuppression
in young chickens caused by a Gyrovirus. The disease is characterized by weakness,
pallor and a high mortality rate. Secondary bacterial, viral, and fungal infections
are commonplace including hemorrhagic syndrome, anemia, dermatitis, and blue wing
disease. Growth retardation and mortality rate can pose a significant threat to industry.
c. body louse Menacanthus
stramineus.
c. bronchitis see avian infectious bronchitis.
day old c’s newly hatched chicks are delivered in large flat cardboard boxes from
the multiplier to the broiler grower—the universal means of shipping live chickens.
c. edema disease a disease of broiler chickens fed on a diet containing fat contaminated
by one of several toxic factors which cause hepatic necrosis. It is manifested clinically
by drooping, dyspnea, death. At necropsy there are large accumulations of fluid in
body cavities and a swollen liver and kidneys. The disease is caused by a toxic fat
containing dioxin added to the ration of the birds. Called also toxic fat disease.
c. embryo chondrodystrophy caused by nutritional deficiency of manganese. Characterized
by short, thick legs, short wings, parrot beak, retarded down and body growth.
c. embryo lethal organ (CELO) virus see quail bronchitis.
c. hemorrhagic syndrome see inclusion body hepatitis.
c. pox see
Avipoxvirus
.
sticky c. sticky, edematous chickens caused by hatching at too low or too high humidities.
chickpea [chik′pe] a drought-resistant legume with a 20% protein content in the seeds.
Used for livestock and human consumption. Called also Cicer arietinum, gram, garbanzo.
chickweed common name for a number of plants, e.g., Stellaria media.
tropical c. Drymaria
diandra.
chiclero ulcer leishmaniasis, particularly L. eishmania braziliensis.
chicory common chicory, see
Cichorium intybus
.
California c. see
Ra
fi
nesquia californica
.
chief cells the zymogenic or peptic cells of the gastric mucosa that secrete pepsinogen.
chief complaint the most apparent clinical sign in a patient’s illness, generally
viewed by the owner as the main reason for seeking veterinary advice. Called also
cardinal sign, key sign. Sometimes abbreviated as CC.
chigger [chig′
r] the six-legged larva of mites of the family Trombiculidae. See
Trombicula
, trombiculosis. Some species are vectors of the rickettsiae of scrub typhus of humans.
Called also chigger mite, harvest mite and red bug.
North American c. see
Eutrombicula
alfreddugesi.
chigoe [chig′o] the sand flea, Tunga penetrans, of tropical and subtropical America
and Africa. Called also chigger or chigoe flea. Not to be confused with chigger mites.
See also chigger.
Chihuahua a very small (1–6 lb) dog originating in Mexico. It has a prominent, “apple
dome” skull, large eyes, large erect ears and medium-length tail carried over the
back. There are long coat and smooth coat varieties in many colors. The breed is predisposed
to hydrocephalus, and the presence of an open fontanelle (molera) is allowed for in
the breed standard.
chill [chil] see rigor, hypothermia.
Chillagoe horse disease esophageal ulceration caused by Crotalaria aridicola or C.
medicaginea (in Australia).
chilled meat meat preserved by chilling to and maintaining at no more than 45°F (7°C)
or 37°F (3°C) for offal, immediately after slaughter. Quick chilling has many advantages
and maintenance of a low humidity is favored because of the prevention of mold growth.
Chilodonella
[ki″l
-d-nel′] a genus of protozoa; C. piscicola and C. hexasticha are pathogenic for fish.
See chilodonellosis.
chilodonellosis disease of freshwater fish caused by the protozoa Chilodenella spp.
Characterized by hyperplasia of the epithelium of the gill and difficult respiration,
and infection of the skin.
Chilomastix [ki″lo-mas′tiks] a genus of parasitic protozoa found in the intestines
of vertebrates. Members of the order Trichomonadida.
C. bettencourti, C. caprae, C. cuniculi, C. equi, C. gallinarum, C. intestinalis,
C. wenrichi
non pathogenic protozoa found in the ceca of, respectively, rodents, goats, rabbits,
horses, chickens, turkeys, and guinea pigs.
Chilomitus
non pathogenic protozoa of the order Trichomonadida.
C. caviae, C. connexus
found in the cecum of the guinea pig.
Chilopoda [ki-lop′
-d] a class of the phylum Arthropoda embracing the centipedes. See also
Myriapoda
.
chimaera [ki-mēr′
] chimera.
chimera [ki-mir′
] 1. a mythological, fire-spouting monster with a lion’s head, goat’s body and serpent’s
tail. 2. an animal whose body contains different cell populations derived from different
zygotes of the same or different species, occurring spontaneously or produced artificially;
i.e., an individual composed of a mixture of genetically different cells.
c. protein see fusion protein.
C-40:
“Fat-chin” in a cat.
chimerism [ki-mēr′iz-
m] the state of being a chimera; the presence in an animal of cells of different origin,
e.g., XX/XY chimerism.
blood c. twins that have a common placental circulation develop immune tolerance.
Each of them is then a chimera. When the twins are of opposite sex, the female twin
may be a freemartin. Sterilization of the female is brought about by the transfer
of H-Y antigen to the female gonad.
Chimonanthus praecox
contains the alkaloid calycanthine, a central nervous system toxin, recorded as causing
ataxia, convulsions and recumbency in goats.
chimpanzee [chim-pan-ze′] (Pan troglodytes) a primate in the family Hominidae (great
apes and humans); closely related to the bonobo, native to sub-Sahara Africa. A large
anthropoid ape with a highly developed brain. Dark colored, 5–6 ft high, with large
out-turned ears, they are arboreal and live in families. Used widely in biomedical
research.
chin [chin] the anterior prominence of the lower jaw; the mentum.
fat-c., c. edema lower lip swelling or nodules; part of the feline eosinophilic granuloma
complex.
stripped c. see labial avulsion.
chin-ball a ball worn in a harness fitted to a ram at mating time; it rotates through
a reservoir of brightly colored paste which is smeared onto the rump of ewes that
stand for the ram in its early seeking activity of resting its chin on the ewe just
prior to mounting.
China clay see kaolin.
chinaberry [chi′n
-ber″ry]
Melia
azederach.
chinchilla small South American rodent valued for its silver-gray fur, stocky and
crepuscular, they are native to the Andes. Includes long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla
lanigera), of which the descendant is popular as a pet, and the short-tailed chinchilla
(C. chinchilla), both species endangered.
Chinchilla cat a coat color variety of longhaired cats that is white with black tips.
Chinchilla laniger
member of the Chinchillidae family of rodents. See chinchilla.
Chinchilla rabbit a rabbit whose silky coat closely resembles that of the real Chinchilla
laniger; popular for fur and meat, as well as exhibition. There are three sizes or
varieties recognized as separate breeds: American Chinchilla, Standard Chinchilla,
and Giant Chinchilla.
Chinchilla Rex see Rex (2) rabbit.
chine the animal’s backline.
c. bone butcher’s term for parts or all of the vertebral column.
Chinese black and white cattle black and white, Chinese, dual-purpose cattle, originated
from Dutch Holstein.
Chinese blistering beetle see
Mylabris phalerata
.
Chinese crested a very small (6–12 lb), fine-boned dog with a hairless body. Small
numbers of long hairs are present on the lower legs (socks), tail (plume) and the
head (crest). The hairlessness is a dominant trait and specimens of the breed are
heterozygotes, the homozygous dominant state being lethal prenatally. The completely
haired offspring of crosses (homozygous recessive) are called ‘powderpuffs’.
Chinese evergreen see
Aglanonema
.
Chinese Shar pei see Shar-Pei.
Chinese traditional medicine see traditional Chinese medicine.
Chinese yellow Chinese draft cattle of zebu origin. Usually yellow, also brown, red
or black in color.
chinkerinchee, chincherinchee see
Ornithogalum
thrysoides, Ornithogalum spp.
C-41:
Chinese crested dog. A normally hairless breed.
From Hnilica, K.A., Small Animal Dermatology: A Color Atlas and Therapeutic Guide,
4th ed, Elsevier, 2017.
Transvaal c.
Ornithogalum saundersiae.
vlei c.
Ornithogalum ornithogaloides.
Chinook a medium-sized (55–90 lb) rare breed of sled dog originating in the Northeast
of the US. The tawny coat is medium length, but unlike that of spitz-type dogs. The
numbers are small. The official state dog of New Hampshire.
chintz cat see tortoiseshell.
chip fractures [chip] small fragments of bone, or bone and cartilage (osteochondral
fragments), removed from the parent bone. Usually resulting from a traumatic event,
the degree of initial pain can be variable but may result in significant lameness,
pain, and swelling. In sport horses, usually involve one of the carpal bones.
chipmunk a small, omnivorous rodent in the genus Tamias, of the Sciuridae (squirrel)
family. Native to North America, with exception of the Siberian chipmunk (Eutamias
sibiricus), they have longitudinal stripes along the back, but lacking the bushy tail,
silky coat, and tufted ears; omnivorous, they mostly forage on the ground, climb trees
for nuts, and make burrows for sleeping and to store food; commonly kept as pets.
Chippendale legs, front a term used in dogs to describe front legs that turn out at
the elbows and feet, but with the carpi close together, resembling Chippendale-style
furniture legs.
Chirodiscoides
cutaneous mite of the suborder Sarcoptiformes. Includes Chirodiscoides caviae (guinea
pigs).
chiropractic, chiropracty [ki″ro-prak′tik] a system of treating disease by manipulation
of the vertebral column. Chiropractic is based on the theory that spinal pain and
some diseases are caused by pressure on the nerves because of faulty alignment of
the bones, especially the vertebrae, and that the nerves are thus prevented from transmitting
to various organs of the body the neural impulses for proper functioning. Acting on
the theory that the pinching of nerves is the critical factor in the pathogenesis
of disease, the chiropractor manipulates various parts of the spine in treating the
complaint. If the patient is suffering from a subluxated vertebra, the manipulation
may bring pain relief.
chiropracty [ki′ro-prak″te] see chiropractic.
Chiroptera [ki-rop′t
-r] the order of bats; mammals with frontlimbs modified into wings that enables true
flight. There are two suborders: Megachiroptera (fruit bats, flying foxes) and the
more numerous Microchiroptera, which are usually insectivorous and have poor vision,
relying on echolocation.
chirurgenic arising as a result of a surgical procedure.
chirurgery see surgery.
chisel [chis′
l] an instrument designed to be driven by a hammer to pare away at a surface. It has
a cutting edge across the distal end with a bevel on one of its sides.
army c. a heavyweight steel chisel used for paring of the surface of bones.
dental c. see dental hoe.
obstetric c’s have been largely discarded because of the danger associated with their
use in fetotomy. A semisharp spatula may be used for the same purposes.
symphysiotomy c. used to divide the pubis at the pubic symphysis in immature heifers
carrying large calves. The chisel point is angled inward toward the center of the
blade so that the cutting surface will stay on the bone when it disappears from view.
chitin [ki′tin] a polysaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine, the principal constituent
of shells (exoskeleton) of arthropods and found in certain fungi.
c. synthase inhibitors used as antifungals and for control of flea infestation. See
also lufenuron.
chitinoclastic destructive of chitin.
chitinous [ki′tin-
s] made of chitin.
C-42:
Acute chlamydial conjunctivitis in a cat. Marked hyperemia and chemosis are present,
as well as serous to mucopurulent ocular discharge.
Sykes, Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. Elsevier, 2014.
chitterlings cross-sectional rings of the large intestine of the pig; usually deepfried
quickly to a crackling, crisp delicacy.
chlamydemia [klam″ľ-de′me-
] the presence of chlamydiae in the blood.
Chlamydia
[klam″ľ-de′me-
] a genus of obligately intracellular bacteria in the family Chlamydiaceae. Now includes
species that were classified in the genus Chlamydophylia.
C. abortus
causes enzootic abortion of ewes. Previously called Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydophila
abortus.
C. caviae
causes conjunctivitis in guinea pigs. Previously called Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydophila
caviae.
C. felis
cause of upper respiratory tract disease, principally involving conjunctivitis, in
cats. Also recovered from the reproductive tract, where its pathogenic significance
is uncertain. Previously called Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydophila felis.
C. muridarum
associated with respiratory tract infections in mice and hamsters. Previously classified
as C. psittaci.
C. pecorum
causes sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, but also associated with enteritis, polyarthritis,
pneumonia, and conjunctivitis in ruminants, and reproductive tract disease and conjunctivitis
in koalas. Previously classified as Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydophila pecorum.
Also causes conjunctivitis in sheep, where it was previously called Colesiota conjunctivae.
C. pneumoniae
different biovars infect horses, koalas, and humans. Pathogenic significance in koalas
and horses is uncertain, but in humans it is a significant cause of pneumonia. Previously
classified as Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydophila pneumoniae.
C. psittaci
cause of psittacosis and ornithosis, systemic disease of psittacine and other avian
species, including domestic poultry. Also associated with abortion in mares. Zoonotic.
Previously called Chlamydia psittaci.
C. suis
associated with enteritis, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis in pigs. Previously classified
as C. psittaci.
chlamydia [kl
-mid′e-] pl. chlamydiae any member of the family Chlamydia
Chlamydiaceae
[kl
-mid″e-a′se-e] a family of obligately intracellular gram-negative bacterial pathogens
that parasitize the host cell for ATP. Outside the host cell they exist as elementary
bodies, which are 200–300 nm in diameter, have a rigid cell wall and adhere to host
cells and are phagocytosed. Inside the host cell phagosome, they form larger reticulate
bodies, which replicate, then form elementary bodies, which are released by cell lysis.
Cultivable in cell cultures and the yolk sacs of chick embryos. Contains one genus,
Chlamydia. Species formerly classified in the genus Chlamydophila have been returned
to the genus Chlamydia.
chlamydial [kl
-mid′e-
l] pertaining to members of the family Chlamydiaceae.
c. abortion abortion in cows, ewes, sows, and goat does caused by Chlamydia abortus
and C. pecorum. See enzootic abortion of ewes.
Chlamydiales [kl
-mid′e-a″lēz] an order of bacteria in the phylum Chlamydiae. There are four families,
Chlamydiaceae, Parachlamydiaceae, Waddliaceae, and Simkaniaceae.
chlamydiosis [kl
-mid″e-o′sis] any disease or infection caused by members of the family Chlamydiaceae;
takes many forms including: psittacosis and ornithosis in birds, placentopathy manifested
by abortion in enzootic abortion of ewes, sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, pneumonitis
in all species except pig, conjunctivitis in sheep, cats and laboratory rodents, polyarthritis
in sheep, cattle, horse, enteritis in cattle and lagomorphs, and septicemia in epizootic
chlamydiosis in lagomorphs.
Chlamydonema
see
Physaloptera
praeputialis.
Chlamydophila [klam″ľ-dof′ľ-l
] a genus of obligately intracellular bacteria in the family Chlamydiaceae. Now assigned
to the genus
Chlamydia
.
chital deer (Axis axis) medium-sized deer native to India, light brown to golden colored,
dorsal body covered in white spots, with white abdomen and throat. Antlers, present
only on males are three-pronged and large. Chital were introduced to several Hawaiian
islands for hunting, where they are abundant; low numbers present in other countries,
including Australia.
chlamydospore [klam′ľ-do-spor″] a thick-walled intercalary or terminal, usually asexual,
fungal spore formed by the rounding-up of a cell; it is not shed. Formed by differentiation
of hyphae; seen in Candida and Histoplasma spp.
chloasma [klo-az′m
] see melasma.
chloral [klor′
l] 1. an oily liquid with a pungent, irritating odor, prepared by the mutual action
of alcohol and chlorine; used in the manufacture of chloral hydrate and DDT. 2. vernacular
contraction of the term chloral hydrate.
c. betaine formed by the reaction of chloral hydrate with betaine; used as a sedative.
c. hydrate a hypnotic and anesthetic agent not commonly used. Chloral hydrate may
be administered orally but is erratic and slow-acting in its effects by this route.
Intravenously the effects are immediate; injection outside the vein causes a severe
cellulitis usually terminating in an extensive slough of tissue. Chloral hydrate is
a poor analgesic and severe depressant of respiratory and vasomotor centers in the
medulla.
c. hydrate and guaiacol glyceryl ether an anesthetic combination not commonly used
in horses; combines muscular relaxation with hypnotic effect.
c. hydrate and magnesium sulfate an anesthetic preparation not commonly used in horses.
Combines the hypnotic effect of chloral and the neuromuscular blocking effect of magnesium.
c. hydrate, magnesium sulfate and pentobarbital sodium see Equithesin.
α-chloralose a derivative of chloral hydrate that was used as a sedative but has been
replaced by safer and more effective drugs.
chloramben a hormonal selective herbicide, relatively nontoxic if used correctly.
Massive doses cause anorexia, weight loss, limb weakness and recumbency.
chlorambucil [klor-am′bu-sil] a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used mainly in dogs
and cats for treating leukemias and lymphomas. Adverse effects include bone marrow
suppression.
chloramine [klor′
-mēn] a chlorine disinfectant, used for wound treatment, in drinking water. Called
also chloramine T.
chloramine B [klor′
-mēn] sodium benzenesulfochloramine.
chloramphenicol [klor″
m-fen′ľ-kol] a broad-spectrum antibiotic with extensive therapeutic activity against
aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, rickettsiae, chlamydia,
and anaplasmae. Side effects in animals are uncommon, but its use in food-producing
animals is discouraged or prohibited because of the danger of residues in meat or
milk intended for humans. Chloramphenicol palmitate is an orally administered suspension
and chloramphenicol sodium succinate is water soluble for parenteral use.
chlorate [klor′āt] as sodium or potassium chlorate, one of the original chemical herbicides
but now largely superseded. Animals may be poisoned if they eat pasture or plant contaminated
by the spray or the dry powder. It may also be administered accidentally because of
its similarity to sodium chloride. Causes gastroenteritis with diarrhea and methemoglobinemia
in ruminants similar to nitrate/nitrite poisoning.
chlorazanil an aminouracil diuretic.
chlorazepate dipotassium see clorazepate.
chlorbenside an acaricide used to spray trees and crops; has low toxicity but heavy,
continued use may cause hepatic insufficiency.
chlorbutol [klor-bu′tol] chlorobutanol.
chlorcyclizine [klor-si′klľ-zēn] a histamine type 1 (H1)-receptor antagonist (antihistamine)
used in the treatment of allergic conditions.
chlordane [klor′dān] see chlorinated hydrocarbons.
chlordiazepoxide [klor″di-az″
-pok′sīd] an early benzodiazepine derivative; used as a tranquilizer with activity
similar to diazepam.
Chlorella
[klo-rel′
] a green alga, thought to be the origin of the achloric alga Prototheca spp., occasionally
an animal pathogen. See
Prototheca
.
chloremia [klor-e′me-
] hyperchloremia.
chlorfenethol an acaricide used on agricultural crops and trees. It has a low toxicity
but can cause depression, diarrhea, dyspnea, salivation, and lacrimation.
chlorfenvinphos [klor-heks′ľ-dēn] see organophosphorus compound.
chlorhexidine a bisbiguanide antiseptic with antibacterial, antifungal and some antiviral
activity; used in skin cleansers for surgical scrub, preoperative skin preparation,
cleansing skin wounds and teat dips. Used as the acetate, gluconate or hydrochloride
salts. Familiar propriet ary names are Hibitane, Nolvasan.
c. digluconate used as a sclerosing agent for chemical contraception in dogs and cats
by injection into the testes, epididymides or deferent ducts.
c. teat dip 0.5%–1.0% chlorhexidine in polyvinylpyrrolidone or as 0.3% solution in
water.
chlorhydria [klor-hi′dre-
] an excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
chloride [klor′īd] 1. a salt of hydrochloric acid; any binary compound of chlorine.
2. the principal anion in extracellular fluid and gastric juice. Because of its domination
of the anions in extracellular and intravascular fluid, it has profound importance
for acid–base balance and for the regulation of osmotic pressure in these fluid compartments.
c. shift diffusion of chloride ions from the plasma into the erythrocytes to compensate
for the loss of bicarbonate ions from the cells as a result of carbon dioxide metabolism.
Called also Hamburger shift.
chloridorrhea [klor″i-dor′e-
] diarrhea with an excess of chlorides in the stool.
chloriduria [klor″ľ-du′re-
] chloruria.
chlorinated hydrocarbons [klor′ľ-nāt″
d] insecticidal and fungicidal substances, of great value in the past, but most are
no longer allowed for use in agriculture and food production or companion animals
because of their persistence in animal tissues, entry into the human food chain, and
their persistence in the environment. Some still find industrial, garden, companion
animals, and non food animal use, and poisoning of animals can occur. Poisoning is
manifested by nervous excitement, tremor, convulsions, and death. Members of this
chemical group banned from use in the UDA include aldrin, benzene hexachloride, dieldrin,
DDT, heptachlor, endrin, endosulfan, isodrin, methoxychlor, mirex, chlordecone, and
chlordane.
chlorinated naphthalenes [klor′ľ-nāt″
d] additives to lubricants, fireretardants and insulants. They are poisonous and on
low-level intake over long periods cause hypovitaminosis A manifested by cutaneous
hyperkeratosis, emaciation and death. See also hyperkeratosis.
chlorine (Cl) [klor′ēn] a gaseous chemical element, atomic number 17, atomic weight
35.453. It is a disinfectant, decolorizer, and irritant chemical. It is used for disinfecting,
fumigating, and bleaching, either in an aqueous solution or in the form of chlorinated
lime. See also hypochlorite, chloramine T.
c. dioxide used in the aging of flour to make it more suitable for baking. Process
does not produce toxic amino acid derivatives as other agents do. See also agene process.
c. disinfectants compounds that have a high content of free chlorine and exert a disinfectant
effect by releasing the chlorine.
c. gas liberated from chlorine disinfectants and in factory effluents. Causes irritation
to respiratory mucosa up to the point of pulmonary edema.
Chloriopsoroptes
a genus of mange mites in the family Psoroptidae. Includes C. kenyensis (African buffalo).
Chloris
a genus of grasses in the family Poaceae; some contain cyanogenic glycosides but have
not caused cyanide poisoning. Includes C. distichophylla (weeping fingergrass), C.
truncata, C. ventricosa (windmill grass).
C. gayana
rarely contains potentially toxic amounts of nitrate and causes nitrite poisoning
of ruminants if lush. Called also Rhodes grass.
C. truncata
causes photosensitization, possibly through steroidal saponins. Called also fingergrass,
windmillgrass.
chlorite [klor′īt] a salt of chlorous acid; disinfectant and bleaching agent.
chlorleukemia [klor-loo-ke′me-
] see chloroma.
chlormadinone acetate [klor-mad′ľ-nōn] a progestagen with antigonadotropic, antiestrogenic
and antiandrogenic activity. Used for prevention of estrus in small animals.
chlormequat chloride a low toxicity plant growth regulator.
chlormerodrin [klor-mer′o-drin] a mercurial diuretic. Labeled with Hg−197 or Hg−203
it was previously used to assess renal function.
chlormezanone a nonbarbiturate sedative, used as a muscle relaxant and tranquilizer.
chloro-acetotoluidine (2-chloro-4-acetotoluidine) poisoning used commercially to poison
bird pests.
chloro-p-toluidine (3-chloro-p-toluidine) poisoning used commercially to poison bird
pests, particularly starlings and gulls.
chloroanisoles substances liberated from wood preservatives by bacteria when shavings
of the wood are used in deep litter. They taint meat of animals housed on the litter.
chloroazodin a chlorine-releasing antiseptic and disinfectant, similar to chloramine
T.
chlorobenzilate an organochlorine insecticide used on agricultural crops and plants.
It has a high half-life and toxicity to aquatic life. No longer used in the US.
chlorobenzoic acid [klor-ben-zo′ik] a hormonal herbicide, safe for animals if used
according to instructions. Heavy dosing may cause anorexia, weight loss, and muscle
weakness.
chlorobutanol. [klor″o-bu′t
-nol] an antimicrobial preservative used in pharmaceutical preparations. Called also
chlorbutol.
chlorodyne an antiquated remedy for diarrhea in humans and dogs. Similar to tinct.
chlor. et morphinae co. Contains liquid opium extract, chloroform, proof spirit, glycerine,
and capsicum.
1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) see lomustine.
chloroform [klor′
-form] CHCl3; a liquid with an ethereal odor and sweet taste, used as a solvent; once
used widely as an inhalation anesthetic and analgesic, and as an antitussive, carminative,
and counterirritant. An effective but dangerous anesthetic used commonly at one time
especially in horses. Requires a proper mask. Prolonged anesthesia often results in
severe liver damage.
chlorolabe the pigment in retinal cones that is more sensitive to the green portion
of the spectrum than are the other pigments (cyanolabe and erythrolabe).
chloroleukemia [klor″o-loo-ke′me-
] see chloroma.
chloroma, chlorolymphosarcoma [klor-o′m
] a malignant, greencolored tumor arising from myeloid tissue, associated with myelogenous
leukemia, and occurring anywhere in the body. See also granulocytic sarcoma, eosinophilic
leukemia.
Chloromycetin [klor″o-mi-se′tin] a trademarked preparation of chloramphenicol, a broad-spectrum
antibiotic.
chloromyeloma [klor″o-mi″
-lo′m] chloroma with multiple growths in bone marrow.
chloropexia [klor″o-pek′se-
] the fixation of chlorine in body tissues.
chlorophacinone an anticoagulant rodenticide. Restricted use pesticide in the US.
chlorophenols [klor″o-fe′nolz] compounds used as fungicides, including timber preservation,
as herbicides and in termite control. They are quite poisonous. See trichlorophenol,
pentachlorophenol.
chlorophyll [klor′o-f
l] any of a group of green pigments, containing a magnesium–porphyrin complex, that
are involved in oxygen-producing photosynthesis in plants. Preparations of water-soluble
chlorophyll derivatives are applied topically for deodorization of skin lesions and
to stimulate healing. It is also administered orally to deodorize ulcerative lesions
and the urine and feces. a chlorophyll metabolite, phylloerythrin, generated by intestinal
bacteria, is the common photodynamic agent in pastured animals with liver damage.
The phylloerythrin accumulates because its excretory pathway is the biliary system.
chloropicrin a soil disinfectant/fumigant. Can cause intense lacrimation if inhaled.
Taken orally it causes vomiting, colic, and diarrhea. Called also trichloronitromethane.
chloroprivic [klor″o-priv′ik] deprived of chlorides; due to loss of chlorides.
chloroprocaine [klor″o-pro′kān] a short-acting ester local anesthetic, used as the
hydrochloride salt.
chloroquine [klor′o-kwin] an antiprotozoal agent, used in the treatment of avian malaria,
anaplasmosis, and theileriosis in cattle, and amebiasis in nonhuman primates.
c. poisoning the drug has an affinity for melanin and ocular tissues with melanin;
causes a drug-induced retinopathy.
chlorothiazide [klor″o-thi′
-zīd] a thiazide diuretic.
chloroxylenol [klor″o-zi′l
-nol] a chlorinated phenolic antiseptic, used in presurgical skin preparation, cleaning
wounds, and in the topical treatment of bacterial, fungal, and yeast infections of
the skin and claws.
chlorphenesin carbamate [klor-fen′
-sin] a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, similar in action to mephenesin,
used in the treatment of skeletal muscle spasms and trauma to tendons and ligaments.
chlorpheniramine [klor″f
n-ir′
-mēn] a histamine type 1 (H1)-receptor antagonist (antihistamine), used as the maleate
salt in the treatment of hypersensitivity reactions and as an antipruritic drug.
chlorphenoxy herbicide includes 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T. MCPA and mecoprop. Can cause gastrointestinal
problems in orally exposed animals; myotonia has been reported in dogs. Their use
is regulated in several countries, and 2,4,5-T is banned from use in the US.
chlorpromazine [klor-pro′m
-zēn] a phenothiazine derivative used as an antipsychotic agent and antiemetic. It
has been largely superseded in veterinary medicine by acepromazine. Its principal
use was as a premedication for anesthesia. It is still sometimes used as an antiemetic
in dogs and cats.
chlorpropamide [klor-pro′p
-mīd] a first-generation sulfonylurea derivative, used as an oral hypoglycemic drug
in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Also stimulates antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
release and potentiates ADH action; used in the treatment of central diabetes insipidus.
chlorpropham a thiocarbamate herbicide (does not inhibit cholinesterase activity)
of low toxicity for animals if used according to instructions. Can cause muscle weakness,
anorexia, weight loss, and hair loss.
chlorprothixene [klor″pro-thik′sēn] a thioxanthene derivative, related to the phenothiazine
tranquilizers. Used as a tranquilizer, especially in pigs. Used as an anti-psychotic
in humans.
chlorpyrifos, chlorpyriphos [klor-pi′rľ-fos] see organophosphorus compound chlortetracycline
[klor″tet-r
-si′klēn] a broad-spectrum antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces aureofaciens, used
in the form of the hydrochloride salt as an antibacterial (effective against both
gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) and as a feed additive to promote growth
in calves, pigs, and poultry. See also tetracycline.
chloruresis [klor″u-re′sis] excretion of chlorides in the urine.
chloruria [klor-u′re-
] an excess of chlorides in the urine. Called also chloriduria.
chlorzoxazone [klor-zok′s
-zōn] a skeletal muscle relaxant.
chloxyle see hexachloroparaxylene.
choana [ko′
-n] pl. choanae [L.] 1. any funnel-shaped cavity or infundibulum. 2.
choanae, the paired openings between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx.
choanal [ko′
-n
l] pertaining to or arising from the choanae.
c. atresia see imperforate buccopharyngeal membrane.
c. slit the sagittal slit in the hard palate of the normal bird.
c. stenosis choanal atresia.
Choanotaenia
[ko-a″no-te′ne-
] a genus of nonpathogenic tapeworms in the family Dilepididae. Includes C. infundibulum
(fowl and turkey intestine).
chocolate [chok′
-l
t] a medium-brown (milk chocolate) coat color described for some dog breeds, most
commonly the Labrador retriever; in cats where it occurs on the extremities of chocolate-pointed
Siamese and Colorpoints and as a variety of Burmese; and in some rabbits.
chocolate-point [chok′
-l
t] see points.
chocolate toxicity [chok′
-l
t] dogs commonly ingest chocolate and they may show signs of methylxanthine toxicity,
which include vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, tachypnea, polyuria, and ataxia, tremors,
and seizures. Death may occur. Dark chocolate and baking chocolate have much higher
concentrations of methylxanthines than milk chocolate; white chocolate has none. See
also theobromine poisoning. Called also cacao poisoning.
Choix fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
C-43:
The glottis (yellow arrow) opens from the floor of the snake’s oral cavity into the
choana (red arrow) on the dorsal surface of the mouth.
From Mader, D.R., Reptile Medicine and Surgery, 2nd Edition. Saunders, 2006.
C-44:
Ingesta at the nostrils of a foal with choke.
From McAuliffe, S.B., Slovis, N.M., Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of the Foal,
Saunders, 2008.
choke [chōk] to interrupt respiration by obstruction or compression, or the condition
resulting from such interruption. Term used in equine medicine to describe signs of
esophageal obstruction caused by intraluminal or extraluminal obstruction of the esophagus
or constriction of the esophagus due to injury and subsequent and consequent scarring,
development of fibrosis, and contracture of the scar. Intraluminal obstruction usually
caused by ingestion of dry feed material or foreign bodies. Extraluminal can be associated
with intrathoracic lymphadenopathy. Clinical signs include drooling, presence of food
material regurgitated through the nares especially after eating or drinking.
c. chain a string of metal links that, when looped through an end link, forms a noose.
It is commonly used as a collar for dogs, particularly in training or for control
of large, strong or unruly dogs as tension on the attached lead tightens the noose
around the dog’s neck giving great control.
c. chain injury soft tissue injury and fracture or luxation of the hyoid apparatus
can occur with excessive force. Choke chains may also become embedded in the tissues
of growing dogs.
chokecherry [chōk′cher″e]
Prunus
virginiana.
western c.
Prunus virginiana var. demissa.
choking [chōk′ing] 1. pertaining to choke. Used to describe a syndrome in horses which
might make a characteristic noise during exercise. Caused by intermittent dorsal soft
palate displacement. 2. esophageal obstruction in horses.
cholagogue [ko′l
-gog] an agent that stimulates gallbladder contraction to promote bile flow; also
called cholecystagogue.
cholangiectasis [ko-lan″je-ek′t
-sis] dilatation of a bile duct.
cholangiocarcinoma [ko-lan″je-o-kahr″sľ-no′m
] see cholangiocellular carcinoma.
cholangiocellular [ko-lan″je-o-sel′u-l
r] pertaining to the bile ducts.
c. adenoma benign, solid, or cystic neoplasm arising from the bile duct epithelium.
c. carcinoma malignant tumor arising from the bile duct epithelium. Often presents
as multiple, firm, white, umbilicated tumors on the serosal surface and parenchyma
of the liver. Usually occurs in dogs and cats. Metastatic spread is common. Called
also bile duct carcinoma.
c. cystadenoma a variety of bile duct adenoma in which the tumor is composed of multilocular
cystic structures lined with epithelium resembling that of bile ducts.
cholangioenterostomy [ko-lan″je-o-en″t
r-os′t
-me] surgical anastomosis of a bile duct to the intestine.
cholangiogastrostomy [ko-lan″je-o-gas-tros′t
-me] surgical anastomosis of a bile duct to the stomach.
cholangiogram [ko-lan′je-o-gram″] the image obtained by cholangiography.
cholangiography [ko-lan″je-og′r
-fe] contrast imaging of the bile ducts.
cholangiohepatitis [ko-lan″je-o-hep″
-ti′tis] inflammation of the biliary system and, by extension, of the periportal hepatic
parenchyma. In large animals, can be the result of parasitic infestation (such as
liver fluke), sometimes complicated by the presence of bacteria; sporidesmin, the
toxin of Pithomyces chartarum, causes a specific cholangiohepatitis. Crystal-associated
cholangiohepatopathy has a similar pathogenesis. Primary bacterial cholangiohepatitis
is uncommon in animals. See also feline cholangitis.
cholangiohepatoma [ko-lan″je-o-hep″
-to′m] primary carcinoma of the liver of mixed liver cell and bile duct cell origin.
cholangiohepatopathy [ko-lan″je-o-hep″
-top′
-the] disease of the liver parenchyma associated with and probably derived from disease
of the biliary system.
crystal-associated c. hepatopathy characterized by crystals in the biliary system;
always a plant poisoning due to steroidal sapogenins always present in some plants
(e.g., Agave lecheguilla) and sometimes sporadically in others (e.g., Panicum spp.).
cholangiolar [ko″lan-je′o-l
r] pertaining to or emanating from the tissues of the biliary system.
cholangiole [ko-lan′je-ōl] one of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system.
cholangiolitis [ko-lan″je-o-li′tis] inflammation of the cholangioles.
cholangioma [ko-lan″je-o′m
] a neoplasm of bile duct origin. Can be benign (cholangiocellular adenoma) or malignant
(cholangiocellular carcinoma).
cholangiostomy [ko″lan-je-os′t
-me] fistulization of a bile duct.
cholangiotomy [ko″lan-je-ot′
-me] incision into a bile duct.
cholangitis [ko″lan-ji′tis] inflammation of a bile duct.
feline c. previously called cholangiohepatitis; occurs mainly in cats, often in association
with pancreatitis and gastrointestinal disorders. Three main forms occur: neutrophilic
cholangitis, arising from ascending infection from the gastrointestinal tract; lymphocytic
cholangitis, a slowly progressive disease with bile duct proliferation and possibly
progressive fibrosis; and chronic cholangitis, associated with liver flukes from the
Dicrocoeliidae and Opisthorchiidae families.
hyperplastic c. see fascioliasis.
cholanopoiesis [ko″l
-no-poi-e′sis] the synthesis of bile acids or of their conjugates and salts by the
liver.
cholanopoietic [ko″l
-no-poi-et′ik] 1. promoting synthesis of bile (cholanopoiesis). 2. an agent that promotes
bile synthesis (cholanopoiesis).
cholate [ko′lāt] a salt or ester of cholic acid.
chole- chol(o)- word element. [Gr.] relationship to bile.
cholecalciferol [ko″l
-kal-sif′
r-ol] vitamin D3, an fat-soluble antirachitic vitamin. It is used commercially as
a rodenticide, which in poisoned animals leads to multiple systemic effects associated
with a persistent hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. See also hypervitaminosis D.
cholecystagogue [ko″l
-sis′t
-gog] an agent that promotes evacuation of the gallbladder; also called cholagogue.
cholecystalgia [ko″l
-sis-tal′j] biliary colic.
cholecystectasia [ko″l
-sis″tek-ta′zh] distention of the gallbladder.
cholecystectomy [ko″l
-sis-tek′t
-me] excision of the gallbladder.
cholecystenterostomy [ko″l
-sis″ten-tr-os′t
-me] see cholecystoenterostomy.
cholecystic [ko″l
-sis′tik] pertaining to the gallbladder.
cholecystitis [ko″l
-sis-ti′tis] inflammation of the gallbladder.
cholecystoduodenostomy [ko″l
-sis″to-doo″o-d-nos′t
-me] surgical anastomosis of the gallbladder and the duodenum.
cholecystoenterostomy [ko″l
-sis″to-en″tr-os′t
-me] surgical anastomosis of the gallbladder and intestinal tract, usually indicated
if the common bile duct has been disrupted by injury or neoplasia and, as is the case
in dogs and cats, repair or choledochoenterostomy is technically impractical. See
also cholecystoduodenostomy, cholecystojejunostomy.
cholecystogram [ko″l
-sis′to-gram] contrast imaging of the gallbladder.
cholecystography [ko″l
-sis-tog′r
-fe] contrast imaging of the gallbladder and bile ducts.
cholecystojejunostomy [ko″l
-sis″to-j-joo-nos′t
-me] surgical anastomosis of the gallbladder and jejunum.
cholecystokinin (CCK) [ko″l
-sis″to-ki′nin] a gastrointestinal hormone liberated from the intestinal mucosa in
response to arrival of the products of digestion from the stomach. It stimulates secretion
of pancreatic enzymes and gallbladder contraction. Sometimes abbreviated CCK–PZ. Called
also cholecystokinin–pancreozymin, pancreozymin.
cholecystokinin–pancreozymin [ko″l
-sis″to-ki′nin pan′kre-o-zi″min] see cholecystokinin.
cholecystolithiasis [ko″l
-sis″to-lľ-thi′
-sis] cholelithiasis.
cholecystotomy [ko″l
-sis-tot′
-me] incision of the gallbladder.
choledochal [ko-led′
-k
l] pertaining to the bile duct.
C-45:
Lateral abdominal radiograph of a dog with radiopaque choleliths (arrows).
Fossum, T. Small Animal Surgery, 5th Edition. Elsevier, 2018.
choledochitis [ko″l
-do-ki′tis] inflammation of the common bile duct.
choledoch(o)- word element. [Gr.] pertaining to the common bile duct.
choledochoduodenostomy [ko-led″
-ko-doo″o-d-nos′t
-me] surgical anastomosis of the bile duct and the duodenum. Not commonly performed
in animals.
choledochoenterostomy [ko-led″
-ko-en″tr-os′t
-me] surgical anastomosis of the common bile duct to the intestine.
choledochogastrostomy [ko-led″
-ko-gas-tros′t
-me] surgical anastomosis of the common bile duct to the stomach.
choledochography [ko-led″
-kog′r
-fe] contrast imaging of the common bile duct. More often, replaced by ultrasonography.
choledocholithiasis [ko-led″
-ko-lľ-thi′
-sis] calculi in the common bile duct.
choledochoplasty [ko-led′
-ko-plas″te] plastic repair of the common bile duct.
choledochotomy [ko-led″
-kot′
-me] incision into the common bile duct.
choledochus [ko-led′
-k
s] the ductus choledochus, or bile duct.
choleic [ko-le′ik] pertaining to the bile.
cholejejunoduodenostomy [ko-le-j
-joo″no-doo″o-d-nos′t
-me] surgical anastomosis of the gallbladder via an isolated segment of the jejunum
to the duodenum.
cholelith [ko′l
-lith] see gallstone.
cholelithiasis [ko″l
-lľ-thi′
-sis] the presence or formation of gallstones. Uncommon in animals, they are found
in the gallbladder or bile ducts. Usually asymptomatic, can cause obstruction of bile
ducts or lead to erosion and perforation of the gallbladder with peritonitis. Calcareous
stones may form in the bile ducts of cattle with distomiasis.
obstructive c. blockage of the common bile duct by a gallstone; characterized clinically
by severe jaundice, abdominal pain.
cholelithotomy [ko″l
-lľ-thot′
-me] incision of the biliary tract for removal of gallstones.
cholelithotripsy, cholelithotrity [ko″l
-lith′o-trip-se] crushing of a gallstone.
cholemesis [ko-lem′
-sis] vomiting of bile.
cholemia [ko-le′me-
] bile or bile pigment in the blood.
cholemic [ko-le′mik] pertaining to or emanating from the bile.
c. nephrosis renal tubular nephrosis caused by a high concentration of bilirubin in
the urine and subsequently in the tubular epithelium.
choleperitoneum [ko″l
-per″ľ-t-ne′
m] the presence of bile in the peritoneum.
cholepoiesis [ko″l
-poi-e′sis] the formation of bile in the liver.
choleresis [ko-ler′
-sis] the secretion of bile by the liver.
choleretic [ko″l
r-et′ik] 1. stimulating bile production by the liver. 2. an agent that stimulates
bile production.
cholestasis [ko″l
-sta′sis] stoppage or suppression of bile flow; inadequate bile drainage. See also
jaundice.
canalicular c. engorgement of the interhepatocellular bile canaliculi with bile as
a result of overproduction, as in hemolytic disease, or downstream, as in bile duct
obstruction.
intrahepatic primary c. any obstruction of bile flow by pathological changes in the
liver parenchyma, including fibrosis, that causes cholestasis.
intrahepatocellular c., hepatocellular c. failure of bile excretion into canaliculi
by hepatocytes due to an intoxication (eg Lantana poisoning in ruminants) or to a
heritable defect in bilirubin conjugation.
cholesteatoma [ko″l
-ste″-to′m] a cystlike mass with a lining of stratified squamous epithelium, filled
with desquamating debris frequently including cholesterol, which occurs in the meninges,
central nervous system and bones of the skull, but most commonly in the choroid plexus
of the ventricles, and especially in horses and other Equidae. Causes signs of increased
intracranial pressure, initial excitement followed by somnolence and apathy. Hydrocephalus
may be the end-stage.
cholesteatosis [ko″l
-ste″
-to′sis] fatty degeneration due to cholesterol esters.
cholesteremia hypercholesterolemia.
cholesterol [k
-les′t
r-ol″] a steroid alcohol found in animal fats and oils, bile, blood, brain tissue,
milk, egg yolk, myelin sheaths of nerve fibers, liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands.
It is a necessary component of all cell plasma and intracellular membranes in animals
and a constituent of myelin in nervous tissue; it is a precursor of bile acids and
steroid hormones, and it occurs in the most common type of gallstone, in atheroma
of the arteries, in various cysts, and in carcinomatous tissue. More than half of
the body’s cholesterol is synthesized, and the remainder is obtained from the diet.
The importance in human medicine of the relationship between cholesterol and the development
of atheromatous plaques in the coronary arteries is not reflected in veterinary medicine.
The importance of cholesterol to the veterinarian is limited to the measurement of
blood cholesterol concentration as an indicator of organic disease, particularly in
hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemias, nephrotic syndrome, and liver disease, but increased
concentrations can also be seen in diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, and necrotizing
pancreatitis. Decreased concentration (hypocholesterolemia) is most commonly associated
with portosystemic shunts.
c. pneumonia see endogenous-lipid pneumonia.
cholesterolemia [k
-les″tr-ol-e′me-] hypercholesterolemia.
cholesterolosis [k
-les″t
r-ol-o′sis] a condition in which cholesterol is deposited in tissues in abnormal amounts.
c. bulbi see synchysis scintillans.
cholesteroluria [k
-les″tr-ol-u′re-] the presence of cholesterol in the urine.
cholesterosis [k
-les″t
r-o′sis] cholesterolosis.
cholestiatosis see cholesteatoma.
cholestyramine [ko″l
-sti′r
-mēn] a bile-acid binding resin used to treat hyperlipidemia and as an absorbent to
prevent intestinal absorption of toxins.
choleuria [ko″le-u′re-
] choluria.
cholic acid [ko′lik] a major bile acid formed in the liver from cholesterol that plays,
with other bile acids, an important role in digestion.
choline [ko′lēn] a quaternary amine that occurs in the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine
and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and is an important methyl donor in intermediary
metabolism. It was formerly considered to be a B-vitamin and was used to treat fatty
degeneration of the liver.
c. acetylase, c. acetyltransferase an enzyme that brings about the synthesis of acetylcholine.
c. esters choline has some of the activity of a cholineric drug but the effect is
multiplied many times over by combining it with an acid, e.g., acetic acid, to form
an ester, e.g., acetylcholine. Other choline esters with important pharmacological
activity are carbachol, bethanechol, methacholine.
c. nutritional deficiency requirements for choline are largely dependent on the amount
of methionine in the diet. In dogs and cats, under normal circumstances, deficiency
is unlikely, but choline is a dietary essential for pigs and young calves. Incoordination,
weakness, dyspnea and hock swelling occur in experimental deficiency, but there is
little evidence of naturally occurring disease. Poultry fed diets deficient in choline
develop perosis.
c. salicylate the choline salt of salicylic acid, which has analgesic, antipyretic
and anti-inflammatory properties.
c. theophyllinate a theophylline derivative used as a bronchodilator. Called also
oxtriphylline.
cholinergic [ko″lin-ur′jik] 1. parasympathomimetic; activated or transmitted by acetylcholine;
said of nerve fibers that liberate acetylcholine at a synapse when a nerve impulse
passes, i.e., the parasympathetic fibers. 2. an agent that resembles acetylcholine
or simulates its action.
c. blockade selective inhibition of cholinergic nerve impulses at autonomic ganglionic
synapses, postganglionic parasympathetic effectors, or neuromuscular junctions.
c. antagonist see anticholinergic.
c. neurotransmission that form of neurotransmission which depends on the production
of acetylcholine at synapses.
c. receptors receptor sites on effector organs or at nerve synapses that are stimulated
by acetylcholine released by the nerve terminal. There are two types: muscarinic receptors,
present primarily on autonomic effector cells, and nicotinic receptors, present primarily
on autonomic ganglion cells and on the motor end plates of skeletal muscle.
cholinesterase [ko″lin-es′t
r-ās] an enzyme that splits acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. Called also
acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme is present throughout the body, but is particularly
important at the neuromuscular junction, where the nerve fibers terminate. Acetylcholine
is released when a nerve impulse reaches a neuromuscular junction. It diffuses across
the synaptic cleft and binds to cholinergic receptors on the muscle fibers, causing
them to contract. Cholinesterase splits acetylcholine into its components, thus stopping
stimulation of the muscle fibers. The end products of the metabolism of acetylcholine
are taken up by nerve fibers and resynthesized into acetylcholine.
c. inhibitor the drugs neostigmine, physostigmine and pyridostigmine inhibit cholinesterase.
These drugs are used to treat myasthenia gravis, a disease in which the cholinergic
receptors are attacked by autoantibodies. The drugs extend the effect of acetylcholine
on the muscle fiber.
c. reactivator choline-reactivating oximes are effective antidotes in organophosphorus
insecticide poisoning, a state of acetylcholine excess because of cholinesterase inhibition.
2-PAM (2-pyridine aldoxime methchloride) is the most popular oxime for this purpose.
cholinoceptive [ko″lin-o-sep′tiv] pertaining to the sites on effector organs that
are acted upon by cholinergic transmitters.
cholinoceptor [ko″lin-o-sep′t
r] cholinergic receptor.
cholinolytic [ko″lin-o-lit′ik] 1. blocking the action of acetylcholine, or of cholinergic
agents. 2. an agent that blocks the action of acetylcholine or other cholinergic agents
in cholinergically controlled sites, such as voluntary muscles and the tissues supplied
by parasympathetic nerves.
cholinomimetic [ko″lin-o-mi-met′ik] having an action similar to that of acetylcholine;
called also parasympathomimetic.
c. alkaloids naturally occurring plant alkaloids that have cholinomimetic actions,
such as arecoline, pilocarpine, and muscarine.
cholohemothorax [kol″o-he″mo-thor′aks] the presence of bile and blood in the thorax.
chololithiasis [kol″o-lľ-thi′
-sis] cholelithiasis.
cholothorax [kol″o-thor′aks] cholohemothorax.
choluria [kol-u′re-
] the presence of bile in the urine; discoloration of the urine with bile pigments.
chondral [kon′dr
l] pertaining to cartilage.
chondralgia [kon-dral′j
] pain in a cartilage.
chondrectomy [kon-drek′t
-me] excision of a cartilage.
chondrification [kon″drľ-fľ-ka′sh
n] conversion into cartilage.
chondri(o)- word element. [Gr.] cartilage, granule.
chondritis [kon-dri′tis] inflammation of cartilage.
auricular c. an immune-mediated inflammation and eventual collapse of auricular cartilage;
affected cats are usually young and have a history of swollen, painful ears which
eventually become deformed. Rarely, other sites such as the eyes, heart, nose, trachea,
and joints may be affected; this is more common in people and their disease is called
relapsing polychondritis. Dogs are very rarely affected.
chondr(o)- word element. [Gr.] cartilage.
chondroadenoma [kon″dro-ad″
-no′m] adenochondroma.
chondroangioma [kon″dro-an″je-o′m
] a benign mesenchymoma containing chondromatous and angiomatous elements.
chondroblast [kon′dro-blast] an immature cartilage-producing cell.
chondroblastoma [kon″dro-blas-to′m
] a benign tumor arising from young chondroblasts in the epiphysis of a bone.
chondrocalcin [kon″dro-kal′sľn] a calcium-binding protein found in the parts of the
skeleton where bone proliferation or remodeling are taking place.
chondrocalcinosis [kon″dro-kal″sľ-no′sis] deposition of calcium salts in the cartilage
of joints.
chondroclast [kon′dro-klast] a giant cell believed to be concerned in absorption of
cartilage.
chondrocostal [kon″dro-kos′t
l] pertaining to the ribs and costal cartilages.
chondrocranium [kon″dro-kra′ne-
m] the cartilaginous cranial structure of the embryo in early pregnancy when it is
a unified cartilaginous mass without clear boundaries indicating the limits of future
bones.
chondrocyte [kon′dro-sīt] a mature cartilage cell embedded in a lacuna within the
cartilage matrix.
Chondrodendron
plant genus in the family Menispermaceae from which curare is extracted.
C-46:
Texel lamb with chondrodysplasia. Note the short legs and widebased stance.
From Thompson KG, Piripi SA, Dittmer KE: Inherited abnormalities of skeletal development
in sheep. Vet J 177:324-333, 2008. Elsevier.
chondrodynia [kon″dro-din′e-
] pain in a cartilage.
chondrodysplasia [kon″dro-dis-pla′zh
] congenital anomaly related to defects of the genes that control the chondrogenesis
resulting in abnormal growth of cartilage; may be used to include achondroplasia.
Causes disproportionate dwarfism and occurs as an inherited recessive trait in cattle
(several breeds but notably Dexter, Telemark lethal and Hereford ‘snorter dwarf’),
sheep (Texel, Ançon and Cheviot) and dogs (Alaskan malamute, miniature poodles and
Norwegian elkhound). This type of dwarfism haas been eliminated in most breeds of
cattle by selective breeding or elimination of breeding lines. See also achondroplasia,
enchondromatosis.
deforming hereditary c. inherited chondrodysplastic defects characterized by skeletal
deformity, e.g., chondrodysplastic dwarfism.
chondrodysplastic dwarf [kon″dro-dis-plas′tik] see chondro-dysplasia.
chondrodystrophia, chondrodystrophy [kon″dro-dis′tr
-fe] a disorder of cartilage formation.
c. fetalis see epiphyseal dysplasia.
chondrodystrophoid having chondrodystrophy as a characteristic.
c. breeds in dogs, e.g., Dachshund, Bulldog, Bassett hound, the features of chondrodystrophy
are established as the breed type, generally involving shortened limbs in relation
to the length of the spine. Angular deformities of the limbs and degeneration of the
mucinous nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk at an early age are unfortunate
accompaniments of this trait. See achondroplasia.
chondrodystrophy any disorder of cartilage formation. See also chondrodysplasia.
chicken embryo c. see chicken embryo chondrodystrophy.
chondroendothelioma [kon″dro-en″do-the″le-o′m
] an endothelioma containing cartilage tissue.
chondroepiphyseal [kon″dro-ep″ľ-fiz′e-
l] pertaining to epiphyseal cartilage.
chondroepiphysitis [kon″dro-ep″ľ-fiz-i′tis] inflammation of the epiphyseal cartilages.
chondrofibroma [kon″dro-fi-bro′m
] a fibroma with cartilaginous elements.
chondrogenesis [kon″dro-jen′
-sis] formation of cartilage.
chondrogenic [kon″dro-jen′ik] giving rise to or forming cartilage.
chondroid [kon′droid] 1. resembling cartilage. 2. The name given to oval masses of
inspissated pus in the guttural pouch of horses with guttural pouch empyema.
chondroitin sulfate [kon-dro′ľ-tin] a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (mucopolysaccharide)
which is widespread in connective tissue, particularly cartilage, where it acts as
an important structural component, and in the cornea. Usually part of a proteoglycan.
chondrolipoma [kon″dro-lľ-po′m
] a tumor containing cartilaginous and fatty tissue.
chondroma [kon-dro′m
] a tumor or tumor-like growth of cartilage cells. It may remain in the interior arising
from the cartilage of the medullary cavity (true chondroma, or enchondroma), or may
develop on the surface of a cartilage and project under the periosteum of a bone (ecchondroma,
or ecchondrosis).
c. rodens see multilobular chondroma and osteoma.
chondromalacia [kon″dro-m
-la′sh] abnormal softening of cartilage.
chondromatosis [kon″dro-m
-to′sis] formation of multiple chondromas.
synovial c. a rare condition in which cartilage is formed in the synovial membrane
of joints, tendon sheaths or bursae, sometimes becoming detached and producing a number
of loose bodies.
chondromatous [kon-dro′m
-t
s] pertaining to or of the nature of cartilage. More correctly, chondroid.
C-47:
Simmental cow with swellling at the proximocranial aspect of the right scapula due
to a chondrosarcoma.
From Martinek B, Bago Z, Flöck M, Hochsteiner W, Schilcher F, Kofler J: Chondrosarcoma
in a simmental cow: Clinical, ultrasonographic, radiographic and pathological findings.
Vet J 172:181-184, 2006. Elsevier.
c. hamartoma a congenital anomaly of the lung. See also hamartoma.
chondromere [kon′dro-mēr] a cartilaginous vertebra of the fetal vertebral column.
chondrometaplasia [kon″dro-met″
-pla′zh] chondroid metaplasia.
chondromyoma [kon″dro-mi-o′m
] a benign tumor with myomatous and cartilaginous elements.
chondromyxoma [kon″dro-mik-so′m
] myxoma with cartilaginous elements.
chondromyxosarcoma [kon″dro-mik″so-sahr-ko′m
] a sarcoma containing cartilaginous and mucous tissue.
chondronectin a glycoprotein found in plasma and cartilage. Thought to act as an adhesion
factor between chondrocytes and type II collagen.
chondro-osseous [kon″dro-os′e-
s] composed of cartilage and bone.
chondropathy [kon-drop′
-the] any disease of cartilage.
chondroplasia [kon″dro-pla′zh
] the formation of cartilage by specialized cells (chondrocytes).
chondroplast [kon′dro-plast] chondroblast.
chondroplasty [kon′dro-plas″te] plastic repair of cartilage.
chondroporosis [kon″dro-po-ro′sis] the formation of sinuses or spaces in cartilage.
chondroprotectants [kon″dro-pro-tek′tiv] agent or action that retards the degradation
of articular cartilage and may upregulate chondrocyte metabolism; used in the treatment
and prevention of osteoarthritis. Examples include pentosan polysulfate and glycosaminoglycan
polysulfate.
chondrosarcoma [kon″dro-sahr-ko′m
] a malignant tumor derived from cartilage cells or their precursors.
chondrosis [kon-dro′sis] the formation of cartilage.
chondrosteoma [kon-dros″te-o′m
] a cartilage capped by knobby projection of the sternal surface of endochondral bone.
They may recur singly or multicentrically (multiple cartilaginous exostoses). Inherited
as an autosomal dominant trait in horses, dogs and humans.
chondrosternal [kon″dro-stur′n
l] pertaining to the costal cartilages and sternum.
c. depression see pectus excavatum.
chondrotomy [kon-drot′
-me] the dissection or the surgical division of cartilage.
chondroxiphoid [kon″dro-zi′foid] pertaining to the xiphoid cartilage.
Choniangium
a genus of roundworms of the family Strongylidae. Includes Choniangium epistomum,
C. magnostomum (Indian elephant cecum).
chook an Australian colloquialism for chicken or fowl.
CHOP a cancer chemotherapy protocol that utilizes cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin (hydroxydaunomycin),
vincristine, and prednisone. Used in the treatment of lymphomas in dogs and cats.
chop chopped hay; used extensively when pastured animals need supplementary roughage
and are required to eat the meal provided in a short time. Housed animals receive
the same supply in the form of hay in a rack or net. Called also chaff.
green c. green feed that has been put through a chopper or forage harvester.
chops the jowls or flesh of lips and jaw in dogs.
chord [kord] cord.
chorda [kor′d
] pl. chordae [L.] a cord or sinew.
c. magna Achilles tendon.
c. tendineae tendinous cords connecting adjacent cusps of each of the two atrioventricular
valves to the appropriate papillary muscles in the heart ventricles.
C-48:
Ruptured chorda tendineae in a horse heart at necropsy.
From Knottenbelt DC, Pascoe RR, Diseases and Disorders of the Horse, Saunders, 2003.
c. tendineae rupture of mitral value chordae and causing acute, massive, cardiac insufficiency
leading to fulminant congestive heart failure and death; called also detachment.
c. tympani a nerve originating from the facial nerve, distributed to the submandibular,
sublingual and lingual glands and the anterior two-thirds of the tongue that gets
its name from coursing over the handle of the malleus in the tympanic cavity; it is
both a parasympathetic and a special sensory nerve.
c. umbilicalis umbilical cord.
c. vocalis vocal cord.
chordal tissue [kor′d
l] the tissue of the notochord.
Chordata [kor-da′t
] a phylum of the animal kingdom comprising all animals having a notochord during
some developmental stage.
chordate [kor′dāt] 1. an animal of the Chordata. 2. having a notochord.
chordectomy [kor-dek′t
-me] excision of a vocal cord.
chordee [kor′de] downward deflection of the penis, due to a congenital anomaly (hypospadias)
or to urethral infection. Term not used in veterinary medicine.
chorditis [kor-di′tis] inflammation of vocal or spermatic cords.
chordoma [kor-do′m
] a tumor arising from embryonic remains of the notochord, most commonly affecting
the cranial or caudal limits of the axial skeleton.
Chordopoxvirinae
[kor″do-poks″vir-i′ne] subfamily in the order Poxvirales that includes viruses that
infect vertebrate animals.
chordotomy [kor-dot′
-me] cordotomy (2).
chorea [k
-re′] in humans the ceaseless occurrence of rapid, jerky involuntary movements, as
is seen commonly in patients with Huntington’s disease. In dogs, the term is usually
applied to the myoclonus seen in dogs associated with infection by distemper virus.
choreiform [ko-re′ľ-form] resembling chorea.
chorioadenoma [kor″e-o-ad″
-no′m] adenoma of the chorion.
chorioallantoic vesicle [kor″e-o-al″an-to′ik] the vesicle formed in early pregnancy
around the embryo by the chorion; contains the allantoic sac, the yolk sac, the allantoic
fluid and the embryo. Palpation of the sac is used for early manual pregnancy diagnosis
in cows and mares.
chorioallantois [kor″e-o-
-lan′to-is] an extraembryonic structure formed by union of the chorion and allantois,
which by means of vessels in the associated mesoderm serves in gas exchange; in many
mammals, it forms the placenta.
chorioamnionitis [kor″e-o-am″ne-o-ni′tis] inflammation of the fetal membranes.
chorioamniotic folds [kor″e-o-am″ne-ot′ik] a pair of folds consisting of extraembryonic
somatopleure which grow out from the vitelline membrane and meet over the top of the
embryo, fusing to complete the chorion and the amnion.
chorioangioma [kor″e-o-an″je-o′m
] an angioma of the chorion.
choriocapillaris [kor″e-o-kap″ľ-lar′is] innermost layer of choroid; composed of a
fine network of capillaries and separated from the retinal pigment epithelium by Bruch’s
membrane.
choriocarcinoma [kor″e-o-kahr″sľ-no′m
] a malignant neoplasm of trophoblastic cells formed by abnormal proliferation of
the placental epithelium, without production of chorionic villi.
choriocele [kor′e-o-sēl″] protrusion of the chorion through an aperture.
chorioepithelioma [kor″e-o-ep″ľ-the″le-o′m
] choriocarcinoma.
choriogenesis [kor″e-o-jen′
-sis] the development of the chorion.
chorioid [kor′e-oid] choroid.
chorioma [kor″e-o′m
] any trophoblastic proliferation, benign or malignant.
choriomeningitis [kor″e-o-men″in-ji′tis] cerebral meningitis with inflammation of
the choroid plexus.
lymphocytic c. see lymphocytic choriomeningitis.
C-49a:
Lesions of chorioptic mange on the escutcheon of a Jersey cow, a common site for infestation.
chorion [kor′e-on] the outermost of the fetal membranes, composed of trophoblast lined
with mesoderm.
avascular c. the normally avascular and villous tips of the chorioallantoic membranes
in pig, sheep and cattle placentas; colored white to brown, wrinkled; called also
the necrotic tips.
c. laeve the nonvillous, membranous part of the chorion.
chorionic [kor″e-on′ik] pertaining to the chorion.
c. girdle a circular band of cells of placental origin that invade the endometrium
and form the endometrial cups in the mare.
c. girdle cells see chorionic girdle (above).
c. gonadotropin a hormone with properties similar to those of luteinizing hormone;
it is secreted in large amounts by the placenta during gestation. It stimulates the
formation of interstitial cells in the testes of the fetus and causes the secretion
of testosterone. In mares, pregnant mare serum gonadotropin-PMSG (called also equine
chorionic gonadotropin or eCG) is found in high concentration in serum and is used
primarily for stimulation of ovaries (superovulation) in ruminants. It has much more
FSH than LH activity. In women (human chorionic gonadotropin - hCG) is found in high
concentration in urine. It is used for induction of ovulation because of its high
LH activity.
c. somatomammotropin see placental lactogen.
c. vesicle the early embryonic vesicle before the allantois has developed and encircled
the embryo to form the chorioallantoic vesicle and supplant it.
choriopmalaria see avian malaria.
Chorioptes
[kor″e-op′tēz] a genus of mange mites of the family Psoroptidae.
C. bovis
found on the pasterns of horses and cattle, on the scrotum of sheep and on the perineal
region of cattle. Causes chorioptic mange.
C. texanus
occurs on goats and reindeer.
chorioptic mange [kor″e-op′tik] the common form of mite infestation in cattle, sheep,
goats and horses caused by Chorioptes bovis. Cattle show small scabs on the perineum,
tailhead and back of the udder without irritation, the legs and on the scrotum of
the ram, and may suffer from infertility. Called also leg mange, tail mange, symbiotic
mange. Horses show severe dermatitis behind the pastern with severe itching at first
and then soreness. Sheep show a scaly dermatitis on the poll (poll mites)
chorioretinal [kor″e-o-ret′ľ-n
l] pertaining to the choroid and retina.
c. dysplasia abnormal development of the choroid and retina; occurs in collie eye
anomaly and other conditions/breeds.
chorioretinitis [kor″e-o-ret′ľ-ni′tis] inflammation of the choroid and retina. Occurs
with numerous infectious and non-infectious diseases in all species. Can be seen as
a distinct ocular entity or as part of a broader systemic disease.
chorioretinopathy [kor″e-o-ret″ľ-nop′
-the] a pathologic process involving both the choroid and retina.
C-49b:
Infestation of the poll of a ram with sheep-adapted Chorioptes bovis (poll mites).
C-50:
Choroidal hypoplasia and coloboma of the optic nerve head in a Collie.
From Peiffer R, Petersen-Jones S, Small Animal Ophthalmology, 4th ed, Saunders, 2009.
chorista defective development due to, or marked by, displacement of the primordium,
the earliest sign of development of an organ.
choristoma [kor″is-to′m
] a mass of histologically normal tissue in an abnormal location.
choroid [kor′oid] the posterior portion of the middle, vascular (uveal) tunic of the
eye, located between the sclera and the retina. It contains an abundant supply of
blood vessels and (in all but albino and subalbinotic individuals) melanin which reduces
reflection and scattering of light not absorbed by the retinal photoreceptors. Responsible
for outer retinal nutrition. See also tapetum, vascular lamina.
c. plexus see choroid plexus.
choroidal [kor-oid′
l] pertaining to or emanating from the choroid.
c. hypoplasia genetically determined relative lack of choroid formation leading to
funduscopically visible sclera and sometimes overlying retinal detachment; a hallmark
sign of Collie eye anomaly, and also seen in association with inherited coat color
dilution characteristics, e.g., blue merles and harlequins.
c. inflammation see choroiditis.
choroidea [kor-oid′e-
] choroid.
choroiditis [kor″oid-i′tis] inflammation of the choroid.
choroidocapillary layer [kor-oi″do-kap′ľ-lar″e] one of the five laminae in the choroid
coat of the eye.
choroidocyclitis [kor-oi″do-sik-li′tis] inflammation of the choroid and ciliary body.
choroidoiritis [kor-oi″do-i-ri′tis] inflammation of the choroid and iris.
choroidoretinitis [kor-oi″do-ret″ľ-ni′tis] chorioretinitis.
chou moellier Brassica
oleracea var. acephala.
Chow Chow a medium-sized dog with a distinctive short-coupled body, erect ears and
typically very thick, medium length coat; there is also a smooth, short-coated variety.
It has a distinctive shorter, “stilted” gait, related to its very straight hindllegs.
The breed is distinguished by a blue-black coloring on the tongue and much of the
mouth. It is subject to myotonia congenita, believed to be inherited as an autosomal
recessive trait, dysmyelinogenesis and a tyrosinase deficiency, and is predisposed
to malignant melanomas and entropion.
Christmas disease [kris′m
s] (hemophilia B) a hereditary hemorrhagic diathesis clinically similar to, but less
common than, hemophilia A (classic hemophilia), caused by deficiency of clotting factor
IX (Christmas factor, plasma thromboplastin component). It is an X chromosome-linked
recessive trait in humans, several dog breeds and a family of British shorthair cats.
Mixed breed dogs and rarely domestic breed cats can be affected. It is a mild to moderate
disease in the Cairn terrier, American Cocker spaniel and French bulldog, and a severe
disease in Coonhounds, St. Bernards and Alaskan malamutes. Carrier females can have
normal factor IX activity but genetic testing is available to identify carriers in
some breeds.
C-51:
Chow chow.
Christmas factor [kris′m
s] clotting factor IX; deficiency is the cause of Christmas disease (hemophilia B).
See also plasma thromboplastin component.
Christmas rose [kris′m
s]
Helleborus
niger.
chromaffin [kro-maf′in] taking up and staining strongly with chromium salts.
c. reaction application of Zenker’s solution to the flat cut surface of freshly excised
chromaffin tumor forms a dark pigment within 20 minutes.
c. tissue a tissue composed largely of chromaffin cells, well supplied with nerves
and vessels; it occurs in the adrenal medulla and also forms the paraganglia of the
body, e.g., the carotid bodies, along with the sympathetic nerves, and in other organs.
chromaffinoma [kro-maf″ľ-no′m
] 1. any tumor containing chromaffin cells. 2. pheochromocytoma.
chromaphilic substance granular cytoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes found in nerve
cell bodies; called also Nissl bodies or substance.
chromate any salt of chromic acid.
c. poisoning occurs accidentally as a result of exposure to chromate residues. Signs
are abdominal pain, diarrhea and severe dehydration.
chromated copper arsenate a once popular wood preservative. Treated pine is also a
very popular material for the construction of horse yards. It is virtually nonpoisonous;
horses with pica cannot nibble enough of the soft timber to be poisoned. However,
ash piles resulting from burning treated lumber can be a risk for animals (from the
arsenic).
chromatic [kro-mat′ik] 1. pertaining to color; stainable with dyes. 2. pertaining
to chromatin.
chromatid [kro′m
-tid] either of two parallel filaments joined at the centromere which make up a chromosome,
and which divide in cell division, each going to a different pole of the dividing
cell and each becoming a chromosome of one of the two daughter cells.
sister c. a chromatid formed by a replicating chromosome during interphase; because
they are derived from the one homolog and joined at the center they are exact copies
of each other.
chromatin [kro′m
-tin] the substance of the chromosomes, composed of nucleic acids and basic proteins
(histones), the material in the nucleus that stains with basic dyes.
sex c. Barr body; the condensed mass of the material of the inactivated X chromosome
in cells of normal females. See also drumstick.
chromatin-negative [kro″m
-tin-neg′
-tiv] lacking sex chromatin; characteristic of the nuclei of cells in a normal male.
chromatin-positive [kro″m
-tin-poz′ľ-tiv] containing sex chromatin; characteristic of the nuclei of cells in
a normal female.
chromat(o)- word element. [Gr.] color, chromatin.
chromatogenous [kro″m
-toj′-n
s] producing color or coloring matter.
chromatogram [kro-mat′o-gram] the record produced by chromatography.
chromatograph [kro-mat′o-graf] 1. to analyze by chromatography; the product of chromatographic
separation. 2. the apparatus used in chromatography.
chromatography [kro″m
-tog′r
-fe] a technique for analysis of chemical substances. The term chromatography literally
means color writing, and originally referred to a method by which the substance to
be analyzed is poured into a vertical glass tube containing an adsorbent, the various
components of the substance moving through the adsorbent at different rates, according
to their degree of attraction to it, and producing bands of color at different levels
of the adsorption column. The term now includes other methods utilizing the same principle,
although no colors are produced and the stationary phase may be paper, a thin layer
coated on a flat plate or packed in a column. The mobile phase of chromatography refers
to the fluid that carries the mixture of substances in the sample through the adsorptive
material. The stationary phase (or adsorbent) refers to the solid material that takes
up the particles of the substance passing through it. Kaolin, alumina, silica and
activated charcoal have been used as adsorbing substances or stationary phases. Classification
of chromatographic techniques tends to be confusing because it may be based on the
type of stationary phase, the nature of the adsorptive force, the nature of the mobile
phase, or the method by which the mobile phase is introduced. The technique is a valuable
tool for the research biochemist and is readily adaptable to investigations conducted
in the clinical laboratory. For example, chromatography is used to detect and identify
in body fluids certain sugars and amino acids associated with inborn errors of metabolism.
adsorption c. that in which the stationary phase is an adsorbent.
affinity c. a method of chromatography that utilizes the biologically important binding
interactions that occur on protein surfaces. For example, an enzyme substrate is covalently
coupled to an inert matrix such as a polysaccharide bead. The enzyme binds to the
substrate when passed through a column of such beads while other macromolecules pass
through. The enzyme can then be eluted from the column, enabling separation when present
in very low concentration in a very complex mixture of other macromolecules.
column c. the technique in which the various solutes of a solution are allowed to
travel down a column, the individual components being adsorbed by the stationary phase.
The most strongly adsorbed component will remain near the top of the column; the other
components will pass to positions farther and farther down the column according to
their affinity for the adsorbent. If the individual components are naturally colored,
they will form a series of colored bands or zones. Column chromatography has been
employed to separate vitamins, steroids, hormones and alkaloids and to determine the
amount of these substances in samples of body fluids.
exclusion c. that in which the stationary phase is a gel having a closely controlled
pore size. Molecules are separated based on molecular size and shape, those which
are larger than the exclusion size pass through while smaller molecules are temporarily
retained in the pores.
gas c. a type of chromatography in which the mobile phase is an inert gas. Volatile
components of the sample are separated in the column and measured by a detector. The
method has been applied in the clinical laboratory to separate and quantify steroids,
barbiturates and lipids.
gas–liquid c. gas chromatography in which the substances to be separated are moved
by an inert gas along a tube filled with a finely divided inert solid coated with
a nonvolatile substance; each component migrates at a rate determined by its solubility
in the stationary phase and its vapor pressure.
gel-filtration c., gel-permeation chromatography exclusion chromatography.
high performance liquid c. (HPLC) a miniaturized method in which the solution to be
analyzed is passed, under high pressure, through a long, thin column packed with tiny
beads such that analyses are completed in minutes rather than hours and with improved
resolution.
ion-exchange c. that utilizing resins to which are coupled either cations or anions
that will exchange with other cations or anions in the material passed through their
meshwork.
molecular sieve c. exclusion chromatography.
paper c. a form of chromatography in which a sheet of special paper is substituted
for the adsorption column. After separation of the components as a consequence of
their differential migratory velocities, they are stained to make the chromatogram
visible. In the clinical laboratory paper chromatography is employed to detect and
identify sugars and amino acids.
partition c. a form of separation of solutes utilizing the partition of the solutes
between two liquid phases, namely the original solvent and the film of solvent on
the adsorption column.
thin-layer c. that in which the stationary phase is a thin layer of an adsorbent such
as silica gel coated on a flat plate. It is otherwise similar to paper chromatography,
but is more useful for the separation of lipids.
chromatolysis [kro″m
-tol′
-sis] 1. the dissolution and disintegration of the chromatin of cell nuclei. 2. disintegration
and redistribution of the Nissl bodies of a neuron as a result of injury, fatigue
or exhaustion.
chromatophil [kro′m
-to-fil″] a cell or structure that stains easily.
chromatophore [kro-mat′o-for″] any pigmentary cell or color-producing plastid.
chromatophoroma see malignant melanoma.
chromatosome [kro-mat′o-sōm″] the basic nucleoprotein structural unit which consists
of 166 base pairs of DNA in association with core and linker histones.
chromaturia [kro″m
-tu′re-] abnormal coloration of the urine.
chromhidrosis [kro″mľ-dro′sis] secretion of colored sweat.
chromic acid 1. a dibasic acid, H2CrO4; its salts are called chromates. 2. chromium
trioxide.
chromidium [kro′me-
m] pl. chromidia a granule of extranuclear chromatin in the cytoplasm of a cell.
chromidrosis see chromhidrosis.
chromium (Cr) a chemical element, atomic number 24, atomic weight 51.996.
c.-51 (51Cr) a radioisotope of chromium having a half-life of 27.8 days; used to label
red blood cells to determine red cell volume and red cell survival time. See also
Cr 51 EDTA.
c. nutritional deficiency possibly causally related to the onset of diabetes mellitus
in primates.
c. poisoning characterized by severe gastroenteritis, diarrhea and dehydration.
c. trioxide possibly carcinogenic in humans. See also chromate.
chrom(o)- word element. [Gr.] relationship to color.
chromo body large, sclerotic bodies seen in subcutaneous microabscesses in chromoblastomycosis.
Chromobacterium violaceum
[kro″mo-bak-tēr′e-
m] a gram-negative bacterium normally found in soil in tropical and subtropical areas.
It is associated with pneumonia and other infections in several species.
chromoblast [kro′mo-blast] an embryonic cell that develops into a pigment cell.
chromoblastomycosis [kro″mo-blas″to-mi-ko′sis] infections of skin and subcutaneous
tissues caused by dematiaceous fungi.
chromoclastogenic [kro″mo-klas″to-jen′ik] giving rise to or inducing chromosomal disruption
or damage.
chromocystoscopy [kro″mo-sis-tos′k
-pe] cystoscopy of the ureteral orifices after oral, or intravenous, administration
of a dye which is excreted in the urine. Using a cystoscope, the ureteral orifices
are observed for the passage of dye-stained urine into the bladder; absence of dye
flow suggests ureteral obstruction or renal disease.
chromocyte [kro′mo-sīt] any colored cell or pigmented corpuscle.
chromodacryorrhea [kro″mo-dak″re-o-re′
] blood-stained tears; seen with marked ulcerative conjunctivitis or obstruction or
disease of the nasolacrimal apparatus in any species. This term has also been applied
to sialodacryoadenitis in rodents, when excessive porphyrins rather than blood are
secreted with tears.
chromogen [kro′mo-j
n] any substance giving origin to a coloring matter.
chromogenesis [kro″mo-jen′
-sis] the formation of color or pigment.
chromogenic [kro″mo-jen′ik] producing color or pigment.
chromogranin A [kro″mo-gran′in] see parathyroid secretory protein.
chromolysis see chromatolysis.
chromomere [kro′mo-mēr] 1. the bead-like granules, consisting of condensed chromatin,
occurring in series along the chromosomes of eukaryotes. 2. granulomere.
chromomycosis [kro″mo-mi-ko′sis] a subcutaneous mycotic infection caused by a deeply
pigmented fungus, e.g.,
Curvularia
and
Phialophora
.
chromonema [kro″mo-ne′m
] pl. chromonemata [Gr.] the coiled central thread of a chromatid along which lie
the chromomeres.
chromophil [kro′mo-fil] any easily stainable structure.
chromophobe [kro′mo-fōb] any cell, structure or tissue that does not stain readily;
applied especially to the chromophobe cells (ACTH-secreting) of the anterior lobe
of the pituitary gland.
c. adenoma a benign neoplasm derived from chromophobe cells of the pars distalis of
the pituitary gland. May be functional, producing excess ACTH and pituitary-dependent
hyperadrenocorticism. Nonfunctional tumors of the pars distalis usually cause clinical
signs by compression of the pituitary gland and other nearby structures. Clinical
signs include incoordination, weakness and exercise intolerance, muscle atrophy, sexual
inactivity, blindness and dilatation and fixation of the pupils.
c. carcinoma rare, typically nonfunctional pituitary tumors are usually large and
invasive causing destruction of the pars distalis leading to panhypopituitarism and
diabetes insipidus. There is extensive invasion of the brain and cranial bones, and
metastases to spleen and liver and to regional lymph nodes may occur.
chromophobia [kro″mo-fo′be-
] the quality of staining poorly with dyes.
chromophore [kro′mo-for] any chemical group whose presence gives a decided color to
a compound and which unites with certain other groups (auxochromes) to form dyes;
called also color radical.
chromophoric [kro″mo-for′ik] 1. bearing color. 2. pertaining to a chromophore.
chromoprotein [kro″mo-pro′tēn] a protein combined with a pigment, e.g., hemoglobin.
chromoscopy [kro-mos′k
-pe] the diagnosis of renal function by the color of urine following the administration
of dyes.
gastric c. diagnosis of gastric function by the color of the gastric contents.
chromosomal [kro″mo-sōm′
l] emanating from or pertaining to chromosome.
c. aberration see chromosomal abnormality (below).
c. abnormality abnormal karyotype; abnormalities can be detected before birth by means
of amniocentesis, or after birth, but many are probably never observed because they
cause death and disposal of the fetus. The abnormalities are either of number, or
of composition of the individual chromosomes. Monosomy and trisomy are examples of
numerical abnormalities. Translocations are examples of abnormalities of structure
where parts of one chromosome have been transferred to another. The cause of these
abnormalities is not known. Their importance is that many of them are linked with
structural or functional defects of the animal body. The best known ones in veterinary
medicine are those that are related to infertility, e.g., translocation 1/29, translocation
27/29.
c. analysis fetal cells obtained by amniocentesis or lymphocytes from a blood sample
can be cultured in the laboratory until they divide. Cell division is arrested in
mid-metaphase by the drug Colcemid, a derivative of colchicine. The chromosomes can
be stained by one of several techniques that produce a distinct pattern of light and
dark bands along the chromosomes, and each chromosome can be recognized by its size
and banding pattern. The chromosomal characteristics of an animal are referred to
as its karyotype. This also refers to a photomicrograph of a cell nucleus that is
cut apart and rearranged so that the individual chromosomes are in order and labeled.
The autosomes are numbered roughly in order of decreasing length. The sex chromosomes
are labeled X and Y. Karyotyping is useful in determining the presence of chromosome
defects.
c. banding see banding (2).
c. chimerism see chimera.
c. crossover see crossover.
c. deletion in genetics, loss from a chromosome of genetic material.
c. inversion see inversion (2).
c. linkage see linkage (2).
c. mapping see genetic map.
c. non-disjunction failure of the chromatids or chromosomes to separate (disjoin)
during meiosis.
c. replication see replication.
c. walking a technique for identification and isolation of contiguous sequences of
genomic DNA.
c. X inactivation only one of a pair of female (X) chromosomes in the one cell is
active, the other is inactivated.
chromosome [kro′mo-sōm] in animal cells, a structure in the nucleus, containing a
linear thread of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which carries genetic information and
is associated with ribonucleic acid and histones. During cell division the material
composing the chromosome is compactly coiled, making it visible with appropriate staining
and permitting its movement in the cell with minimal entanglement. Each organism of
a species is normally characterized by the same number of chromosomes in its somatic
cells. The diploid numbers (number of total chromosomes per cell) are cattle—60, sheep—54,
horse—64, donkey—62, pig—38, dog—78, cat—38, human—46. The chromosomes are arranged
in pairs and one of the pairs is the sex chromosomes (XX or XY), which determines
the sex of the organism. See also heredity.
compound c. a genetic engineering procedure which produces two chromosomes in which
the homologous arms (e.g., two right arms of the original chromosomes) are joined
at the centromere; used in genetic control of insect populations.
homologous c’s the chromosomes of a matching pair in the diploid complement that contain
alleles of specific genes.
lampbrush c. transcriptionally active chromosomes found in growing oocytes of a number
of vertebrate (e.g., birds, reptiles) and some invertebrate animals. So named because
of the bristling appearance given them by many open loops of chromatin along the extended
chromosome.
ring c. a chromosome in which both ends have been lost (deletion) and the two broken
ends have reunited to form a ring-shaped figure.
sex c’s the chromosomes responsible for determination of the sex of the individual
that develops from a zygote, in mammals constituting an unequal pair, the X and the
Y chromosome.
somatic c. autosome.
submetacentric c. see submetacentric.
telocentric c. having the centromere at one end of the chromosome (terminal centromere)
so that the chromosome has only one arm.
W c. sex chromosome in animals such as poultry in which the female is the heterogametic
state, the male has the ZZ genotype and the female the ZW genotype.
X c. the female sex chromosome, being carried by half the male gametes and all female
gametes; female diploid cells have two X chromosomes, the male has the XY genotype.
Y c. the male sex chromosome, being carried by half the male gametes and none of the
female gametes; male diploid cells have an X and a Y chromosome; females carry the
XX genotype.
Z c. sex chromosome in animals, such as poultry, in which the female is the heterogametic
sex; the male has the ZZ genotype and the female the ZW genotype.
chronaxie, chronaxy [kro′nak-se] the minimum time at which an electric current must
flow at a voltage twice the rheobase to cause a muscle to contract.
chronic [kron′ik] persisting for a long time; the period is undefined and varies with
circumstances; usually more than one week. US National Center for Health Statistics
defines it as a condition of 3 months duration or longer. Also has the sense of the
disease showing little change or very slow progression over a long period.
c. obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) see chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
c. respiratory disease a disease of chickens caused by infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
It is characterized by coughing, nasal discharge, respiratory rales, a long course
and the complication of airsacculitis. There is a loss of egg production and wastage
by culling of carcasses at the abattoir but mortality is low.
chronics [kron′iks] a feedlot term for cattle that were sick, treated and never fully
recovered and do poorly and periodically relapse. Commonly, they have a significant
proportion of the lung affected with consolidating bronchopneumonia and if so they
may be called lungers.
chron(o)- word element. [Gr.] pertaining to time.
chronobiology [kron″o-bi-ol′
-je] the scientific study of the effect of time on living systems and of biological
rhythms.
chronograph [kron′o-graf] an instrument for recording small intervals of time.
chronological tactics [kron″o-loj′ľ-k
l] techniques of planning experiments or analyzing retrospective data in order to
make the most use of the passage of time, e.g., analysis of the relationship between
a prior disease and a subsequent outcome.
chronotropic [kron″o-tro′pik] affecting the time or rate.
chronotropism [kro-not′ro-piz-
m] interference with regularity of a periodical movement, such as the heart’s action.
chronotropy affecting a time or rate, as in heart rate.
Chrosperma muscaetoxicum
see
Amianthium muscaetoxicum
.
Chrozophora plicata
African plant in the family Euphorbiaceae; contains an unidentified toxin; causes
dyspnea, diarrhea and fatal pulmonary edema. Called also terba.
Chrysanthemum
[krľ-san′th
-m
m] plant genus in the family Asteraceae; contains sesquiterpene lactones; causes contact
dermatitis.
C. cinerariaefolium
the plant from which pyrethrum is extracted. Called also Pyrethrum cinerarifolia.
chrysanthemum-faced dog [krľ-san′th
-m
m] an early name for the Shih tzu.
Chryseobacterium scophthalmum
an orange-pigmented, gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that causes significant disease
in turbot.
chrys(o)- word element. [Gr.] pertaining to gold.
Chrysocoma ciliata
Southern African plant in the Asteraceae family; contains an unidentified toxin causing
diarrhea, dermatitis, intestinal obstruction, myelomalacia in three syndromes, kaalsiekte
(in lambs), lakseersiekte (adults), valsiekte. Called also C. tenuifolia, bitterbush,
beesbossie, beeskaroo, bitterkaroo, bitterbos. See also lakseersiekte, kaalsiekte,
valsiekte.
Chrysolina quadrigemina
a beetle used in the biological control of St. Johns wort—Hypericum perforatum.
Chrysolophus
the genus of pheasants; includes C. amherstiae (Lady Amherst’s pheasant), C. pictus
(golden pheasant).
Chrysomya
a genus of flies of the family Calliphoridae. See also screw-worm.
C. albiceps, C. bezziana
(Old world screw-worm).
C. chloropyga, C. mallochi, C. rufifacies
cause cutaneous myiasis. See also
Lucilia
,
Callitroga
and
Phormia
.
Chrysops
[kris′ops] a genus of blood-sucking tropical flies of the family Tabanidae. C. discalis
(deer fly), a vector of tularemia in the western USA, and C. silacea, an intermediate
host of Loa loa, a filarial parasite. Called also chrysops flies.
C. discalis, C. dimidiata, C. silacea
these flies cause painful bites and ‘worry’ livestock when they are about. They also
mechanically transmit anthrax, anaplasmosis, the virus of infectious equine anemia,
tularemia and the larvae of the filariid parasite Loa loa. A number of trypanosome
species are also transmitted mechanically by this important means.
Chrysosporium
[kris″o-spor′e-
m] saprophytic soil fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, which when inhaled have been the
cause of granulomatous inflammation of the lungs (adiaspiromycosis). Also referred
to as Emmonsia. The main species are C. parvum var. parvum (E. parva) and C. parvum
var. crescens (E. crescens).
C. guarroi
a cause of dermatomycosis in pet green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Now classified as
Nannizziopsis guarroi.
chrysotherapy [kris″o-ther′
-pe] the use of gold salts in the treatment of disease, e.g., autoimmune skin diseases
and rheumatoid arthritis in dogs. Gold salts have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory,
anti-immunological and antienzymatic activity. Called also aurotherapy.
chthonophagia the habit of eating clay or earth; geophagia.
chuck a hand grip tool to be attached to intramedullary pins to enable the surgeon
to rotate or drive them into bone. See also Jacob’s hand chuck.
chuckering form of restraint for South American camelids. With the camelid in a kush
position, a loop of rope is tied around the lumbar area and the hind limbs are tucked
into the loop, which is then tightened. As a restraint, chuckering can be used to
transport alpacas safely, or for teeth trimming, oral administration of substances,
or other husbandry interventions.
chukka, chukker a term used in polo; a polo match is divided into six chukkas of 7
minutes each.
chun see cun.
churrido equino [Port.] equine neorickettsiosis. Called also churrio chute 1. a device
used to restrain large animals especially cattle and horses. It is a small stall into
which the animal is encouraged to walk. The head is fixed, in cattle by a head bail,
the back is closed and the animal can then be examined or treated. The quality of
the chute depends on its freedom from injury to the animal and the operator and the
accessibility of the animal for the procedures to be conducted. Speed of throughput
is also an important consideration when large numbers are to be handled in repetitive
treatments and quick-release gates are an essential part of the unit. Called also
stocks, crush.
2. a similar crate or stall at a rodeo in which a wild animal can be saddled and mounted
before being released to buck with the rider.
hydraulic c. one where the functions of closing the head catch, closing the tail gait
and applying the side-squeeze are done hydraulically using separate controls for each
function. Installed on operations where large numbers of cattle are being handled
to relieve the manual labor associated with hand operated levers.
drop c. uses a “V” shaped side squeeze mechanism combined with a drop floor to hold
deer.
c. charge fee charged by some feedlots each time cattle are worked through the chute.
specialist c’s other special chutes are available including those which include tilt
tables, hoof repair platforms, and mobile chutes.
squeeze c. one in which the sides of the chute can be moved inwards by a lever to
squeeze and restrain the animal from moving. Common chutes used for beef cattle.
C-52:
Cow restrained in squeeze chute. Head catch is controlled by lever A, side squeeze
by lever B and tail gate C by a lever hidden behind operator in this picture.
CHV canine herpesvirus.
chylangioma [ki-lan″je-o′m
] a tumor of intestinal lymph vessels filled with chyle.
chyle [kīl] the milky fluid taken up by the lacteals from the intestine during digestion,
consisting of lymph and triglyceride fat (chylomicrons) in a stable emulsion, and
conveyed by the thoracic duct to empty into the venous system.
chylemia [ki-le′me-
] the presence of chyle in the blood.
chylifaction, chylification the formation of chyle. Called also chylopoiesis.
chyliform [ki′lľ-form] resembling chyle.
chyl(o)- word element. [Gr.] relationship to chyle.
chyloabdomen [ki″lo-ab′d
-m
n] chyloperitoneum.
chylocele [ki′lo-sēl] distention of the tunica vaginalis testis with effused chyle.
chylofibrosis [ki″lo-fi-bro′sis] pleural fibrosis resulting from chylothorax.
chyloid [ki′loid] resembling chyle.
c. effusion effusions, usually pleural, with a milky appearance, containing cholesterols
or protein–lecithin compounds but not chylomicron globules, may be mistaken as chylous
by their gross appearance. Seen in cats with cardiomyopathy or cardiac disease. Called
also pseudochylous effusion.
chylomediastinum [ki″lo-me″de-
s-ti′n
m] the presence of effused chyle in the mediastinum.
chylomicron [ki″lo-mi′kron] a stable droplet containing principally triglyceride fat,
but also cholesterol, phospholipids and protein; found in intestinal lymphatics (lacteals)
and blood during and after meals.
c. remnant lipoprotein particle formed by the action of lipoprotein lipase on chylomicrons;
carries lipids of dietary origin to the liver for processing.
c. test in chilled serum, chylomicrons rise to form a creamy top layer and the serum
clears; very low-density lipoproteins remain dispersed and the serum is turbid. See
also lipemia refrigeration test.
chylomicronemia [ki″lo-mi″kro-ne′me-
] hyperchylomicronemia.
chylopericardium [ki″lo-per″ľ-kahr′de-
m] the presence of effused chyle in the pericardium.
chyloperitoneum [ki″lo-per″ľ-to-ne′
m] the presence of effused chyle in the peritoneal cavity.
chylopleura [ki″lo-ploor′
] chylothorax.
chylopneumothorax [ki″lo-noo″mo-thor′aks] the presence of effused chyle and air in
the pleural cavity.
chylopoiesis [ki″lo-poi-e′sis] production of chyle.
chylothorax [ki″lo-thor′aks] the presence of effused chyle in the pleural cavity.
Occurs most commonly in dogs and cats, caused by traumatic injury to the thoracic
duct, neoplasms in the cranial mediastinum, or a congenital abnormality of the duct,
but often the cause is not known. Clinical signs are attributed to the pleural effusion.
When withdrawn, the chylous fluid is characterisitic.
chylous [ki′l
s] pertaining to, mingled with, or of the nature of chyle.
c. ascites distention of the abdomen with chyle.
c. effusion accumulation of chyle, usually in a cavity, e.g., pleural cavity.
c. hydrothorax see chylothorax.
chyluria [kīl-u′re-
] the presence of chyle in the urine, giving it a milky appearance, due to obstruction
of lymph flow, which causes rupture of lymph vessels into the renal pelves, ureters,
bladder or urethra.
chyme [kīm] the semifluid, homogeneous, creamy or gruel-like material produced by
action of the gastric juice on ingested food and discharged through the pylorus into
the duodenum.
chymification [ki″mľ-fľ-ka′sh
n] conversion of food into chyme; gastric digestion.
C-53:
Chylous effusion. Pleural. Cat. A pink tint is found in this chylous effusion, indicating
some degree of hemorrhage is present.
From Raskin RE, Meyer D, Canine and Feline Cytology, 2nd Edition. Saunders 2010.
chymodenin a polypeptide secreted by the duodenum that specifically stimulates pancreatic
secretion of chymotrypsinogen.
chymopapain [ki″mo-p
-pān′] a proteolytic enzyme (a sulfhydryl proteinase) from the tropical tree Carica
papaya, commonly known as papaya or pawpaw, used in chemonucleolysis for the treatment
of intervertebral disc disease.
chymosin [ki′mo-sin] the milk-curdling enzyme found in the abomasal juice of preweaned
calves (before pepsin formation); a preparation from the stomach of the calf is used
to coagulate milk protein in the preparation of junket and thus to facilitate its
digestion. Catalyzes the conversion of caseinogen from a soluble to an insoluble form
(casein or curd). Called also rennin. See also rennet.
chymotrypsin [ki″mo-trip′sin] an endopeptidase with action similar to that of trypsin,
produced in the intestine by activation of chymotrypsinogen from the exocrine pancreas;
a product crystallized from an extract of the pancreas of the ox has been used clinically
as an anti-inflammatory agent and for enzymatic zonulolysis and débridement.
c. test see BT-PABA test.
chymotrypsinogen [ki″mo-trip-sin′o-j
n] the inactive precursor of chymotrypsin, the form in which it is secreted by the
pancreas.
chytridiomycosis infectious disease of amphibians worldwide caused by the chytrid
fungus
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
. This disease has had a significant impact on the diversity of wild amphibian populations,
resulting in extinctions or threatened extinction and mass die-offs of species. The
fungus invades and damages the keratinised areas of the frog’s skin, disrupting fluid
balance. The disease is notifiable to the OIE (see Table 20).
Ci curie. See becquerel.
CI 634 see tiletamine.
cib. [L.] cibus (food); used in prescription writing, e.g., post cib. indicates after
meals.
cicatrectomy [sik″
-trek′t
-me] excision of a cicatrix.
cicatricial [sik″
-trish′
l] pertaining to a cicatrix.
c. tissue the dense fibrous tissue forming a cicatrix, derived directly from granulation
tissue. Called also scar tissue.
cicatrix [sik-a′triks] pl. cicatrices [L.] the fibrous tissue left after the healing
of a wound; a scar.
cicatrization [sik″
-trľ-za′sh
n] the formation of a cicatrix or scar; scarring.
Cicer arietinum
[si′s
r] see chickpea.
Cicherelli rongeur a rongeur with tapered jaws and a sharp tip; used in neurosurgery.
cichlid fish of the family Cichlidae encompassing more than 1,000 species from Africa
and South America. Some species are important in aquaculture and others are kept as
aquarium fish.
Cichorium intybus
member of the Asteraceae plant family; the roots contain an unidentified toxin that
causes salivation, diarrhea in cattle. Called also chicory.
ciclacillin cyclacillin.
ciclopirox [si″klo-pēr′oks] a broad-spectrum antifungal drug used topically to treat
Candida and fungal infections of the skin.
ciclosporine see cyclosporine.
Ciconiphilus pectiniventris
a species of louse (family Menoponidae) found on ducks and geese.
Cicuta
[sik′u-t
] a genus of the plant family Apiaceae; these plants contain a toxic polyalkyne, cicutoxin,
which causes hypersalivation, muscle weakness, violent convulsions and sudden death
from respiratory arrest in grazing livestock, often within minutes of being eaten.
Roots and tubers are most toxic. Includes C. bolander, C. bulbifera, C. curtisii,
C. douglasii (C. vagans, C. californica), C. maculata (C. occidentalis), C. virosa
(C. mackenziana). Called also poison hemlock, spotted water hemlock, cowbane.
cicutoxin [sik′u-toks″in] toxic polyalkyne (highly unsaturated aliphatic alcohol)
separable from plant material of
Cicuta
.
CID combined immune deficiency; cytomegalic inclusion body disease.
-cide word element. [L.] destruction or killing.
CIDR controlled-intravaginal drug releasing devices; contain primarily progesterone
and are used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle, sheep and goats.
CIE counter immunoelectrophoresis.
ciguatera [se″gw
-ta′r] poisoning by consumption of the flesh or viscera of tropical predatory fish
of a wide range of species. The causative heat-stable toxins (ciguatoxin, maitotoxin
and others) originate in the dinoflagellate (Gambierdiscus toxicus) and possibly others
or from associated bacterial microflora. The toxins are subject to bioaccumulation
in fish which eat the dinoflagellates, and subsequently in the predators. Growth of
the dinoflagellates is promoted by the destruction of their coral reef habitat. Poisoning
characterized by vomiting, diarrhea and paresis in cats, dogs, humans. See also
Lyngbya
.
cilastatin [si″l
-stat′in] an inhibitor of dehydropeptidase I, an enzyme found in renal tubules. Used
in association with the antibiotic, imipenem (imipenem-cilastatin), to prevent its
inactivation.
cilia [sil′e-
] [L.] plural of cilium. 1. the eyelashes. 2. minute hair-like processes that extend
from a cell surface, composed of nine pairs of microtubules around a core of two microtubules.
They beat rhythmically to move the cell or to move fluid or mucus over the surface.
Of particular importance in the respiratory epithelium, contributing greatly to the
mucociliary escalator.
c.-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus now classified as
Filobacterium rodentium
ectopic c. misdirected cilia emerging through the palpebral conjunctival surface and
usually causing corneal irritation.
eyelid c. the eyelashes; absent on the lower lids of most domestic species. There
are also longer tactile hairs (vibrissae) on the external surface of the eyelids.
immotile c. syndrome see immotile cilia syndrome.
ciliariscope [sil″e-ar′ľ-skōp] an instrument for examining the ciliary region of the
eye.
ciliarotomy [sil″e-
-rot′
-me] surgical division of the ciliary zone of the iris for the treatment of glaucoma.
Not done in veterinary ophthalmology.
ciliary [sil′e-ar″e] pertaining to or resembling cilia; used particularly in reference
to certain eye structures, such as the ciliary body or muscles.
c. adenoma tumor arising from the ciliary body epithelium; evident as an intraocular
mass or due to signs of secondary uveitis or glaucoma.
c. body that section of the vascular tunic of the eye (uvea), connecting choroid and
iris, made up of the ciliary muscle and the ciliary processes. The processes radiate
from the ciliary muscle and give attachments to zonules supporting the lens of the
eye. The ciliary muscles modify accommodation and aqueous humor outflow.
c. body inflammation cyclitis.
c. epithelium a double layer of epithelium lining the inner ciliary body. The innermost
layer is non-pigmented, the outermost typically is pigmented. They continue anteriorly
as the iris epithelium and dilator muscle, respectively; and posteriorly as the neurosensory
retina and retinal pigment epithelium, respectively
c. flush dilation and hyperemia of episcleral blood vessels causing perilimbal redness.
Associated with keratitis, anterior uveitis and glaucoma; not simply conjunctivitis.
Called also ciliary hyperemia or injection.
c. glands modified sweat glands situated at the edge of the eyelids. Called also glands
of Moll.
c. muscle the smooth (mammals) or striated (birds and reptiles) muscle that forms
the pars muscularis of the ciliary body and functions in accommodation of the eye
and modification of aqueous humor outflow.
primary c. dyskinesia a group of rare inherited abnormalities in ciliary ultrastructure
and function, leading to chronic diseases of the respiratory and reproductive tracts
including sinusitis, recurrent bronchopneumonia, bronchiectasis and asthenospermia.
May be associated with leftright transposition of the viscera. Humans and numerous
pure dog breeds can be affected. A genetic test is available for the causative mutation
in old English sheepdogs. See also Kartagener’s syndrome.
c. process folded structures on the inner aspect of the ciliary body, responsible
for aqueous humor production, and stabilization of the lens via the lens zonules.
c. reflex constriction of the pupil that occurs as part of the accommodation reflex.
C-54:
Anatomy of the ciliary processes.
From Guyton AC, Hall JE, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 10th ed, Saunders, 2000.
c. sulcus poorly defined transition point between the posterior surface of the iris
and the anterior surface of the ciliary body.
c. zone one of the three regions of the iris. the ciliary zone forms the outermost
region of the iris (sometimes called the iris root). See also pupillary zone and iris
collarette.
c. zonules fibrous extensions from the ciliary processes of the ciliary body connecting
it to the lens and responsible for transferring accommodative forces from the ciliary
body muscles to the lens. Called also lens zonules.
Ciliata [sil″e-a′t
] a class of protozoa (subphylum Ciliophora) whose members possess cilia during their
life cycle; a few species are parasitic.
ciliate [sil′e-āt] 1. having cilia. 2. any member of the class Ciliata; in veterinary
medicine the important group is the ciliate protozoa.
ciliated [sil′e-āt″
d] provided with cilia.
ciliectomy [sil″e-ek′t
-me] 1. excision of a portion of the ciliary body. 2. excision of the portion of the
eyelid containing the roots of the eyelashes.
cili(o)- word element. [L.] relationship to cilia or ciliary (body).
Ciliophora [sil″e-of′
-r] a subphylum of Protozoa, including two major groups, the ciliates and suctorians,
distinguished from the other subphyla by the presence of cilia at some stage during
the life cycle.
ciliovitreolenticular pertaining to the ciliary body, vitreous and lens of the eye.
c. block obstruction to normal anterior flow of aqueous humor at the ciliary body
and lens equator causing aqueous humor to be misdirected into the vitreous body, resulting
in forward pressure on the lens, iris and ciliary body and impairment of aqueous humor
outflow. Causes a form of glaucoma seen most commonly in aged cats. See aqueous misdirection.
cilium [sil′e-
m] pl. cilia [L.] an eyelash; see cilia.
cillosis [sil-o′sis] spasmodic quivering of the eyelid.
cilofungin an antifungal agent, effective aginst yeasts, especially Candida albicans.
cimetidine [si-met′ľ-dēn] a histamine type 2 (H2)-receptor antagonist that blockss
the action of histamine at cell surface receptors of the gastric parietal cells and
thereby reduces basal gastric acid secretion and secretion stimulated by food, histamine,
gastrin and insulin. It is used for the treatment and prevention of gastric ulcers,
although it has largely been replaced by more effective or long-acting H2 blockers
such as ranitidine and famotidine. Unlike these other antacids, cimetidine has also
been used in the treatment of melanomas in horses, with varied results.
Cimex
[si′m
ks] a genus of the insect family Cimicidae.
C. hemipterus (C. rotundatus) parasitic bugs of poultry.
C. lectularius
blood-sucking insects parasitizing humans for the most part, but can affect pigeons
and poultry causing anemia, ill thrift and reduced production. Called also bed bugs.
cinch [sinch] a saddle girth on an American stock saddle. Tightens with a knot on
a ring instead of with straps and buckles.
cinchocaine [sin′ko-kān″] see dibucaine.
cinchona bark [sin-ko′n
] dried bark of the stem or root of various South American trees of the genus Cinchona.
It is the source of quinine, cinchonine and cinchonidine. Used as a ‘bitter’ and an
antipyretic agent.
cine- word element. [Gr.] movement; see also words beginning kine-.
cineangiocardiography [sin″
-an″je-o-kahr″de-og′r
-fe] the photographic recording of image intensification fluoroscopy of the heart
and great vessels by motion picture techniques.
cineangiography [sin″
-an″je-og′r
-fe] the photographic recording of fluoroscopic images of the blood vessels by motion
picture techniques.
cinefluorography [sin″
-floo″or-og′r
-fe] see cineradiography.
cinemicrography [sin″
-mi-krog′r
-fe] the making of motion pictures of a small object through the lens system of a
microscope.
cineole [sin′e-ol] see eucalyptol.
cineradiography [sin″
-ra″de-og′r
-fe] the making of a motion picture record of successive images appearing in image
intensification fluoroscopy.
ciliospinal [sil″e-o-spi′n
l] pertaining to the ciliary body and the spinal cord.
c. reflex ipsilateral pupil dilatation when the skin of the neck is stimulated, especially
painfully. Not recognized in veterinary medicine.
cinerea [sľ-nēr′e-
] the gray matter of the nervous system.
cinerolone one of the ketoalcohols in Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium that combines
with carboxylic acids to produce pyrethrins.
cinesi-
see kinesi-.
cinet(o)-
see kinet(o)-.
cingulate gyrus [sing′gu-lāt] the gyrus running dorsal and parallel to the corpus
callosum. Called also gyrus cinguli.
cingulum [sing′gu-l
m] pl. cingula [L.] 1. an encircling part or structure; a girdle. 2. a bundle of association
fibers partly encircling the corpus callosum not far from the median plane, interrelating
the cingulate and hippocampal gyri. 3. the ridge at the base of the crown of some
teeth. 4. an annular band at the vestibulovaginal junction in the female genital tract;
may be the site of a vestigial hymen.
c. membri pelvini see pelvic girdle.
c. membri thoracici see pectoral girdle.
Cinnamomum camphora
[sin″
-mo′m
m] see camphor.
cinnamon [sin′
-m
n] a herbal preparation obtained from the bark of Cinnamomum spp. It is used as an
astringent in the treatment of diarrhea and flatulence. Cinnamon oil, sometimes used
as a name for Cassia Oil, has similar activity, but contains cinnamaldehyde, which
has been associated with hypersensitivity reactions.
Cinnamon rabbit a breed of domestic rabbit characterized by its rust or cinnamon color
with gray ticking across the back, sides and underbelly.
cinoxacin [sin-ok′s
-sin] a quinolone antibiotic with activity similar to nalidixic acid. Used in urinary
tract infections and bacterial prostatitis in dogs.
ciodrin an organophosphorus insecticide for use on animals as a powder or spray.
Cionella lubrica
[si″o-n
l′] a terrestrial snail, the first intermediate host of
Dicrocoelium
dendriticum.
ciprofloxacin [sip″ro-flok′s
-sin] a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with particularly good activity against gram-negative
bacteria, including Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is used mainly
in urinary tract infections.
circadian [s
r-ka′de-
n] denoting a period of about 24 hours.
c. clock the daily rhythm of physiological activity as expressed by the Chinese circadian
clock. This explains the flow of energy or Qi through the body, via the meridians,
each meridian having two hours of maximum and two of minimum function in every day.
c. rhythm the regular recurrence of certain phenomena in cycles of approximately 24
hours, e.g., biological activities that occur at about the same time each day (or
night) regardless of constant darkness or other conditions of illumination.
circannual [s
r-kan′u-
l] occurring rhythmically every year.
circhoral pertaining to biological rhythms.
circinate [sur′sľ-nāt] resembling a ring or circle.
circle [sur′k
l] a round figure, structure or part.
cerebral arterial c. anastomotic ring of vessels near the base of the brain. Called
also circulus arteriosus cerebri. See cerebral arterial circle and Table 8.
ciliary arterial c. the ring of arteries within the ciliary muscle formed from the
anterior ciliary arteries.
iridal arterial c. the major ring of arteries near the ciliary border of the iris
formed from the posterior long ciliary arteries and supplying blood to the iris; this
ring gives off radial branches that supply the minor ring near the papillary margin.
Called also circulus arteriosus iridis major and circulus arteriosus iridis minor.
See Table 8.
iridal vascular c. a ring of vessels formed by the anterior ciliary arteries; provide
fine branches to the iris and ciliary body. See also ciliary arterial circle, iridal
arterial circle (above).
c. of safety see flight distance.
c. system see breathing circuit.
c. test walking a horse in a small circle, first one direction then the other, is
used in a neurological examination to detect ataxia and abnormalities in proprioception.
c. of Willis anastomotic ring of vessels near the base of the brain. See cerebral
arterial circle, Table 8.
circling [sur′kling] persistent walking in circles; a sign of unilateral vestibular
disease or a lesion affecting one cerebral hemisphere or one side of the diencephalon
(circling occurs towards the side of the lesion; adversive syndrome).
c. disease see listeriosis.
circomyarian arrangement of the longitudinal somatic muscles of nematodes in which
the contractile elements completely surround the the sarcoplasm.
Circoviridae
a virus family that comprises two genera, Circovirus that includes porcine circoviruses,
pigeon circovirus, and psittacine beak and feather disease virus, and Gyrovirus (now
placed in family Anelloviridae) that includes chicken anemia virus. They are the smallest
animal viruses, 17 to 24 nm in diameter, contain a single-stranded circular DNA genome
composed of about 2500 nucleotides and replicate in the nucleus of cells and are assumed
to be dependent on the host cell for many functions required for viral replication
and probably, like parvoviruses, replicate in cells that are in the S-phase of the
cell cycle.
circovirus virus in the family Circoviridae. See also porcine circovirus, psittacine
beak and feather disease, chicken anemia, pigeon circovirus, postweaning multisystem
wasting syndrome.
circuit [sur′k
t] a round course, or course followed by, for example, electrical current or an anesthetic
gas.
Bain coaxial c. a variant of a T-piece nonrebreathing circuit for delivery of inhalant
anesthetics in which the fresh gas passes up a central tube and the expired gas passes
out through the outer sleeve.
breathing c. of an anesthetic machine is the pathway by which the inhalant anesthetic
agent and oxygen are conveyed to the patient and carbon dioxide is removed. The two
methods for removal of carbon dioxide are venting expired gases to the exterior (see
non-rebreathing circuit) or absorbing CO2 chemically (see rebreathing circuit). See
also Bain coaxial circuit (above), circle breathing circuit (below)
circle breathing c. of an anesthetic machine; components include corrugated tubing
for connection to the patient via a Y piece, a pair of unidirectional valves, a port
for the inflow of fresh gases (oxygen and inhalant anesthetic), a canister containing
CO2 absorbent, a reservoir bag to increase system compliance, and a pressure relief
valve for venting excess gases.
coaxial c. see Bain coaxial circuit (above).
Magill c. a non-rebreathing anesthetic circuit (modification of a Mapleson A) that
is efficient during spontaneous ventilation, but not during assisted or controlled
ventilation
Mapleson c. a system for the classification of anesthetic breathing circuits (Mapleson
A,B,C,D, E, and F) based on the presence or absence and positioning of components
including valves and reservoir bags. Mapleson circuits are typically used as non-rebreathing
or partial rebreathing circuits based on their construction and the flow rate of fresh
gases used.
non-rebreathing c. anesthetic breathing circuits in which the exhaled gases are discharged
and do not pass back to the patient.
rebreathing c. anesthetic breathing circuits in which the exhaled gas is recirculated
to the patient with CO2 removed.
T-piece c. a valveless, non-rebreathing circuit used to deliver inhalant anesthetics.
Shaped like a T.
Universal F-c. a breathing circuit shaped like an F. A portion of the circuit is coaxial,
externally reducing the number of tubes extending to the patient. Operation is similar
to a circle breathing circuit.
circulation [sur″ku-la′sh
n] movement in a regular or circuitous course, returning to the point of origin, as
the circulation of the blood through the heart and blood vessels. See also circulatory
system.
antegrade c. circulation in the normal direction of flow.
artificial c. is maintained in cardiopulmonary arrest by cardiac compression.
collateral c. circulation carried on through secondary channels after obstruction
of the principal channel supplying the part. See also collateral vessel.
coronary c. that within the coronary vessels, which supply the muscle of the heart.
cutaneous c. cutaneous vessels are innervated by sympathetic adrenergic vasoconstrictor
fibers; vasodilation is an important mechanism for losing heat after the body has
been warmed.
enterohepatic c. the cycle in which bile salts and other substances excreted by the
liver in the bile are absorbed by the intestinal mucosa and returned to the liver
via the portal circulation.
extracorporeal c. circulation of blood outside the body, as through a hemodialyzer
or an extracorporeal circulatory support unit.
fetal c. circulation of blood through the body of the fetus and to and from the placenta
through the umbilical cord. See also fetal circulation.
hepatic c. includes the hepatic arterial blood supply and the supply from the portal
vein; drainage is via the hepatic veins to the caudal vena cava.
lymph c. see lymph.
maternal c. the circulation of the dam during pregnancy, including especially that
of the uterus.
micro-c. see microcirculation.
neonatal c. circulation in the newborn immediately after birth; the umbilical vessels
contract forcing blood into the fetal veins; the foramen ovale closes, the ductus
arteriosus narrows and eventually closes at day 1 to 2 after birth.
ocular c. consists of the uveal and retinal blood vessels supported by the aqueous
humor and vitreous body.
placental c. consists of the umbilical arteries, the vessels of the placenta proper
and the umbilical veins; approximates the fetal corporeal circulation in volume.
portal c. a general term denoting the circulation of blood through larger vessels
from the capillaries of one organ to those of another; applied especially to the passage
of blood from the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and spleen through the portal vein
to the liver.
pulmonary c. the flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery
to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen, and back through the pulmonary
vein to the left atrium. See also pulmonary circulation.
splenic c. flow of blood through the splenic artery and arterioles to either the capillaries,
e. g. white pulp, or the highly permeable sinuses of the red pulp. Splenic venous
blood drains into the portal vein and passes through the liver before re-entering
the general circulation.
systemic c. the flow of blood from the left ventricle through the aorta, carrying
oxygen and nutrient material to all the tissues of the body, and returning through
the superior and inferior venae cavae to the right atrium.
c. time the time required for blood to flow between two given points. It is determined
by injecting a substance into a vein and then measuring the time required for it to
reach a specific site.
circulatory [sur′ku-l
-tor″e] pertaining to circulation.
c. arrest see cardiac arrest.
c. collapse shock; circulatory insufficiency without congestive heart failure.
c. failure includes cardiac or central circulatory failure and peripheral circulatory
failure. Although the mechanisms, causes and clinical syndromes are different the
pathogenesis is the same, the circulatory system fails to maintain the supply of oxygen
and other nutrients to the tissues and to remove the carbon dioxide and other metabolites
from them. The failure can be hypovolemic or maldistributive.
c. response changes in the cardiac and vascular functions in response to such factors
as emotional stress, physical exercise, temperature change.
c. shock see shock.
c. support see extracorporeal circulation.
c. system the major system concerned with the movement of blood and lymph; it consists
of the heart and blood vessels. The circulatory system transports to the tissues and
organs of the body the oxygen, nutritive substances, immune substances, hormones and
chemicals necessary for normal function and activities; it also conducts by-products
of metabolism, including carbon dioxide. It helps to regulate body temperature and
helps maintain normal water and electrolyte balance. The rate of blood flow through
the vessels depends upon several factors: force of the heartbeat, rate of the heartbeat,
venous return and control of the arterioles and capillaries by chemical, neural and
thermal stimuli.
circulus [sur′ku-l
s] see circle.
c. arteriosus cerebri the ring of arteries which serves as the major source of blood
supply to the brain; a circle around the stalk of the pituitary gland ventral to thalamus;
previously called circle of Willis. See cerebral arterial circle.
circum- word element. [L.] around, encircling.
circumanal gland [sur″k
m-a′n
l] sebaceous glands in the skin around the anus of dogs and other carnivores. See
perianal gland.
circumcise [sur′k
m-sīz] to perform circumcision. See also preputial prolapse.
circumcision [sur″k
m-sizh′
n] surgical removal of part of the prepuce. Performed to repair a prolapse of the
prepuce in all species (especially in Bos indicus cattle), and to remove masses from
the internal preputial lamina. Also called a posthioplasty, and in horses specifically,
a reefing.
circumclusion [sur″k
m-kloo′zh
n] 1. compression of an artery by a wire and pin. 2. The act of closing from all sides.
circumduction [sur″k
m-duk′sh
n] circular movement of a limb or of the eye.
circumflex [sur′k
m-fleks] curved like a bow.
circumscribed [sur′k
m-skrībd″] bounded or limited; confined to a limited space, e.g., a circumscribed
lesion.
circumvallate [sur″k
m-val′āt] surrounded by a ridge or trench, as the vallate (circumvallate) papillae.
Circus
see harrier.
Cirneco dell’Etna a small (17-26 lb) Italian hound with slender build and a fine,
short tan coat. The ears are large and erect and the tail long and tapered.
cirrhosis [sľ-ro′sis] chronic liver disease characterized by atrophy and fibrosis
combined with focal attempts at regneration that produce nodules of various sizes
in a matrix of scar tissue. It results in marked remodeling of gross and microscopic
hepatic structure. Usually there is also enough fatty change in surviving hepatocytes
to impart some pallor (kirrhos [Gr.] “tawny yellow”). Can be caused by nearly any
agent capable of causing chronic liver disease.
C-55:
Macronodular cirrhosis of the liver in a dog.
From van Dijk JE, Gruys E, Mouwen JMVM, Color Atlas of Veterinary Pathology, 2nd ed,
Saunders, 2007.
cardiac c. fibrosis of the liver resulting from the anoxia and centrilobular (periacinar)
necrosis associated with the passive congestion of congestive heart failure. There
is no nodular degeneration, however, so this is an inappropriate term for this condition.
cirrus [s
r′
s] coarse hairs, longer than those in the normal coat and less coarse than tactile
hairs.
c. capitis hairs of the forelock.
c. caudae hairs of the tail.
c. metacarpeus the tuft of long hairs around the fetlock of the forelimb of horses;
also called the forelimb feather.
c. metatarseus the tuft of long hairs around the fetlock of the hindlimb of horses;
also called the hindlimb feather.
Cirsium arvense
plant member of the family Asteraceae; may cause nitrate–nitrite poisoning. Called
also Canada thistle.
cis
[L.] the same side as. in organic chemistry, having certain atoms or radicals on the
same side; in genetics, having the two mutant genes of a pseudoallele on the same
chromosome; in molecular biology, two genes encoded in proximity on the same DNA molecule.
Compare trans. See also cis-trans
test.
c.-acting element a regulatory sequence that has an effect (e.g., regulates transcription)
on a gene that is located on the same DNA molecule. Called also c.-regulatory element.
See also
trans
acting.
c.-acting mutation in the lactose operon a mutation in the attenuator region that
disrupts base pairing in the double-stranded portion of the termination hair pin and
permits the RNA polymerase to ‘read through’ the termination signal.
c.-dominant mutation occurs in a regulatory sequence that affect a gene encoded on
the same DNA molecule.
cis-active [sis] a DNA sequence that controls a gene on the same chromosome.
cis face the proximal (or forming) face of the Golgi apparatus. The side of the Golgi
apparatus facing the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that receives the proteins originating
from the ER.
cisapride [sis′
-prīd] a substituted benzamide, similar to metoclopramide, which stimulates gastrointestinal
motility. Used as an antiemetic by promoting gastric emptying. Withdrawn from the
market cisplatin, cis-platinum [sis′plat-in] a platinum-containing complex whose main
mode of action as a chemotherapy drug resembles that of alkylating agents—production
of cross-links between the two strands of DNA in the double helix so that DNA cannot
be replicated and the cells cannot divide. Used in the treatment of osteosarcomas
and transitional cell carcinomas in dogs. Contratindicated in cats.
Cissus quadrangularis
African plant in family Vitaceae; contains unidentified toxin causing gastroenteritis.
cistern a closed space serving as a reservoir for lymph or other body fluids, especially
one of the enlarged subarachnoid spaces containing cerebrospinal fluid.
cisterna [sis-tur′n
] pl. cisternae cistern.
c. cerebellomedullaris, c. magna the enlarged subarachnoid space between the caudal
surface of the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata.
c. chyli the dilated portion of the thoracic duct at its origin in the lumbar region.
Called also receptaculum chyli.
c. magna see cisterna cerebellomedullaris (above).
cisternal [sis-tur′n
l] pertaining to a cistern, especially the cisterna cerebellomedullaris.
c. puncture puncture of the cisterna cerebellomedullaris (magna) with a hollow needle
inserted through the aperture between the occipital crest and the anterior border
of the atlas. A sample of CSF may be collected, contrast medium injected or pressure
measured. See also spinal puncture.
C-56:
Cisternal puncture.
From Silverstein D, Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. Saunders, 2009.
c. space a channel between opposing layers of a highly convoluted single membrane
in the endoplasmic reticulum of all cells.
c. tap see cisternal puncture (above).
cisternography [sis″t
r-nog′r
-fe] imaging of the basal cistern of the brain after subarachnoid injection of a contrast
medium.
cistron [sis′tron] a DNA segment corresponding to one polypeptide chain plus the start-and-stop
codon. The smallest unit of genetic material that must be intact to function as a
transmitter of genetic information; as traditionally construed, approximately synonymous
with gene.
citrate [sit′rāt] any salt of citric acid. Citrate is the first intermediate of the
citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle). It also plays an important role
in fatty acid synthesis which takes place in the cytoplasm. It is an allosteric activator
of the pathway and it also acts to transport the substrate, acetyl-CoA, out of the
mitochondria into the cytosol. The movement is assisted by two enzymes, citrate-condensing
enzyme, which catalyzes the condensation of the acetyl unit with oxaloacetate in the
mitochondria, and citrate-cleavage enzyme (citrate lyase), which catalyzes the release
of the acetyl radical in the cytoplasm of the cell. Ruminants lack citrate lyase,
as acetate derived from the rumen is converted to acetyl CoA outside mitochondria
in these species.
c. cleavage enzyme important enzyme in fatty acid synthesis from glucose; catalyzes
the split of citrate to acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate. Called also citrate lyase or
ATP-citrate lyase.
c. synthase first enzyme of the TCA cycle catalyzing the formation of citrate from
acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate.
citreoviridin [sľ″tre-o-vir′ľ-din] the metabolite of Penicillium citreoviride thought
to be the cause of yellow rice poisoning, manifested in humans and experimental animals
by respiratory and circulatory failure, paralysis, convulsions and death. Identical
to beriberi, originally considered to be a thiamine nutritional deficiency. Also implicated
in Keshan disease, a cardiomyopathy of children in China
citric acid [sit′rik] a tricarboxylic acid occurring in citrus fruits and acting as
an antiscorbutic and diuretic. It functions as an anticoagulant in the blood preservatives,
acid citrate dextrose and citrate phosphate dextrose. An intermediate in the tricarboxylic
acid cycle. See also citrate.
c. a. cycle see tricarboxylic acid cycle.
citrinin [sit′rľ-nin] mycotoxin produced by the fungi Penicillium viridicatum, P.
palitans and Aspergillus ochraceus; causes tremor, recumbency, convulsions and nephrosis.
Citrobacter
[sit′ro-bak″t
r] a genus of gram-negative, lactose fermenting rods, members of the Enterobacteriaceae.
Found in water, feces and urine. Opportunistic pathogens causing mastitis and septicemia.
C. freundii
an occasional cause of septicemia in dogs and have been identified as the cause of
septicemic cutaneous ulcerative disease of turtles. The disease is characterized by
cutaneous hemorrhage and ulceration, loss of claws and digits, flaccidity and paralysis.
C. rodentium
the cause of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia.
citronella oil [sit″ron-el′
] a volatile oil obtained from the grass Cymbopogon nardus or C. winterianus. Used
as an insect repellent.
citrovorum factor see folinic acid.
citrulline [sit′r
-lēn] an alpha amino acid involved in the urea cycle.
c. phosphorylase see ornithine carbamoyl transferase.
citrullinemia [sit-rul″in-e′me-
] a disease caused by a defect of urea metabolism resulting in a marked low concentration
of citrulline. Caused by an inherited deficiency of arginosuccinate synthetase; reported
in dogs and cattle. In cattle, it is characterized clinically by a sudden onset of
depression, recumbency, opisthotonos and seizures in previously normal calves of up
to 7 days of age.
citrullinuria [sit-rul″in-u′re-
] the presence in the urine of large amounts of citrulline, with increased concentrations
also in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.
Citrullus
[sľ-trul′
s] genus of plants in family Cucurbitaceae; contains cucurbitacin, colocynthin, tetracyclic
terpenes causing diarrhea; includes C. colocynthis (thorn apple, colocynth).
Citrus
[sit′r
s] plant genus in the family Rutaceae; contains furanocoumarins and can cause primary
photosensitization. Includes C. aurantiifolia (lime), C. x limon (lemon), C. x bergamia
(bergamot).
citrus oil [sit′r
s] an extract of citrus peel; the source of D-limonene and linalool, topical insecticides.
Some preparations are toxic for cats.
cittosis see pica.
Cittotaenia
a tapeworm genus of the family Anoplocephalidae.
C. denticulata
heavy infestations cause digestive disturbances, emaciation and some deaths in rabbits
and hares.
Civatte body [se-vaht′] see apoptotic body, colloidal body.
civet arboreal carnivore in the family Viverridae, native to Africa, southern China
and Southeast Asia. Most are nocturnal and prefer tropical forest habitats. Consists
of several species in different genera, most are small cat-like animals with short
legs and a long muzzle; some have a spotted coat and claws that may be non-, semi-,
or retractable. They have anal or perineal glands used for territorial marking, but
also harvested for making perfumes (musk). The masked palm civet (Paguma larvata)
gained notoriety in 2003 when it was identified as a carrier of the coronavirus that
was causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the human population.
c. cat a term used for any of several civets and for animals that are not civets,
including in the US the spotted skunk (Spilogale spp.) and the ring-tailed cat (Bassariscus
astutus). Not a correct name for any of them.
CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
CK creatine kinase.
Cl chemical symbol, chlorine.
cl centiliter.
Cl−/HCO3− exchanger transport of anions, particularly in erythrocytes by facilitated
diffusion carried out by anion exchanger 1 (band-3 protein), catalyzing the exchange
of bicarbonate anion from inside the cell for a chloride anion outside the cell.
CLAD canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency.
Cladophialophora
a genus of dematiaceous (dark-walled) fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.
C. bantiana
previously Cladosporium trichoides and Xylohypha bantiana. A cause of phaeohyphomycosis.
C. carrionii
previously Cladosporium carrionii. A cause of hyphomycosis in animals.
Cladophora
a genus of freshwater green algae which have been associated with blooms
cladosporiosis [klad″o-spor″e-o′sis] any infection with the fungus
Cladosporium
spp.
Cladosporium
[klad″o-spor′e-
m] a genus of dematiaceous fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.
C. carrionii
see
Cladophialophora
carrionii.
C. herbarum
causes black spot on meat in cold storage, growing at a temperature of 18°F (−8°C);
spores are a common allergen.
C. trichoides
see
Cladophialophora
bantiana.
Cladotaenia
a genus of cestodes found in accipitriform birds; larval stages in the livers of rodents.
clam digger’s itch schistosome dermatitis.
clamp [klamp] a device for compressing a part or structure.
beam c. a scissors-like instrument originally used to pick up large blocks of ice.
Consists of two inward pointing, sharp pointed hooks, pivoting around a pin at their
middle, like scissors, and connected to each other at their blunt ends by a short
chain. As beam hooks the points of the two blades are hooked into an overhead beam
and a weight such as an animal’s limb hung from the connecting chain. The animal’s
weight ensures that the clamp bites deeply.
C-57:
Umbilical clamp on the umbilicus of a newborn foal.
From McAuliffe SB, Slovis NM, Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of the Foal, Saunders,
2008.
C-58:
Atraumatic vascular clamps.
From Slatter D, Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, 3rd ed, Saunders, 2002.
silage c. a mass of ensilage held together at the sides between solid walls but open
at the ends.
surgical c. a surgical instrument designed to compress a part, e.g., umbilicus.
vascular occluding c. used to completely or partially occlude the flow of blood in
vessels.
vulvar c. various designs are available but all have as their objective the physical
prevention of a prolapse of the vagina or uterus.
Claoxylon australe
plant member of the family Euphorbiaceae; may cause nitrate–nitrite poisoning.
clapotement [klah-pawt-maw′] [Fr.] a splashing sound, as in succussion.
Clara cell [klah′rah] nonciliated, secretory bronchiolar epithelial cells; function
as stem cells for repair in the bronchioles and can divide into ciliated or nonciliated
bronchiolar cells.
clarificant [klar-if′ľ-k
nt] a substance that clears a liquid of turbidity.
clarithromycin [kl
-rith″ro-mi′sin] a macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin, with similar properties;
active against atypical mycobacteria and used to treat mycobacteriosis in dogs and
cats.
clasp-knife release sudden release of extensor rigidity in a limb when passive flexion
is attempted.
class [klas] 1. a group of similar objects or values selected as a part of a classification.
2. a taxonomic category subordinate to a phylum and superior to an order. 3. a group
of variables all of which show a value falling between certain limits.
c. limits the highest and lowest values eligible to be included in a class when data
are being classified or grouped.
c. mark the value selected to represent all of the values in a class. It may be the
median or average value.
c. midpoint the average of the upper and lower limits of a class.
c. switching when a B lymphocyte changes over from producing one immunoglobulin class
(isotype) to another.
classic, classical [klas′ľ-k
l, klas′ik] the first recognized form of the item; serving as a standard model or
guide.
classic hemophilia [klas′ik] see hemophilia A.
classical swine fever now the universally accepted name for hog cholera and different
from African swine fever (ASF). A highly infectious disease of pigs caused by a pestivirus
and characterized in its classical form by high fever, lassitude, purple discoloration
of abdominal skin, conjunctivitis and nervous signs including circling, incoordination,
tremor and convulsions. Most affected pigs die at 5 to 7 days with a characteristic
petechiation under the kidney capsule—turkey egg kidney. There is a second form, characterized
by nervous signs and caused by a strain of virus of lower virulence. Other syndromes
caused by low virulence strains are reproductive inefficiency and congenital defects
including myotonia congenita. One cause of congenital tremor syndrome. A disease notifiable
to the OIE (see Table 20).
classification [klas″ľ-fľ-ka′sh
n] division of diagnoses, diseases, pathological findings, microbiological findings
into categories or classes. See also nomenclature.
classing [klas′ing] categorizing according to quality, usually relative to a prestated
set of rules, e.g., wool classing, sheep classing, cow classing. In some breed stud
books animals may have to pass specific tests to be admitted to a special register
of superior animals.
bulk wool c. small amounts of wool from small flocks are mixed together in a wool
store to make a useful sized lot, then classed lines.
sheep c. classifying sheep and drafting into classes on the basis of wool yield, wool
quality and conformation. Carried out as a basis for making up mating groups or groups
of sheep for sale when even lines are required by purchasers.
wool c. grading of the wool into even lines based on type, fiber diameter, yield after
cleaning, and eventual commercial value.
clastic [klas′tik] 1. undergoing or causing division. 2. separable into parts.
clastogenic [klas″to-jen′ik] giving rise to or inducing disruption or breakages, as
of chromosomes.
clathrate having the shape or appearance of a lattice; pertaining to clathrate compounds.
c. compounds inclusion complexes in which molecules of one type are trapped within
cavities of the crystalline lattice of another substance.
clathrin [klath′rin] a highly conserved, fibrous protein with a molecular weight of
approximately 180 kDa, which forms a characteristic polyhedral coat on the surface
of coated pits and coated vesicles.
Clathrocystis
now classified within
Microcystis
.
claudication [klaw′dľ-ka′sh
n] limping or lameness.
intermittent c. a complex of signs characterized by absence of pain or discomfort
in a limb when at rest, the commencement of pain, tension and weakness after walking
is begun, intensification of the condition until walking is impossible, and the disappearance
of signs after the limb has been at rest. It is seen in occlusive arterial disease
of the limbs, e.g., iliac thrombosis.
venous c. intermittent claudication caused by venous stasis.
claustrum [claws′tr
m] pl. claustra [L.] the thin layer of gray matter lateral to the external capsule
of the brain, separating it from the white matter of the insula.
clavate [kla′vāt] club-shaped, as in the microconidia of Nannizzia nana (Microsporum
nanum).
Clavibacter toxicus
now classified as Rathayibacter toxicus.
Claviceps
[klav′ľ-seps] the ergot fungi, members of the Ascomycetes class. Parasites of seedheads
of grasses including cereal grains.
C. cinerea
this ergot causes the same poisoning syndrome as paspalum ergot. See paspalum ergot.
C. fusiformis
this ergot grows on bulrush millet (Pennisetum typhoides) and causes agalactia in
sows fed on it. Called also millet ergot.
C. paspali
see paspalum ergot and paspalum staggers.
C. purpurea
the cause of rye ergot1
, but also the common ergot capable of infecting most grass species.
claviceptaceous emanating from or pertaining to Claviceps spp. fungi.
Clavicipitaceae [klav″ľ-sip″ľ-ta′se-e] a family of fungi to which Claviceps spp. belong.
Members have long tubular asci and threadlike ascospores.
clavicipitaceous belonging to the fungal family Clavicipitaceae.
clavicle [klav′ľ-k
l] the collar bone; reduced or absent from many domestic animals but present in animals
that can grasp with their forelimbs such as the cat, many rodents, and primates. See
also clavicular intersection.
clavicular intersection [kl
-vik′u-l
r] a vestigial clavicle. A small tendinous band embedded in the brachiocephalic muscle
near the point of the shoulder in animals such as the horse and dog.
clavulanic acid, clavulanate a β-lactam product of Streptomyces spp. It binds irreversibly
and inhibits β-lactamase produced by many organisms. Used commonly in combination
with amoxicillin (amoxicillinclavulanate).
clavus [kla′v
s] a corn or callus.
claw [klaw] 1. integumentary appendages at the extremities of the digits of carnivores
and some other animals. Because of their sharp ends they are effective in their role
of holding and tearing prey. They are sheathed by the action of elastic ligaments
unless the flexor muscles are tensed, but can be actively retracted in Felidae, except
the cheetah. 2. an alternative name for a digit in cloven-footed animals such as cattle,
sheep, goats and pigs. 3. metal manifold in a milking machine cluster which connects
the teat cups and the milk line; carries the air admission hole which allows the controlled
entry of air from the environment to the vacuum unit of the milking machine.
c. amputation a surgical procedure that removes one digit of cattle, usually as a
salvage procedure in septic pedal arthritis.
curved c. see corkscrew claw.
dew c. see dewclaw.
c. fold the skin fold covering the base of the nail in dogs and cats.
c. fracture fractures of the third phalanx in cattle occur uncommonly, usually due
to trauma, nutritional disease and penetrating wounds.
ingrown c. likely to develop in Felidae denied the opportunity to rake with their
claws, and in Canidae, especially dewclaws.
overgrown c. common in old inactive birds. Causes difficulty in moving.
clay pigeon target used at gun clubs. The coal tar pitch used as a binder causes severe
hepatic necrosis. See also coal tar pitch.
clay pipestem fibrosis fibrosis of portal triads, sometimes with mineralization, associated
with chronic parasitic irritation by Schistosoma spp. or Fasciola hepatica in the
portal triads.
Clayia theresae
guinea fowl lice.
Cle
elimination clearance.
clean pasture pasture that has been rested from grazing by the same, or parasitologically
similar, species for a long, but variable period, the time depending on the parasite
concerned and the climate. The pasture rarely if ever becomes completely clean, but
it should be relatively so in terms of being a source of infection.
Clavaria
a genus of mushrooms in the phylum Basidiomycota. Thought to be the cause of fatal
poisoning in cattle manifested clinically by mucosal erosions, ocular lesions and
abortion. Loss of hair and hooves and nervous signs are also attributed to them.
clean shadowing an ultrasound artifact due to the absorption of sound by a structure,
leading to a clear, dark shadow distal (deep) to the structure. Commonly seen arising
from cystic calculi and gastrointestinal foreign bodies.
cleaning 1. a major part of sanitation procedures in veterinary clinics and farms
because of the heavy contamination of animal accommodation by feces and urine, and
in slaughterhouses because of the rapid accumulation of fat. Requires facilities constructed
with materials that are easily cleanable, that clean and unclean processes and products
do not mix and a well-planned, well-executed and controlled cleaning and sanitation
program for rooms, machines and equipment. High pressure cleaning with hot water and
detergents is the only practicable procedure but brings its own attendant problems
of disposal of effluent. 2. colloquial term for placenta of mare or cow.
cleanings see placenta.
clear canary [klēr] one with no dark colored feathering seen on the surface as the
bird stands normally on its perch. Regarded as a desirable trait in classifying canary
features.
clear cells [klēr] cells with vacuolated cytoplasm and only the basal nucleus and
cytoplasmic outline visible which are found in renal carcinoma.
clear layer [klēr] stratum lucidum.
clearance (Cl) [klēr′
ns] the act of clearing; in pharmacokinetics, the complete and irreversible elimination
of a drug from the body; expressed as the volume of blood cleared of drug per unit
time.
blood-urea c. the volume of the blood cleared of urea per minute by renal elimination.
Bromsulphalein c. see sulfobromophthalein clearance test.
creatinine c. see creatinine.
elimination c. (Cle) in pharmacology, the elimination (e) clearance (Cl), or the volume
of plasma cleared of the drug per unit of time.
free water c. the capacity to excrete urine of lower osmolality than plasma, thus
avoiding depletion of salt reserves.
inulin c. an expression of the renal efficiency in eliminating inulin from the blood,
a measure of glomerular function.
phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) c. test after an injection of the dye, urine samples are
collected at timed intervals and the amount of excreted dye is determined and plotted
against time as an indicator of renal function, particularly renal blood flow, tubular
excretion, and to some extent glomerular filtration.
c. time the time required for a drug to be eliminated after administration. Eliminated
means to the point where it can no longer be detected. Of most importance in avoiding
drug residues in food animals and charges of doping in sports animals.
urea c. see blood-urea clearance (above).
clearing [klēr′ing] clarification.
c. agent added to skin scrapings to digest keratin and permit better visualization
of ectoparasites or fungal hyphae and spores. Potassium hydroxide is used most commonly.
c. time in radiographic film-screen processing is the time required for the fixative
to dissolve away the ‘milkiness’ of developed halides on the film.
cleat, cleave [klēt, klēv] claw of any cloven-footed animal.
cleavage [kle′v
j] 1. division into distinct parts, e.g., the double helix. 2. the early successive
splitting of a fertilized ovum into smaller cells (blastomeres) by mitosis. See also
holoblastic, meroblastic.
c. line tension line.
c. site the places on a strand of DNA where the restriction enzyme cleaves the DNA.
cleave1
[klēv] in molecular biology, to break bonds in DNA or protein.
C-59:
Cleft lip (harelip) in a calf.
From Blowey RW, Weaver AD, Diseases and Disorders of Cattle, Mosby, 1997.
cleave2
see cleat.
cleft [kleft] a fissure or longitudinal opening, especially one occurring during embryonic
development.
branchial c’s the slit-like openings in the gills of fish between the branchial arches;
also, the homologous branchial grooves between the branchial arches of mammalian embryos.
c. chin occasionally seen in cattle particularly Herefords. There is a notch at the
mandibular symphysis and the central incisors may be directed centrally.
frog c. the sagittal cleft in the frog of the horse’s foot. Called also sulcus cunealis
centralis.
glottic c. entrance to the larynx; called also rima glottidis.
infundibular c. common opening of the auditory tubes in birds.
interdigital c. separates the hooves of ruminants.
c. lip a defect in fusion between the central prolabium and one or both lateral mesodermal
masses. Most common in dogs of the brachycephalic breeds and Persian and Siamese cats;
may be inherited or caused by environmental factors. Also, known to be inherited in
some breeds of cattle. Often combined with defects in the palate. Supplementation
with folic acid has been shown to reduce, but not eliminate, the risks of cleft palate
in some dog breeds. Called also primary cleft palate, harelip, cheiloschisis. Congenital
fissure, or split, may involve the hard or soft palate. A common cause of nasal regurgitation
in neonates, especially foals. Called also secondary cleft palate, palatoschisis.
c. palate see cleft lip (above). Also occurs commonly as a defect without cleft lip
in diseases manifest with arthrogryposis, both hereditary as in Charolais cattle and
with lupine-induced crooked calf, where it may occur with or without arthrogryposis.
In the latter, teratogenic alkaloids reduce fetal movement and, if acting on the bovine
fetus between 40 and 50 days gestational age, result in persistent head flexion keeping
the tongue between closing palate shelves which results in a cleft palate.
Rathke c. see Rathke’s pouch.
c. tongue the anterior portion is divided by a longitudinal cleft.
Cleiodiscus
a genus of the family Dactylogyridae of monogenetic flukes which infest the gills
of fish.
C-60:
Cleft palate in a newborn puppy.
clemastine fumarate [klem′
s-tēn] a histamine type 1 (H1)-receptor antagonist (antihistamine) used in the treatment
of allergic disorders.
clenbuterol [klen-bu′t
r-ol] a long-acting, β2-adrenergic agonist. Causes bronchodilation, decreases bronchial
secretion, inhibits uterine contraction and, with prolonged administration, increases
fat free mass of animals. Used in the treatment of equine asthma. Used to promote
muscle growth in horses and cattle. People consuming contaminated meat and liver can
become intoxicated.
clenches the turned down portions of the nails used to keep horseshoes in place. Where
the nails come out of the hoof wall they are twisted off and turned down as clenches
to prevent the nails from working out. Called also clinches.
Cleome serrulata
toxic plant in the family Capparaceae; may cause nitrate–nitrite poisoning; called
also Rocky Mountain bee plant.
Clethra arborea
toxic plant in family Clethraceae; contains grayanotoxin (andromedotoxin); causes
diarrhea and sudden death. Called also lily-of-the valley tree.
Cleveland Bay English coach horse used for driving. Bay the only color, 16 to 16.2
hands high.
click–murmur syndrome mitral valve prolapse.
clicking [klik′ing] the sound made by a horse when the shoe of the hindfoot hits the
shoe of the front foot while it is trotting. Called also forging.
Clidemia hirta
plant in family Melatostomataceae; contains toxic hydrolysable tannins; causes hepatitis,
nephrosis and weight loss. Called also harendong.
clidinium bromide [klľ-din′e-
m] a quaternary ammomium compound with anticholinergic activity. Used in the treatment
of irritable bowel syndrome in dogs.
client the animal’s owner, owner’s agent or other person responsible for the animal
and whose animal(s) the veterinarian in question has had in his/her care during a
finite period. See Veterinarian-Client-Patient-Relationship (VCPR).
climate [kli′m
t] the total environmental effect of ambient temperature, barometric pressure, radiation,
oxygen concentration, water precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction and
sunlight hours or cloud cover. Called also weather. See also macroclimate.
c. envelope the range of climatic variation in which a species can persist in the
face of competitors, predators and disease.
ground-level c. the microclimate at the ground surface; critical to the welfare of
insect intermediate stages, helminth larvae and fungal spores.
c. impact includes overall statements of total effect of climate such as wind chill
index, temperature–humidity index, effective temperature.
climatic pertaining to or emanating from climate.
c. stress deleterious physical effects of climate on animals.
climatogram the elements of the climate, e.g., temperature, rainfall, are plotted
against each other graphically. Establishes the type of climate such as winter rainfall.
See also bioclimatogram.
climatological sheath an enclosed climatic area, e.g., a calf barn which is protected
against the variations in the external climate. May be man-made or naturally occurring.
climatotherapy [kli″m
-to-ther′
-pe] treatment of disease by means of a favorable climate, e.g., moving horses with
anhidrosis from tropical climates, cattle with altitude sickness to lower altitudes.
climax [kli′maks] the period of greatest intensity, as in the course of a disease.
climazolam a potent benzodiazapine used as an anxiolytic, sedative and immobilizing
agent.
climbazole a topical antifungal agent used in shampoos to treat skin infections caused
by dermatophytes and Malassezia spp.
clinches see clenches.
clindamycin [klin″d
-mi′sin] a semisynthetic bacteriostatic antibiotic derivative of lincomycin with improved
activity against gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes. It also has some antiprotozoal
activity.; has been used in the treatment of toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats.
clinic [klin′ik] 1. historically—a clinical lecture; examination of patients before
a class of students or at the side of the patient 2. classically—an establishment
where patients are admitted for special study and treatment by a group of practitioners.
3. realistically—is used in most veterinary contexts to describe an establishment
conducted by a veterinarian or veterinarians at which patients are examined and treated
as outpatients, in contrast to a hospital where patients are admitted for treatment.
clinical [klin′ľ-k
l] 1. pertaining to a clinic or to the bedside and therefore carried out on the living
animal. 2. pertaining to or founded on actual observation and treatment of patients,
as distinguished from theoretical or experimental. 3. productive of clinical signs;
thus clinical disease as distinct from subclinical.
c. assessment an overall statement on the patient’s state of health.
c. decision analysis the application of clinical, epidemiological and other data to
influence outome probability and alternative decisions in such areas as surgery and
pharmaceutical treatment.
c. examination an examination of a patient including taking the history, physical
examination by palpation, auscultation and percussion, clinicopathological examination
and examination of the environment.
c. judgment exerted while the patient is still alive; the critical decisions made
on the basis of scientific observations but with the added skill provided by long
experience of similar cases. To this must be added an innate ability to make balanced
judgments based not only on the state of the animal and its predictable future but
also on some consideration for the patient’s overall well-being and the client’s financial
status and degree of psychological, or in some cases actual, dependence on the patient.
c. nomenclature a catalog of the names given to diseases and problems of animals;
usually alphabetical, may be numerical. Should contain keywords (including key diagnoses
and key signs) and synonyms with each list related to the other. Because of the need
to sort banks of clinical data into categories it is essential that recording be accurate
and that the catalog be limited—a policy of limited vocabulary.
c. pathologist a veterinarian skilled in clinical pathology.
c. pathology the examination of diseased tissues, fluids or other materials from a
living patient, using all of the techniques available including chemistry, hematology,
enzymology, cytology, microbiology, parasitology, protozoology, immunology and histopathology.
c. pharmacology the study of the actions and metabolism of drugs in living animals.
c. policies professional rules of thumb which are used to decide on the management
of a case when there are no research results on which to base decisions. They are
policies originated by the senior members of the profession, especially those in academic
posts.
c. propedeutics preliminary training in the clinical sciences; the introduction to
veterinary medicine, surgery and animal reproduction.
c. qualifiers adjectives used to qualify diagnoses using terms from within a group
of standard variables, e.g., chronic or acute, ovine or bovine, benign or malignant,
clinical or latent.
c. record the record, made at the time, of clinical examinations, treatments and advice
given, complete with dates, names of individuals concerned and drugs or tests used.
The record is desirable for the purpose of evaluating the patient’s progress, and
essential from the legal point of view if arguments should arise about competence
or justness of charges made.
c. signs the abnormalities of structure or function observed in the patient by the
veterinarian or the client. These are customarily graded according to severity, e.g.,
severe, moderate, mild, and according to speed of onset and progress, e.g., peracute,
acute, subacute, chronic, intermittent.
clinically in terms used to express the results of a clinical examination.
c. dead as far as can be ascertained by a clinical examination the patient is dead.
There is no pulse, no respiratory movement and no corneal reflex.
c. normal the patient is normal in all clinical parameters.
clinician [klľ-nish′
n] a veterinarian skilled in working at first hand with sick animals in clinical surroundings,
which may be in a closed environment such as a hospital, or in a field environment.
clinicopathological pertaining to clinical pathology, i.e., to both signs of disease
and its pathology.
clinodactyly [kli″no-dak′t
-le] permanent deviation or deflection of one or more digits.
Clinostomum complanatum, C. marginatum
flukes in the family Clinostomidae. Parasitize piscivorous birds. The first hosts
are snails, the second are fish which infest the birds when they are eaten.
clioquinol [kli″o-kwin′ol] a topical antifungal and antiprotozoal agent. Called also
iodochlorhydroxyquin.
clioxanide an anthelmintic used specifically as a flukicide. Because of its large
dose size and greater variability in efficacy depending on whether the dose goes into
the rumen or not, it has been largely superseded.
CLIP corticotropin-like intermediary peptide.
clip [klip] 1. a metallic device for approximating the edges of a wound or for the
prevention of bleeding from small individual blood vessels. 2. the small, upturned
flange on the front of the front shoe, on the sides of the hind shoe of a set of horseshoes,
which helps to prevent lateral movement of the attached shoe. 3. to remove the wool
of a sheep by cutting with shears, usually hand shears. 4. the total wool produced
by a flock or a farm at one shearing.
c. suture see Michel clip.
Versa c. a hemostatic clip or staple applied with a special forceps.
clipping [klip′ing] cutting of the hair or wool coat with clippers which may be equipped
with blades of different sizes, depending on the purpose and degree of hair removal
required. Fine-toothed blades are used in surgical preparation of the skin; coarse
blades give various cosmetic results.
c. machine usually refers to electric clippers.
clition [klit′e-on] the midpoint of the anterior border of the clivus.
Clitocybe
[kli-tos′ľ-be] genus of toxic mushrooms in the phylum Basidiomycota; contain high
concentrations of the toxin muscarine; causes diarrhea, vomiting. Includes C. discolor,
C. rivulosa.
clitoral [klľ-tor′
l] pertaining to or emanating from the clitoris.
c. hypertrophy may occur in Cushing’s syndrome as a result of increased androgens
produced by a hyperplastic or neoplastic adrenal cortex.
c. sinus three to five of these cavities invade the glans of the clitoris in the mare;
are the site of infection in contagious metritis in this species and require the excision
of the clitoris for importation into some countries.
c. sinusectomy ablation of the clitoral sinus, e.g., of mares as a treatment or for
prevention of carrier status of contagious equine metritis. No longer recommended.
clitorectomy [klit″
-rek′t
-me] clitoridectomy.
clitoridectomy [klit″
-rľ-dek′t
-me] excision of the clitoris.
clitoriditis [klit″
-rľ-di′tis] clitoritis, inflammation of the clitoris.
clitoridotomy [klit″
-rľ-dot′
-me] incision of the clitoris.
clitorimegaly [klit″
-rľ-meg′
-le] enlargement of the clitoris.
clitoris [klit′
-ris] the small, elongated, erectile body in the female; it consists of a body (corpus
clitoridis) composed of fused corpora cavernosa that bear (except in the queen) a
superficial glans clitoridis that occupies the clitoral fossa in the ventral commissure
of the vulva; it is attached to the ischial arch by two crura. It is homologous with
the penis in the male.
enlarged c. as seen in masculinized patients.
clitorism [kli′t
-riz″
m] 1. hypertrophy of the clitoris. 2. persistent erection of the clitoris.
clitoritis [klit″
-ri′tis] inflammation of the clitoris.
clitoromegaly [klit″
-ro-meg′
-le] enlargement of teh clitoris.
clitoroplasty [klit′
-ro-plas″te] plastic surgery of the clitoris.
CLIVE Computer-aided Learning in Veterinary Education. A consortium of six veterinary
schools in the United Kingdom providing computer based learning in veterinary undergraduates
courses. No longer in active development.
Clivia miniata
African plant in the family Liliaceae; the leaves and rhizomes of the plant contain
toxic isoquinoline alkaloids including lycorine.
clivus [kli′v
s] pl. clivi [L.] a sloping bony surface in the posterior cranial fossa made up of
part of the basisphenoid and basal part of the occipital bone; it slopes forwards
and upwards from the foramen magnum to the dorsum sellae.
CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
cloaca [klo-a′k
] pl. cloacae [L.] 1. a common passage for fecal, urinary and reproductive discharge
in most lower vertebrates. See also coprodeum, proctodeum, and urodeum. 2. the terminal
end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder and genital primordia, a normal
stage of mammalian development, persisting into postnatal life in birds, reptiles,
amphibians, fish and other species. 3. an opening in the involucrum of a necrosed
bone.
avian c. in birds the cloaca is divided into three poorly defined compartments: a
coprodeum or a continuation of the rectum, a urodeum into which the urogenital ducts
open (in the female the left genital duct is the oviduct) and the proctodeum which
carries the cloacal bursa and the proctodeal glands.
common c. the urorectal septum fails to develop; defecation and urination share a
common cavity. Seen in Manx cat.
cloacal [klo-a′k
l] emanating from or pertaining to cloaca.
c. kiss the contact which occurs during insemination in birds when the vent of the
female is everted exposing the cloacal mucosa against which the phallus of the male
is pressed.
c. membrane caudal boundary of the cloaca; membranous in the embryo, ruptured during
organogenesis.
c. prolapse occurs secondary to chronic straining in egg-laying or abdominal masses.
cloacitis [klo″
-si′tis] inflammation of the cloaca.
cloacogenic [klo″
-ko-jen′ik] originating from the cloaca or from persisting cloacal remnants; said
of a group of rare transitional-cell nonkeratinizing epidermoid anal cancers.
cloacolithiasis [klo″
-ko-lľ-thi′
-sis] presence of uric-acid calculi in the cloaca, typically the coprodeum. In birds
and reptiles; may result from previous egg binding, malnutrition, dehydration (reptiles)
or infectious causes.
cloacopexy surgical treatment for chronically prolapsed cloaca. The repositioned cloaca
is fixed to surrounding tissues, typically the last rib or sternum in birds, so it
can form adhesions.
clofazimine [klo-faz′ľ-mēn] an antibacterial used to treat human leprosy; used to
treat mycobacterial infections, such as feline leprosy.
clofibrate [klo-fi′brāt] an antihyperlipidemic drug.
cloisonne kidney a nonclinical condition of the kidney in goats in which the cortices
are brown or black due to ferritin and hemosiderin deposits in the basement membranes
of tubular epithelium.
clomiphene citrate [klo′mľ-fēn] a selective estrogen receptor modulator that blocks
estrogen receptors in the pituitary and hypothalamus and stimulates ovulation.
clomipramine [klo-mip′r
-mēn] a tricyclic antidepressant that blocks neuronal reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
Used in the treatment of behavioural disorders in dogs and cats.
clonal [klo′n
l] referring to a clone.
c. expansion occurs, for example, when antigen specific B cells, with Th lymphocyte
help, are triggered to proliferate.
clonal selection theory a onetime theory now accepted as an established part of immunological
dogma. Each lymphocyte during its development is committed to respond to one antigenic
determinant. Accordingly each lymphocyte has a single type of antigen-specific receptor
on its surface. Following contact with antigen, a single lymphocyte expands to form
a clone of cells with the identical specificity.
clonality [klo-nal′ľ-te] the ability to form clones.
clonazepam [klo-naz′
-pam] a benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant in dogs and cats.
clone [klōn] 1. the genetically identical or closely similar progeny produced by the
natural or artificial asexual reproduction of a single organism, cell or gene, e.g.,
plant cuttings, a cell culture descended from a single cell, or genes reproduced by
recombinant DNA technology. 2. to establish or produce such a line of progeny.
c. bank see gene bank.
c. site the site on a cloning vector engineered to permit ready insertion of DNA segment
of interest.
clonic [klon′ik] pertaining to or characterized by clonus, e.g., clonic seizures.
c.–tonic seizures a seizure in which there are clonic and tonic phases with jerking
and flexing of muscles alternating with relaxation.
clonicity [klo-nis′ľ-te] the condition of being clonic.
clonicotonic [klon″ľ-ko-ton′ik] both clonic and tonic.
clonidine [klo′nľ-dēn] a centrally acting, α-adrenergic, antihypertensive agent; known
to stimulate growth hormone release in dogs.
c. stimulation test used in the diagnosis of pituitary dwarfism. Administration of
clonidine causes a marked increase in blood concentrations of growth hormone in normal
dogs.
c. suppression test used in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma in humans. Normally,
clonidine suppresses the release of catecholamines, but it does not have this effect
on tumor function.
cloning [klōn′ing] creating an exact copy of some biological entity (a gene, organism
or cell). In domestic animal reproduction, a laboratory process of reconstruction
of an embryo from an embryonic or somatic cell (somatic cell nuclear transfer). See
also recombinant DNA technology.
directional c. the insertion of a segment of foreign DNA which has a defined polarity,
e.g., different restriction enzyme sites at each end, into a plasmid vector.
clonism [klon′iz-
m] a succession of clonic spasms.
clonogenic [klo″no-jen′ik] giving rise to a clone of cells.
clonograph [klon′o-graf] an instrument for recording spasmodic movements of parts
and tendon reflexes.
clonorchiasis [klo″nor-ki′
-sis] see opisthorchiasis.
Clonorchis
[klo-nor′kis] a genus of liver flukes in the family Opisthorchiidae.
C. sinensis (syn. Opisthorchis sinensis) found in bile ducts, sometimes pancreatic
ducts and duodenum of dogs, cats, pigs, some small wild mammals and humans. Causes
diarrhea, abdominal pain, jaundice and ascites in humans. Called also oriental or
Chinese liver fluke.
clonospasm [klon′o-spaz″
m] clonic spasm.
clonotype [klo′no-tīp] the phenotype of a clone of cells.
clonus [klo′n
s] alternate involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation in rapid succession.
A sign of upper motor neuron disease.
clopidogrel [klo-pid′
-grel] a platelet inhibitor; in cats, used to prevent cardiogenic arterial thomboembolism
and in dogs to prevent embolism caused by heartworm disease.
clopidol [klo′pľ-dol] a pyridinol coccidiostat used in poultry.
cloprostenol [klo-pros′t
-nol] a prostaglandin F2α analog used in several species to destroy the corpus luteum
in the treatment of misalliance, termination of pregnancy, treatment of pyometra and
fetal mummification, females with retained corpora lutea which are failing to come
into estrus, and for estrus synchronization.
Cloquet’s canal [klo-ka′] a tubular to conical virtual space containing remnants of
the primary vitreous, located between the posterior aspect of the lens and the retina
in the vicinity of the optic disk. See also Mittendorf’s dot and Bergmeister’s papilla.
clorazepate [klor-az′
-pāt] a benzodiazepine compound with a longer half-life than diazepam; used in dogs
and cats for antiseizure action. sedation and treatment of some behavioral disorders.
clorsulon [klor′su-lon] a benzenesulfonamide anthelmintic and flukacide used in cattle
and sheep.
closantel [klo′s
n-t
l] an anthelmintic effective against Fasciola hepatica, Haemonchus contortus and nasal
bots. Binds to plasma proteins and has a residual effect for H. contortus.
close-coupled a characteristic of conformation, used usually to refer to a horse,
meaning that the body is short and compact with no weakness in the loin; the costal
arch to stifle distance is short and the flank region well muscled.
close junction one of the complex structural alterations between adjacent cells. In
contradistinction from a tight junction, the two cells are separated by 20 nm of intercellular
space; composed of hexagonal subunits, the connexons.
close-up dry cow see dry cow.
closed-circle anesthesia see circle breathing circuit.
closed nucleus breeding schemes genetic programs in which no genetic material is introduced
to the breeding population.
closeout, closure the finalization of a feeding program in a feedlot. The cattle are
sold and a balance sheet is struck which includes the costs of feeding and housing
or confining them.
closing volume (CV) the volume of gas in the lungs in excess of the residual volume
(RV) at the time when small airways in the dependent portions of the lungs close during
maximal exhalation. The closing capacity (CC) is equal to CV plus RV. Limited applicability
to animals because of inability to force a maximal exhalation.
clostridia members of the genus Clostridium.
enterotoxic c. produce enterotoxins. See also enterotoxemia.
histotoxic c. cause extensive destruction of tissue characterized by the formation
of gas. Include C. chauvoei, C. colinum, C. haemolyticum, C. novyi, C. perfringens
type A and C, C. septicum and Paeniclostridium (previously Clostridium) sordellii.
neurotoxic c. produce neurotoxins. Include C. botulinum, C. tetani.
clostridial [klos-trid′e-
l] pertaining to or emanating from infection by Clostridium spp.
c. dermatomyositis see malignant edema.
c. enteritis see enterotoxemia.
c. food poisoning diarrhea in humans caused by ingestion of preformed toxin produced
by C. perfringens type A.
c. gangrenous dermatitis see blue wing disease.
c. gas gangrene see histotoxic clostridia.
c. hemoglobinuria see bacillary hemoglobinuria.
c. intestinal hemorrhage syndrome of dogs see acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome
c. myositis see blackleg.
c. necrotic enteritis 1. caused in birds by Clostridium perfingens types A and C.
Characterized by short course with severe depression, diarrhea and high mortality
and necropsy findings of pseudomembranous enteritis. 2. an alternate name for enterotoxemia
in piglets caused by Clostridium perfringens type C.
c. swelled head see ovine bighead.
c. ulcerative enteritis a disease of quail caused by Clostridium colinum. Characterized
in young quail by acute hemorrhagic enteritis and very high case fatality and morbidity
rates. Necrosis and ulceration of the intestinal wall occur in birds which survive
for several days.
Clostridioides difficile
anaerobic spore forming bacteria causing antibiotic-associated colitis. Previously
classified as Clostridium difficile.
clostridiosis [klos-trid″e-o′sis] any disease caused by Clostridium spp.
intestinal c. a disease of the horse manifested by an acute, highly fatal diarrhea
associated with the presence in the gut of large numbers of Clostridium perfringens
type A and Clostridioides difficile (Clostridium difficile). See also antibiotic-associated
colitis.
Clostridium
[klos-trid′e-
m] a genus of anaerobic spore-forming bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Most
are gram-positive rods.
C. bifermentans, C. sordelli
see malignant edema. C. bifermentans now classified as Paraclostridium bifermentans.
C. botulinum
causes botulism from neurotoxin produced during vegetative growth. C. botulinum types
B, C and D are associated with disease in animals but the type prevalence varies geographically.
See botulism.
C. butyricum
involved in the spoilage of meat.
C. cadaveris
may be associated with colitis X in horses.
C. chauvoei
formerly called C. feseri; the cause of blackleg.
C. colinum
cause of ulcerative enteritis and liver necrosis in quail, turkeys, grouse, partridge
and chickens.
C. difficile
see antibiotic-associated colitis. Now classified as Clostridioides difficlle.
C. feseri
now called C. chauvoei (above).
C. haemolyticum
formerly called C. novyi type D. See bacillary hemoglobinuria.
C. histolyticum
a species found in feces, soil and sometimes wound infections. An important cause
of meat spoilage. Now classified as Hathewaya histolytica.
C. nigri
fi
cans
a thermophilic spoiler of canned meat producing hydrogen sulfide gas and causing purple
staining of the inside of the can. Now called Desulfotomaculum nigrificans.
C. novyi
see infectious necrotic hepatitis. See also C. haemolyticum (above). Previously called
C. oedematiens. Type A causes malignant edema in cattle and sheep, and big head in
rams, type B causes infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease), and type C has
been associated with osteomyelitis in buffalo.
C. overgrowth see bacterial overgrowth.
C. parabotulinum
a proteolytic subgroup of C. botulinum; not a valid species.
C. perfringens
cause of enterotoxemia. Type A causes malignant edema and necrotic enteritis, type
B causes dysentery in lambs and enterotoxemia, type C causes struck in sheep and necrotic
enteritis in piglets, type D causes enterotoxemia and type E causes necrotic enteritis.
Previously called C. welchii.
C. piliforme
the cause of Tyzzer’s disease.
C. putrefaciens
causes deep bone taint in hams. See also C. putrificum (below).
C. putri
fi
cum
a cause of bone taint in cured hams. There is no detectable abnormality on the surface
of the ham.
C. septicum
formerly called C. septique. See malignant edema, braxy.
C. sordelli
cause of a small proportion of cases of gas gangrene in ruminants. See also abomasitis.
C. spiroforme
associated with enteritis and enterocolitis in rabbits, guinea pigs and foals.
C. sporogenes
an apathogenic clostridium often found in lesions of gas gangrene.
C. tetani
a common inhabitant of soil and human and horse intestines, and the cause of tetanus
in humans and domestic animals.
C. villosum
found in fight abscesses and pleurisy in cats. Now classified as Filifactor villosus.
C. welchii
see C. perfringens (above).
clostridium [klos-trid′e-
m] pl. clostridia [Gr.] any individual of the genus
closure [klo′zh
r] usually refers to suturing of a surgical incision.
clot [klot] 1. a semisolidified mass, as of blood or lymph. 2. to form such a mass.
dilute whole blood c. retraction test an indirect measure of fibrinolytic activity.
Whole blood is diluted with saline, chilled, then warmed. The time for clot retraction,
and later clot lysis, is measured.
chicken-fat c. clots that develop after death; largely devoid of red blood cells.
More common in animals that have had anemia or in which blood sedimentation was increased.
Seen more often in horses than in other species.
currant-jelly c. the blood clot in the heart at post mortem that contains erythrocytes.
Is indicative of clotting before sedimentation of the cells has occurred.
c. formation see clotting.
c. lysis the time required for a clot to lyse at 98.6°F (37°C) is a reflection of
the plasmin content of the blood. Clot retraction and fibrinogen content of the blood
sample are also influential.
c. retraction the drawing away of a blood clot from a vessel wall, a function of thrombasthenin,
released by blood platelets.
c. retraction test a test for platelet numbers and function. Clotted whole blood should
retract away from the sides of a glass tube in 1 to 2 hours.
cloth chewing a vice, usually of cats and Siamese in particular. Believed to be an
abnormal extension of sucking behavior. See also wool sucking.
clothing artificial covering for protection or decoration or as a livery.
animal c. includes rugs for cattle and horses and for Sharlea sheep in sheds. For
dogs there is a great variety of decorative clothing limited only by the imagination
of the owner. Pleasure horses are also likely to have a wardrobe of rugs including
a lightweight cooling-off rug and a waterproof mackintosh, a hood to cover the head
and neck, a cap to cover the head only, hoof boots of various sorts, protective leg
bandages, a tail sock and eye goggles.
protective c. for the veterinarian; this includes coveralls, rubber knee boots, rubber
or plastic sleeves and gloves, obstetric gowns, surgical gowns, caps, masks and overshoes.
clotrimazole [klo-trim′
-zōl] a synthetic imidazole derivative with antifungal activity, similar to ketoconazole;
applied topically in the treatment of diseases caused by dermatophytes and yeasts.
clotting [klot′ing] the formation of a jellylike substance over the ends or within
the walls of a blood vessel, with resultant stoppage of the blood flow. Clotting is
one of the natural defense mechanisms of the body when injury occurs. A clot will
usually form within 5 minutes after a blood vessel wall has been damaged. The clotting
mechanism is triggered by the platelets, which disintegrate as they pass over rough
places in the injured surface. As they disintegrate they release serotonin and thromboplastin.
Serotonin causes constriction of the blood vessels and reduction of local blood pressure.
Thromboplastin unites with calcium ions and other substances which promote the formation
of fibrin. When examined under a microscope, a clot consists of a mesh of fine threads
of fibrin in which are embedded erythrocytes and leukocytes, small amounts of fluid
(serum), and platelets.
c. defects see coagulopathy.
c. factors a series of plasma proteins which are related through a complex cascade
of enzyme-catalyzed reactions involving the sequential cleavage of large protein molecules
to produce peptides, each of which converts an inactive zymogen precursor (factor
II) into an active enzyme (Ila) leading to the formation of a fibrin clot. They are
designated by Roman numerals, and an additional ‘a’ to indicate the activated state.
They are: factor I (fibrinogen), factor II (prothrombin), factor III (tissue factor,
tissue thromboplastin), factor IV (calcium), factor V (proaccelerin), factor VI (no
longer considered active in hemostasis), factor VII (proconvertin), factor VIII (antihemophilic
factor), factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component; Christmas factor), factor X (Stuart
factor), factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent), factor XII (Hageman factor),
factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor).
c. time see activated clotting time.
tissue c. factor clotting factor III; tissue thromboplastin.
cloudburst [cloud′b
rst] a problem in doe goats. Pseudopregnancy is terminated by the sudden evacuation
of a large volume of fluid from the uterus. Abdominal distention subsides and the
doe begins an indifferent lactation.
cloudy swelling [clou′de] a term which has been discarded. It was used to describe
an early stage of toxic degenerative changes, especially in protein constituents of
organs in infectious diseases, in which the tissues appear swollen, parboiled and
opaque but revert to normal when the cause is removed. Called also albuminoid, or
albuminous, degeneration.
clove hitch [klōv] see Miller’s suture tie.
cloven hoofed a two-toed ungulate. Found on members within the mammalian order Artiodactyla.
clover [klo′v
r] members of plant family Fabaceae; essential legume component of improved and irrigated
pastures, and highly adapted to haymaking. Some annuals, e.g., sweet clover, are used
as forage crops. They provide a large bulk of fiber and energy and a high content
of protein and calcium. They play a part in preventing hypomagnesemia in cattle on
pasture. Common varieties, including species and cultivars, are: Trifolium alpestre
(alpestrine), T. fragiferum (strawberry), T. hybridum (alsike), T. pratense (red),
T. repens (ladino, white), T. subterraneum (subterranean), Melilotus alba (sweet,
moldy sweet, white sweet, Bokhara), M. officinalis (yellow sweet), Medicago minima
(burr).
c. disease see estrogenism.
c. poisoning clovers can cause poisoning in a number of ways. They are important in
their contribution to the occurrence of ruminal tympany, of urolithiasis, and chronic
copper poisoning. Individual poisonous plant species are sweet clover, not poisonous
when grazed green, but which contains coumarins that in mouldy sweet clover hay can
be metabolized to the anticoagulant dicoumarol, alsike clover which is reputed to
be hepatotoxic, and white clover, ladino, red and particularly subterranean clovers
which contain estrogenic substances.
c. stone see clover uroliths.
c. tree Goodia
lotifolia.
Cloward technique a human surgical approach to the removal of ruptured cervical discs
and fusion of the intervetebral space. A modification of this technique is used in
horses to treat vertebral body malformations and spinal cord trauma which cause compression
of the cervical spinal cord.
clownfish (Amphiprion spp.) a small, colorful tropical fish with distinctive orange,
white and black stripes or patches. Made popular with the blockbuster movie “Nemo”.
They live symbiotically with sea anemones, being unaffected by its poison. Very popular
as aquarium fish.
cloxacillin [klok″s
-sil′in] a semisynthetic penicillin, resistant to β-lactamase and active against gram-positive
bacteria.
club colony so-called sulfur granules in lesions of actinomycosis, actinobacillosis
and botryomycosis which consist of central colonies of Actinomyces bovis, Actinobacillus
lignierisii, or Staphylococcus aureus surrounded by club-shaped structures of reactive
protein.
club lamb fungus a recently described dermatophyte (ringworm) infection of lambs in
the US, usually recently shorn, caused by Trichophyton spp. Occurs over the body with
circular areas of matting and loss of the wool staple. Infection of human handlers
is common. One cause of rejection from admission to shows.
clubbed down a condition in chickens suffering from a nutritional deficiency of riboflavin:
the erupting feathers do not rupture the feather sheaths properly, causing the feathers
to have a coiled structure. There is also an apparently infectious form of the disease,
relating to probable viral infections in the parent breeding chickens
clubfoot [klub′foot] see dactylomegaly.
Clumber spaniel a heavy (55-85 lb), powerfully built dog with long body, short legs
and very large head. The tail may be docked or natural. The coat is flat, silky and
white with small lemon-colored markings mainly around the head. It has a distinctive
slow, rolling gait. Identified as a Vulnerable Native Breed by the Kennel Club UK.
clumping [klump′ing] the aggregation of particles, such as bacteria or other cells,
into irregular masses.
Clun Forest sheep English shortwool, meat sheep with brown face and legs.
cluneal [kloo′ne-
l] pertaining to the buttocks.
clunis [kloo′nis] pl. clunes [L.] buttock.
cluster [klus′t
r] 1. in epidemiological terms a naturally occurring group of similar units, e.g.,
animals which resemble each other, with respect to one or more variables, more than
animals in different groups do, or a group of cases of a single disease in time or
space. 2. assembly of claw and teat cups, as part of a milking machine.
c. analysis 1. statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly
interrelated subgroups. 2. a statistical analysis of the relationships between clusters
in time and/or space.
c. sampling see cluster sampling.
time c. a cluster of cases at particular points along a time axis.
clustering [klus′t
r-ing] the gathering together of disease events. The clustering may be in space, geographical
clustering, or in time, temporal clustering. See also cluster.
clutch 1. the number of eggs laid by a hen on consecutive days in an uninterrupted
series. Clutch lengths vary from 2 to 6 days but may be as many as 360. 2. a setting
of eggs. 3. a group of chickens hatched by a hen from a setting of eggs.
Clydesdale Scottish medium to heavy draft horse, bay, brown or black in color, usually
with white on the face and limbs, about 16.2 hands high. Very well behaved and showy
because of eager action, white points and long leg feather.
clysis [kli′sis] the parenteral administration of any of several different types of
solution or suspension to replace lost body fluid, supply nourishment, or raise blood
pressure.
clyster [klis′t
r] an enema.
Cm chemical symbol, curium.
cM centimorgan.
cm centimeter.
cm2
square centimeter.
cm3
cubic centimeter; equivalent of 1 milliliter. Also abbreviated cc.
Cmax
term used in pharmcokinetics to indicate the maximum plasma concentration (C) of the
drug.
cmH2O centimeters of water; a unit of pressure, Used in measurement of central venous
pressure and intracranial pressure.
CMI cell-mediated immunity.
CML cell-mediated lympholysis.
CMM cervical malformation and malarticulation. See cervical spondylomyelopathy.
c mm cubic millimeter; mm3
CMO craniomandibular osteopathy.
CMP cytidine monophosphate.
CMPAF cattle material prohibited in animal feed.
CMR canine multi-focal retinopathy.
C-61:
Cnemidocoptesin a budgerigar.
Hnilica K., Small Animal Dermatology: A Color Atlas and Therapeutic Guide, 4th Edition.
Saunders, 2016
CMT California mastitis test.
CMV cytomegalovirus.
CMVI chronic mitral valve insufficiency.
Cnemidocoptes
a genus of mites of the family Sarcoptidae. Called also Knemidocoptes.
C. jamaicensis
causes scaly leg in Jamaican wild birds.
C. laevis gallinae
causes depluming itch of fowl, pheasants and geese.
C. laevis laevis
causes depluming scabies in pigeons.
C. mutans
causes scaly leg in fowls and turkeys.
C. pilae
causes scaly leg and a crumbly, honeycomb-like mass at the cere of the budgerigar
or parakeet, called scaly face.
cnemidocoptic mange a series of diseases of birds, including scaly leg of poultry
(Cnemidocoptes mutans), depluming itch of poultry (C. gallinae) and scaly face and
tassel foot of cage birds (C. pilae).
Cnephia
a genus of flies of the family Simuliidae which cause intense livestock ‘worry’. Called
also black flies. Includes C. pecuarum, a significant pest of livestock along the
Mississsippi River.
cnidia see nematocysts.
CNS central nervous system.
Co chemical symbol, cobalt.
CO2
see carbon dioxide.
CO2 content see carbon dioxide content.
CO2 pistol a weapon for firing darts containing immobilizing agents at animals. Powered
by compressed CO2 and effective only at very short ranges—ranges at which cordite
powered projectiles would cause trauma.
CoA coenzyme A.
coadaptation [ko-ad″ap-ta′sh
n] the mutual, correlated, adaptive changes in two interdependent organs.
coagglutination [ko″
-gloo″tľ-na′sh
n] the aggregation of particulate antigens with multiple surface agglutinins.
coagglutinin [ko″
-gloo′tľ-nin] partial agglutinin.
coagulability [ko-ag″u-l
-bil′ľ-te] the state of being capable of forming or of being formed into clots.
coagulant [ko-ag′u-l
nt] promoting, accelerating, or making possible coagulation of blood; also, an agent
that so acts.
coagulase [ko-ag′u-lās] an enzyme produced by pathogenic species of staphylococci
that induces clotting of plasma and protects the bacteria from clearance from the
site of infection.
c. test enzymatic conversion of fibrinogen in plasma to fibrin is used as a means
of identifying pathogenic species of staphylococci. The test is performed overnight
in a tube. Most coagulase-positive staphyloccoci are pathogenic; coagulase-negative
staphylococci are less likely to be pathogenic. Correlated with production of clumping
or bound coagulase, which can be tested for rapidly on a slide.
coagulate [ko-ag′u-lāt] 1. to cause to clot. 2. to become clotted.
coagulation [ko-ag″u-la′sh
n] 1. formation of a clot. 2. in surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means
to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation.
activated c. time (ACT) see activated clotting time.
bipolar c. the use of tissue forceps as the active electrodes to produce electrocoagulation
of tissues.
biterminal c. see monopolar electrocoagulation.
c. cascade the sequence of enzymatic reactions leading to the formation of a blood
clot. Each is initiated by the preceding and, in turn, produces the enzyme that catalyzes
the next with an amplification of the process as it progresses.
cerebrospinal c. normal cerebrospinal fluid does not coagulate. Inflammation of the
meninges or contamination of the fluid by blood, possibly during collection, can cause
coagulation in a sample.
c. defects see coagulopathy.
disseminated intravascular c. (DIC) widespread formation of thromboses in the microcirculation,
mainly within the capillaries. It is a secondary complication of a wide variety of
disorders all of which activate in some way the intrinsic coagulation sequence. Paradoxically,
the intravascular clotting ultimately produces hemorrhage because of rapid consumption
of fibrinogen, platelets, prothrombin, and clotting factors V, VIII and X. Because
of this pathology, DIC is sometimes called defibrination syndrome or consumption coagulopathy.
Called also diffuse intravascular coagulation. Called also consumption coagulopathy,
defibrination syndrome, defibrinogenation syndrome.
c. factors see clotting factors, platelet factors.
c. inhibitors these systems prevent widescale intravascular coagulation as a result
of minor injury. The important systems are C1-inactivator, antithrombin III, alpha1-antitrypsin,
α2-macroglobulin, factor XIa inhibitor, lipoprotein factor Xa inhibitor.
c. necrosis see coagulative necrosis.
c. pathways the classical view is that the coagulation cascade can follow alternative
routes depending on the initiating factor. The extrinsic pathway is initiated by tissue
thromboplastin (factor III) and involves calcium ions and factor VII. In the intrinsic
pathway, factors XII, XI, IX and VIII are activated by exposure to subendothelial
collagen or foreign surfaces. Both pathways lead to the activation of factor X and
proceed along the common pathway, involving factors V, II, I and XIII, to the formation
of a fibrin clot. A more contemporary view is that the mechanisms of clotting are
much more interrelated than depicted by the classical model of two pathways.
c. proteins see clotting factors.
synovial c. normal synovial fluid does not clot, but gels on standing (thixotropism).
It contains no fibrinogen, nor any of the coagulation factors. Clotting is an indication
of damage to the synovial membrane.
c. tests are used to determine the integrity of the coagulation pathways, and platelet
function. In general, the common tests for the intrinsic or common pathways are the
activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and activated clotting time (ACT). One-stage
prothrombin time (OSPT) is usually used to evaluate the extrinsic or common pathways,
and platelet count, clot retraction and buccal mucosal bleeding time reflect platelet
numbers and function.
three stage model of c. a theory of coagulation, alternative to that of the coagulation
cascade (above); consists of initiation, which involves primarily the extrinsic system
and the production of thrombin; amplification, which involves thrombin activating
platelets and coagulation factors; and propagation, in which fibrin is formed.
c. time see clotting time.
unipolar c. see bipolar electrocoagulation.
coagulative necrosis [ko-ag′u-l
-tiv] necrotic tissue which is firm, retains its architectural pattern and is dense
in comparison to surrounding tissue. See also liquefactive necrosis, Zenker’s necrosis.
coagulopathy [ko-ag″u-lop′
-the] any disorder of blood coagulation. See also hemophilia.
consumption c. a bleeding tendency due to a reduction in clotting factors caused by
their utilization. See also disseminated intravascular coagulation.
disseminated intravascular c. (DIC) see disseminated intravascular coagulation.
hepatic c. impaired synthesis of most clotting factors, including factors I, II, V,
VII, IX and X, as well as other substances involved in the fibrinolytic system, in
severe liver disease. Can cause significant abnormalities in coagulation.
coagulum [ko-ag′u-l
m] pl. coagula [L.] a clot.
coal dust [kol] causes black discoloration in lungs and bronchial lymph nodes in animals
living in urban areas where coal is used for energy. Called anthracosis.
coal gas [kol] a cause of poisoning where coal gas is still used because of its carbon
monoxide content. Other heating gases are less poisonous and produce carbon monoxide
only if they are burned in an inadequate oxygen supply. See also carbon monoxide.
coal tar [kol] a by-product obtained in destructive distillation of bituminous coal
or wood; used for its keratolytic, keratoplastic and antiseborrheic effects in ointments
and shampoos for the treatment of skin diseases.
coal tar creosote [kol] see creosote.
coal tar pitch [kol] a thick, black, viscid liquid which is the residuum formed following
the distillation of coal. Used as a wood preservative and to make tarmac flooring
and tar roofing felt. Because of carcinogenicity and other concerns its use is banned
in some localities. A cause of severe hepatic necrosis in pigs that nibble at pitch-coated
pens and floors. The syndrome includes anemia, jaundice and emaciation.
coalescence [ko″
-les′
ns] a fusion or blending of parts.
COAP a cancer chemotherapy protocol that utilizes cyclophosphamide, vincristine (Oncovin®),
cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone. Used in the treatment of lymphomas in dogs and
cats.
coapt [ko-apt′] to approximate, as the edges of a wound.
coaptation [ko-ap-ta′sh
n] having been coapted.
external c. for fractures by the use of external appliances, e.g., various splints,
and casts.
coarctate [ko-ahrk′tāt] 1. to press close together; contract. 2. pressed close together;
restrained.
coarctation [ko″ahrk-ta′sh
n] stricture or narrowing.
c. of aorta a localized malformation characterized by deformity of the tunica media
of the aorta, causing narrowing, usually severe, of the lumen of the vessel. See also
aortic coarctation.
reversed c. causes a lower blood pressure in the thoracic limbs compared to the pelvic
limbs. It is caused by abnormalities and narrowing of the aortic arch, altering normal
pulsatile blood flow. Congenital or acquired in humans. Appears to be exclusively
acquired (thrombosis, neoplasia) in animals.
coast disease a combination of copper and cobalt nutritional deficiencies. See copper,
cobalt.
coastal fever see East Coast fever.
coat [kōt] 1. haircoat—the overall coating of hair on all our species of domestic
animals. 2. a membrane or other tissue covering or lining an organ; in anatomic nomenclature
called also tunica.
bristle c. (1) in dogs, a short, stiff wire-haired coat.
broken c. (1) in dogs, a harsh, wiry outer layer with a softer undercoat. See also
wirehair.
brush c. (1) a short, straight stiff coat.
corded c. (1) in dogs, a coat that forms ringlets or dreadlocks. Seen in Komondors
and Pulis.
dry c. (1) syndrome see anhidrosis.
c. licking (1) excessive self-grooming in farm animals, commonly a manifestation of
nutritional deficiency, e.g., salt deficiency.
smooth c. (1) usually short hair that lies flat and close to the body.
stand-off c. (1) one that projects out from the body, generally supported by a thick
undercoat, giving a bushy appearance; seen in spitz-type dogs.
winter c. longer and less lustrous coat that is grown by cattle and horses housed
outside in cold climates and shed in the spring.
wire c. (1) see broken coat (above).
rough c. (1) harsh; not smooth. May be a characteristic in some species and breeds,
but can also be a sign of ill health when it occurs as a change from the previous
norm.
coat color the overall or main color of the animal. If the points are distinctively
colored that is also noted, e.g., black with white points. DNA testing for coat color
genotypes is available for dogs of some breeds.
cat c. c. besides the conventional black, white, gray, orange, there are blue, lilac,
seal (2), chocolate, tortoiseshell (tortie), bicolor, Chinchilla cat, smoke, cameo,
pewter.
c. c. change diets deficient in tyrosine have been associated with a coat color change
from black to reddish brown in cats. Restoring normal dietary concentrations reversed
the color change.
C-62:
Winter coat (arrows) now largely shed by this bull in Spring.
dog c. c. besides the conventional black, brown, white, gray, there are badger (1),
belton, blanket, blue, brindle, deadgrass, dapple, grizzle, harlequin, merle, roan,
liver (2), pied, sable (1), saddle (2), ticking, tricolor, wheaten.
horse c. c. see bay, chestnut, cremello, brown, black, gray, palomino, cream (3),
dun, piebald, skewbald, roan.
coat funk the name given to alopecia X in Alaskan Malamutes.
coated pits regions of the cell membrane which are coated with bristle-like structures
on their cytoplasmic surface and are involved in endocytosis. The coated pit is pinched
off to form a coated vesicle, which is involved in intracellular vesicle transport
between the cell’s organelles.
coati member of the raccoon family Procyonidae of two genera, Nasua and Nasuella;
native to Central and South America, and southwestern North America. They resemble
their close procyonid relatives, raccoons and kinkajous; small to medium-sized with
a long snout, long body and a long, bushy, non-prehensile tail, about the size of
a large domestic cat. They are commonly kept as pets with health care requirements
similar to those of dogs and cats, including vaccination against canine distemper
and feline parvovirus. Literally, the term coatimundi refers to a lone, male coati;
it is often misused as a synonym for coati; also known as the hog-nosed coon.
eastern mountain c. (Nasuella meridensis) native to the Andes, endangered; also called
eastern dwarf coati
South American c. (Nasua nasua) widespread in tropical and subtropical South America;
also known as ring-tailed coati
western mountain c. (Nasuella olivacea)
white-nosed c. (Nasua narica)
coatimundi see coati.
coaxial circuit see coaxial circuit.
cob 1. a short-legged, thickset, strong type of horse, usually 13.2 to 14.2 hands
high but not more than 15.2. Useful as a light cart horse or for riding as a means
of transportation and for heavyweight riders wanting a steady rather than a flashy
ride. Produced by mating polo pony stallions to carriage or light draft horses. 2.
the central stem of a cob of corn (3); common as a cause of esophageal and intestinal
obstruction in dogs. 3. male swan.
cobalamin [ko-bal′
-min] a cobalt-containing complex common to all members of the vitamin B12 group.
Intestinal absorption occurs in the distal small intestine. Decreased serum concentrations
are found in diseases of the small intestine and exocrine pancreas in dogs and cats
and cobalt deficiency in cattle.
cobalt (Co) [ko′bawlt] a chemical element, atomic number 27, atomic weight 58.933.
A component of vitamin B12.
c.-57 (57Co) a radioisotope of cobalt having a half-life of 270 days; used as a label
for cyanocobalamin.
c.-60 (60Co) a radioisotope of cobalt having a half-life of 5.27 years and a principal
gamma ray energy of 1.33MeV; used as a radiation therapy source.
c. nutritional deficiency causes anorexia and poor weight gain. Identification of
the disease is based on chemical analysis of pasture and soil and biochemical analysis
of animal tissues and fluids. Called also enzootic marasmus, Grand Traverse disease
and other regional names.
c. poisoning accidental overdosing with cobalt causes listlessness, weight loss and
incoordination.
Cobboldia
a genus of parasitic flies whose maggots inhabit the alimentary tract or tissues of
mammalian hosts; members of the family Gasterophilidae. Includes C. elephantis (Indian
elephant), C. loxodontis (African elephant, rhinoceros).
cobby in conformation, a short and sturdy build; said of horses, dogs and cats.
cobra [ko′br
] a venomous snake of the family Elapidae. There are a number of genera and types
of cobras, but the best known is Naja naja (Indian cobra) characterized by their defensive
display in which they rear up and flatten their neck into a ‘hood’.
c. venom a component, cobra venom factor, causes depletion of complement and is used
experimentally to reproduce genetic complement deficiencies. Pharmaceutical preparations
have been used intralesionally in acral lick dermatitis to cause a local hypalgesia.
coca [ko′k
] see cocaine.
cocaine [ko-kān′] an alkaloid obtained from the leaves of various species of Erythroxylon
(coca plants) or produced synthetically; used as an indirect-acting sympathomimetic,
as a short-acting topical anesthetic for surgery of mucous membranes, and for controlling
bleeding during nasal surgery. Also called coca. Almost entirely replaced by synthetic
analgesics because of the problems that arise through human addiction to cocaine.
It is a controlled substance of the highest priority in most countries. Accidental
or deliberate exposure in animals results in restlessness, hyperactivity, tremors,
tachycardia, hypotension, tachypnea, and seizures.
cocarcinogen [ko-kahr-sin′
-j
n] an agent that increases the effect of a carcinogen by direct concurrent local effect
on the tissue.
cocarcinogenesis [ko-kahr″sľ-no-jen′
-sis] the development, according to one theory, of cancer only in preconditioned cells
as a result of conditions favorable to its growth.
cocci [kok′si] [L.] plural of coccus.
Coccidia [kok-sid′e-
] a group of sporozoa in the family Eimeriidae commonly parasitic in epithelial cells
of the intestinal tract, but also found in the liver and other organs; it includes
three genera,
Eimeria
,
Isospora
and
Cystoisospora
.
coccidia [kok-sid′e-
] plural of coccidium.
coccidial [kok-sid′e-
l] of, pertaining to, or caused by Coccidia.
coccidian [kok-sid′e-
n] 1. pertaining to Coccidia. 2. any member of the Coccidia; coccidium.
coccidioidal [kok-sid″e-oi′d
l] pertaining to or emanating from
Coccidioides
.
c. granuloma the lesions of the generalized disease, coccidioidomycosis, are granulomas,
occurring mostly in the lung, but also bone and skin.
Coccidioides
[kok-sid″e-oi′dēz] a genus of pathogenic fungi.
C. immitis
the etiological agent of coccidioidomycosis. A common infection in desert rats, the
feces of which act as the vehicle for spread of organism.
coccidioidin [kok-sid″e-oi′din] a sterile preparation containing growth by-products
of Coccidioides immitis, injected intradermally as a test for coccidioidomycosis.
coccidioidoma [kok-sid″e-oi-do′m
] residual pulmonary granuloma or granulomas seen on imaging as solid round foci in
coccidioidomycosis.
coccidioidomycosis [kok-sid″e-oi″do-mi-ko′sis] a fungal disease of humans and animals
caused by infection with Coccidioides immitis or C. posadasii. This fungus grows in
hot, dry areas, especially in the southwestern USA, Mexico, and parts of Central and
South America. It is characterized by granulomatous lesions, especially in the respiratory
system and bones, which resemble tuberculosis in cattle and caseous lymphadenitis
in sheep. In dogs, young large breeds are most commonly affected and the predominant
lesions are in bone, lungs and skin. In endemic areas, many people and animals experience
asymptomatic or mild, undiagnosed respiratory infection. Disseminated disease is less
common. Called also San Joaquin Valley fever, valley fever, desert fever.
coccidioidosis [kok-sid″e-oi-do′sis] coccidiomycosis [kok″sid-e-o-mi-ko′sis] coccidioidomycosis.
coccidiosis [kok″sid-e-o′sis] infection by coccidia causes predominantly enteritis
and sometimes hepatitis. The clinical picture varies among species. In calves causes
serious diarrhea and dysentery, and death may occur because of the blood and protein
loss and dehydration. In sheep the effects are poor production and poor weight gain,
although diarrhea and dysentery can occur. The clinical disease is rare in pigs and
horses, but outbreaks, similar clinically to those in cattle, may occur in young animals.
In dogs and cats, infection is most common in young puppies and kittens where it can
be the cause of severe diarrhea and even death. In rabbits, infections can be intestinal
or hepatic. Adult animals usually experience only mild and self-limiting infections.
All poultry species can suffer severe outbreaks of the disease, characterized by diarrhea
and dysentery. Subclinical infections causing reduced productivity are a feature of
the disease in birds. Affected fish are cachectic and trail long mucoid fecal casts.
The disease in all species except fish is caused by
Eimeria
,
Isospora
or
Cystoisospora
. The species infecting fish include Eimeria (Epieimeria) and Goussia.
disseminated visceral c. of cranes causes granulomatous nodules in many organs in
sandhill cranes; caused by Eimeria spp. penetrating the blood or lymphatic system
from the intestine and dissemination results.
hepatic c. infection of the bile ducts of lagomorphs (rabbits and hares) with Eimeria
stiedai; reported in goats and rarely in calves.
nervous c. a small number of calves in an outbreak of classical coccidiosis may develop
severe nervous signs including hyperesthesia, nystagmus, tremor, orthotonus and convulsions
and can die within a few hours. There is no detectable lesion in the brain.
coccidiostatic drugs [kok-sid″ľ-o-stat′ik] drugs which control coccidiosis. The greatest
importance of coccidiosis is in the chicken industry and many agents have been developed
in an attempt to reduce losses. The important drugs or groups of drugs for this purpose
include clopidol, quinolones, monensin, maduramicin, lasalocid, salinomycin, robenidine,
amprolium, dinitolmide, nicarbazin, narasin, sulfonamides and halofuginone.
coccidiostats [kok-sid′ľ-o-stats″] see coccidiostatic or anticoccidial drugs.
C-63:
Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in the radius and ulna of a dog.
From Ettinger SJ, Feldman E, Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 6th ed, Saunders,
2004.
C-64:
Lesions of coccidiosis in the mucosa of the small intestine of a goat.
From van Dijk JE, Gruys E, Mouwen JMVM, Color Atlas of Veterinary Pathology, 2nd ed,
Saunders, 2007
Coccidium
[kok-sid′e-
m] see
Eimeria
,
Isospora
,
Sarcocystis
,
Toxoplasma
,
Hammondia
,
Besnoitia
,
Cryptosporidium
.
coccobacilliform bodies bacterial cells with the physical characteristics of coccobacilli
often associated with cultures of mycoplasmas.
coccobacillus [kok″o-b
-sil′
s] an oval bacterial cell with morphology intermediate between the coccus and bacillus
forms.
coccoid [kok′oid] resembling a coccus.
coccus [kok′
s] pl. cocci [L.] a spherical bacterium, usually slightly less than 1 μm in diameter.
One of the three basic forms of bacteria, the other two being bacillus (rod-shaped)
and spirillum (spiral-shaped).
coccyge- pertaining to coccyx or tail.
coccygeal [kok-sij′e-
l] pertaining to or located in the region of the tail.
c. muscle see Table 12.2.
c. vertebrae called also caudal vertebrae; see Table 9.
coccygectomy [kok″sľ-jek′t
-me] excision of the tail.
coccygeus [kok-sij′e-
s] pertaining to the tail.
c. muscle forms part of the pelvic diaphragm; important in the cause and surgical
repair of perineal hernia in dogs.
coccygodynia [kok″sľ-go-din′e-
] pain in the tail.
coccygotomy [kok″sľ-got′
-me] incision of the tail.
coccyx [kok′siks] collection of fused coccygeal vertebrae found in humans and apes.
Cochin heavy Asiatic breed of poultry; black, white or buff; yellow beak and legs,
heavy leg feathers. Weighs up to 13 lb. Called also Cochin-China.
Cochin-China see Cochin.
cochlea [kok′le-
] a spiral tube of three and a quarter turns (n dogs) forming part of the inner ear,
shaped like a snail shell, which is the essential organ of hearing.
tibial c. articular surface of the distal extremity of the tibia, characteristically
set at an oblique angle in horses. Called also cochlea tibiae.
cochlear [kok′le-
r] pertaining to or emanating from the cochlea.
c. duct the coiled portion of the membranous labyrinth located inside the cochlea;
contains endolymph and the organ or Corti. See also scala media.
c. nerve see Table 13.
Cochlearia armoracia
[kok″le-ar′e-
] see
Armoracia rusticans,
horsera dish
cochleariform [kok″le-ar′ľ-form] spoon-shaped.
cochleitis [kok″le-i′tis] inflammation of the cochlea.
cochleosaccular [kok″le-o-sak′u-l
r] pertaining to the cochlear duct and saccule.
c. degeneration degeneration of the membranous cochlea including the organ of Corti,
the saccular macula, and the walls of the cochlear and saccular membranous labyrinth,
and degeneration of the neurons in the spiral ganglion. The defect is inherited as
deafness associated with incomplete pigmentation of the haircoat and the ocular uvea
and occurs in cats, dogs and probably cattle. See also Waardenburg’s syndrome.
cochleotopic [kok″le-o-top′ik] relating to the organization of the auditory pathways
and auditory area of the brain.
cochleovestibular [kok″le-o-ves-tib′u-l
r] pertaining to the cochlea and vestibule of the ear.
Cochliomyia
[kok″le-o-mi′y
] a genus of the fly family of insects Calliphoridae. See
Callitroga
. Includes C. hominivorax (New World screw-worm), C. macellaria.
Cochlosoma
a protozoan parasite of the family Cochlosomatidae.
C. anatis
found in the large intestine of domestic and wild ducks and turkeys. May cause a catarrhal
enteritis and diarrhea.
cock [kok] male bird.
c. fighting contests, usually with wagering riding on them, between adult male birds
of fighting stock; banned in many countries because the fights are to the death.
cock-throttled heavy-jowled giving the head a heavy appearance.
Cockapoo a non-recognized dog breed, popular in the USA, produced by crossing a Cocker
spaniel and a Poodle. See also designer dogs.
cockatiel small, canary-sized Australian cockatoo, crested and brown with a yellow
head. Very popular as cage pets because of their speed in learning to converse with
humans and engaging personalities. Called also quarrian, Nymphicus hollandicus.
cockatoo a group of parrots in the family Cacatuidae, characterized by a topknot of
erectile feathers. Includes the galah (Eolophus roseicapilla), Sulphur-crested cockatoo
(Cacatua galerita) and Palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus). Distributedmainly in
Australasia, over 20 species, with different colors.
c. beak and feather disease see psittacine beak and feather disease.
Cocker spaniel a popular small to medium-sized dog with silky long hair, particularly
under the body and from behind the legs, a short, docked tail, and low set, long ears.
There are two varieties, usually regarded as distinct breeds: The English Cocker spaniel
is larger and taller (15 to 17 inches), and a longer muzzle, somewhat like that of
a setter. The American Cocker spaniel is smaller (14 to 15 inches tall), has a short
muzzle, large, prominent eyes and profuse coat. The breeds are, among other things,
affected by an inherited renal cortical dysplasia, seborrhea, glaucoma, progressive
retinal atrophy, cataracts, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, hemophilia A, factor X
deficiency, patent ductus arteriosus and intervertebral disk disease.
cockerel young male domestic fowl, older than 4 weeks, up to sexual maturity at about
5 months. Older males can still be called this but rooster is the usual name for more
mature cockerels
cockle [kok′
l] 1. a dermatitis of sheep consisting of inflammatory nodules, especially on the
neck and shoulders. Due to skin parasitic infestations such as with the body louse
(Bovicola ovis) that leads to an allergic deermatitis. Devalues pelts from lambs.
2. see
Agrostemma
.
corn c. (2)
Agrostemma githago.
cockleburr [kok′
l-b
r] see
Xanthium
.
cockroaches [kok′rōch] insects which may carry Salmonella spp. in their gut and play
a part in the spread of the disease.
cocksfoot see
Dactylis glomerata
.
coconut [ko′k
-n
t] fruit of the coconut palm.
c. meal residue after the extraction of coconut oil and used as a protein supplement
in livestock diets.
C-65:
English cocker spaniel.
c. oil a natural source of fatty acids of short and medium length.
cod [kod] scrotum and contents.
c. fat a mass of fat around the inguinal part of the spermatic cord; reaches its greatest
development in castrated ruminants.
c. lock wool from the scrotum; usually heavily stained with yolk.
COD cystic ovarian degeneration; cystic ovarian disease.
cod liver oil an oil pressed from the fresh liver of the cod and purified. Contains
high concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA), and is a rich source of vitamins A and D. It is one of the best-known
natural sources of vitamin D, and a rich source of vitamin A. Because cod liver oil
is more easily absorbed than other oils, it was formerly widely used as a nutrient
and tonic, but it is rarely used today since more efficient sources are available.
The oil has a fishy odor, especially in pork, when the animals are fed on cheap grades
of the oil before slaughter. The fat is most tainted and is discolored yellow brown.
The oil gives its name to a form of aspiration or lipid pneumonia caused by overzealous
and inefficient oral dosing of cats with the oil.
c. l. o. poisoning premixed animal feeds in which cod liver oil has been incorporated
are damaged if they are exposed to air. The oil rancidifies and the oxidation destroys
the vitamin E in the feed. Cod liver oil also contains a muscle damage agent. Excessive
supplementation in young puppies and kittens can also lead to hypervitaminosis A and
D.
code [kōd] 1. a set of rules governing one’s conduct. Called also ethical code. 2.
a system by which information can be communicated. 3. a set of alphabetical or numerical
markers which are an index to a much larger bank of information.
c. of practice/conduct a document produced by an authoritative body to provide a guide
to people in their conduct relative to, for example, animal welfare, or their practice,
for example, in the housing and feeding of pigs. It is the sort of document that is
used when testing in a practical situation rules which are planned to be included
in subsequent legislation.
c. of veterinary regulations veterinary practice laws established by each US state
government generally include provisions of licensing requirements, laws concerning
the state veterinary board, veterinary records laws, and the laws governing disciplinary
actions for impaired or incompetent practitioners.
codeine [ko′dēn] an alkaloid obtained from opium or prepared from morphine by methylation;
used as the phosphate or sulfate salt for analgesia and as an antitussive.
Codex Alimentarius [ko′deks] a collection of international food standards that have
been adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The WHO and FAO have been the international
sources of scientific advice on matters related to the safety of food. Codex provisions
concern the hygienic and nutritional quality of food, including microbiological norms,
food additives, pesticide and veterinary drug residues, contaminants, labeling and
presentation, and methods of sampling and risk analysis. They cover all the main foods,
whether processed, semi-processed or raw and include materials used in the further
processing of food products.
Codex Alimentarius Commission [ko′deks] an intergovernmental body established to implement
the FAO/WHO food standards with the aim of protecting the health of consumers and
to facilitate the trade of food by setting international standards.
coding strand the strand of double stranded DNA that is transcribed. Called also sense
strand.
Codiostomum
a genus of nematodes of the family Strongylidae.
C. struthionis
strongylid nematode found in the large intestine of the ostrich. Heavy infestations
may cause pathogenic effects.
Codman’s spur [kod′m
n] see Codman triangle.
Codman triangle a localized, triangular ridge of new bone formed where periosteum
is elevated. Associated with neoplasms, particularly osteosarcoma and with osteomyelitis
lesions. Previously called Codman’s triangle and Codman’s spur.
codocyte see target cell.
codominance [ko-dom′ľ-n
ns] codominance: where both alleles of a gene pair are fully expressed in the heterozygote;
for example, the A and B alleles in human blood typing can both be simultaneously
expressed and are codominant.
codominant gene action [ko-dom′ľ-n
nt] see codominance.
codon [ko′don] a triplet in a chain of nucleic acids in mRNA that specifies a specific
amino acid to be are added to a polypeptide. The codon triplet pairs with a sequence
of three complementary nucleotides, called the anticodon, present in the anticodon
arm of tRNA. Called also triplet. See also deoxyribonucleic acid.
start c. see initiation codon.
stop c’s three codons, UAG, UAA and UGA, also referred to as amber, ochre and opal
codons, in mRNA which terminate translation.
termination c. see stop codons (above).
coefficient [ko″
-fish′
nt] 1. an expression of the change or effect produced by the variation in certain
factors, or of the ratio between two different quantities. 2. in chemistry, a number
or figure put before a chemical formula to indicate how many times the formula is
to be multiplied.
absorption c. 1. the fraction of a beam of radiation that is absorbed in passing through
a unit length of absorbing material. 2. a number indicating the volume of a gas absorbed
by a unit volume of a liquid at 32°F (0°C) and at a pressure of 760 mmHg.
alienation c. a measure of the lack of association between two variables. Called also
the coefficient of nondetermination.
Bunsen c. see absorption coefficient (2) (above).
contingency c. a measure of association between qualitative assessments of two variables.
correlation c. a measure of association which indicates the degree to which two or
more sets of observations fit a linear relationship. Denoted by ‘ρ’ (rho), it can
vary from −1.0 to 1.0.
determination c. the coefficient of determination is the square of the correlation
coefficient rho (r2). It describes the proportion of the variation of one of the correlated
variables, explainable by the variation of the other variable. The value of the coefficient
must lie between 0 and 1.
digestibility c. percentage of the food ingested that is absorbed.
disarray c. the measure of the degree of discord between two variables.
c. of nondetermination see alienation coefficient (above).
phenol c. a measure of the bactericidal activity of a chemical compound in relation
to phenol. The activity of the compound is expressed as the ratio of dilution at which
it kills in 10 minutes under specified conditions. It can be determined in the absence
of organic matter, or in the presence of a standard amount of added organic matter.
sedimentation c. the ratio of a particles sedimentation velocity to the centrifugal
acceleration force applied; is usually expressed in Svedberg (S) units.
solubility c. in anesthetics, a measure of the distribution of anesthetic agent between
equilibrating phases such as blood and gas, oil and gas, or blood and tissue. The
greater the solubility, the greater the uptake of anesthetic agent by blood and the
slower the period of induction and recovery.
-coele word element. [Gr.] hollow; cavity or space; see also -cele.
coelenteron the digestive cavity of coelenterates (jellyfishes, corals, and sea anemones).
Has a single opening into which all food is taken and through which all waste products
are ejected.
coeli(o)- word element. See celio-.
coel(o)- word element. [Gr.] relationship to a cavity or space; see also words beginning
cel(o)-.
coelom [se′lom] body cavity, especially the original cavity in the mammalian embryo
between the somatopleure and splanchnopleure, which is both intra- and extraembryonic;
the principal cavities of the trunk, the pericardial, pleural and peritoneal sacs,
arise from the intraembryonic portion.
c. partitioning separation of the pleural and pericardial sacs in the embryo is established
by the pleuropericardial septum formed by the fusion and extension of the pleuropericardial
folds.
coelomyarian the longitudinal somatic muscles of nematodes in which the contractile
elements extend up the sides of the muscle cell and are arranged in a U-shape.
coeloscope celoscope.
coeloscopy British spelling for celoscopy.
Coelosphaerium
genus of spherical cyanobacteria that can cause algal blooms; produce the toxic cyclic
heptapeptide microcystins, which can cause hepatic necrosis and sudden death.
coelozoic [e″lo-zo′ik] a parasite inhabiting the cavities of the body.
coenurosis [se″nu-ro′sis] infection with the metacestode (larval) stage of Taenia
multiceps which invades the brain and spinal cord of sheep and causes a variety of
syndromes characteristic of slowly developing space-occupying lesions of the nervous
system. Ataxia, head-pressing, compulsive circling, somnolence and occasional convulsions
are common signs of brain involvement. Paralysis and recumbency are the usual signs
in spinal cord involvement. Called also gid or sturdy.
Coenurus
[se-nu′r
s] a metacestode, a larval stage (metacestode) of a tapeworm belonging to the genus
Taenia (Multiceps).
C. cerebralis
metacestode of Taenia multiceps found in the brain and/or spinal cord of sheep and
other ruminants, but sometimes in other organs of goats. See also coenurosis.
C. serialis
metacestode of the tapeworm Taenia serialis of dogs and foxes found in the subcutaneous
tissues and muscles of the intermediate host, a lagomorph.
coenzyme [ko-en′zīm] an organic molecule, usually containing phosphorus and some vitamins,
often separable from the enzyme protein but essential as a cosubstrate in catalysis;
a coenzyme and an apoenzyme must unite in order to function (as a holoenzyme).
c. A (CoA) essential for carbohydrate and fat metabolism; among its constituents are
pantothenic acid and a terminal SH group, which forms thioester linkages with various
acids, e.g., acetic acid (acetyl-CoA) and fatty acids (acyl-CoA).
c. A acetoacetyl see acetoacetyl CoA.
c. A acetyl see acetyl CoA.
c. Q any of a group of related quinones with isoprenoid units in the side chains (the
ubiquinones), occurring in the lipid fraction of mitochondria and serving, along with
the cytochromes, as an intermediate in electron transport; they are similar in structure
to vitamin K1. It is marketed as a support for cardiovascular function in dogs and
cats.
c. R see biotin.
coerulein a decapeptide; a potent stimulator of pancreatic and other exocrine secretions.
cofactor [ko′fak-t
r] an element or principle, e.g., a coenzyme, with which an enzyme must unite in order
to function.
coffee [kof′e] a number of plants incorporate the word coffee into their common name.
Coffee itself is a product of Coffea spp. plants and contains the xanthine alkaloid
caffeine.
c. bean Sesbania
.
c. bush Breynia oblongifolia
.
c. tree Gymnocladus
dioica.
c. weed Sesbania
spp.; called also coffee bean, rattlebrush.
wild c. Senna
occidentalis.
coffee grounds a term used to describe vomited blood. See hematemesis.
coffin [kof′in] pertaining to the coffin bone.
c. bone distal phalanx in the horse. See navicular bone. Called also pedal bone.
c. joint distal interphalangeal joint, between the second and third phalanges, in
the horse.
cog-wheel respiration jerky auscultation sounds, with a clicking sound on inspiration;
due to swelling of the bronchial mucosa.
cogener [ko′j
-n
r] congener.
cogenic genetic differences between individuals at a locus.
Coggins test the agar-gel, double diffusion immunodiffusion test for detection of
antibodies to equine infectious anemia virus.
cognate describes two biomolecules that normally interact such as an enzyme and its
normal substrate or a receptor and its normal ligand.
cognitive dysfunction syndrome [kog′nľ-tiv] a neurodegenerative disorder of senior
dogs and cats causing deterioration of cognitive functions and characterized by multiple
behavioral changes; primarily disorientation, reduced level of interaction with others,
sleep-wake cycle alterations, loss of housetraining and altered activity level. Called
also “old dog syndrome”.
cohesion [ko-he′zh
n] the force causing various particles to unite; cohesive forces are responsible for
surface tension.
cohesive end [ko-he′siv] single-strand extension on each end of a duplex DNA molecule
that is usually produced by restriction endonuclease digestion and which facilitates
ligation of two similarly cut DNA molecules due to complementarity of the extensions.
Called also sticky ends.
Cohnheim’s theory [kōn′hīm] 1. the emigration of leukocytes is the essential feature
of inflammation. 2. tumors develop from embryonic rests which do not participate in
the formation of normal surrounding tissue.
cohort [ko′hort] in epidemiology a group of individuals who share a characteristic
acquired at the same time. The term usually refers to a birth cohort, which contains
animals born in a specified time period.
c. studies a prospective or follow-up, analytical, epidemiological study. The investigation
identifies a group of animals which have the hypothesized cause and which are free
of the disease of interest, and a comparison group of animals which are free of the
hypothesized cause. Both groups, the cohorts, are followed over time to determine
the incidence rates of the disease in question in each of the two groups.
coil [koil] a winding structure or spiral; called also helix.
coiled-c. a protein structure motif marked by amphipathic α-helical regions that can
self-associate to form stable, rod-like oligomeric proteins; commonly found in fibrous
proteins and some transcription factors.
coin test an auscultatory test for pulmonary consolidation in which a coin is used
as a pleximeter. A sound is produced by striking the coin with a hard object such
as a screwdriver used as a plexor. The coin is placed over the area to be examined.
If the lung below is consolidated the sound produced by striking the coin is transmitted
with greater clarity than if it were filled with air.
coital exanthema [ko′ľ-t
l] see infectious pustular vulvovaginitis. Called also coital vesicular exanthema.
bovine c. vesicular exanthema see infectious pustular vulvovaginitis.
equine c. e. venereal disease of the skin of the genitalia and perineum in stallions
and mares caused by equine herpesvirus 3. Characterized by discomfort and discharge
locally and the presence of vesicopustular lesions on the penis, prepuce, vulva and
vaginal mucosa, and sometimes on the mare’s teats and the lips of the foal at foot.
coition [ko-ish′
n] coitus.
coitus [ko′ľ-t
s] sexual union by vagina between male and female. See also mating.
Coix lachryma-jobi
a robust, tropical grass with shiny grains like tears. Perennial grass in the family
Poaceae. Grown as a fodder crop. Called also adlay, Job’s tears.
col [kol] the interdental connection between the junctional epithelia of any two adjacent
teeth.
colation [ko-la′sh
n] the process of straining or filtration, or the product of such a process.
Colbred a crossbred meat sheep produced by crossing the European East Friesland breed
with three British breeds, Border Leicester, Dorset Horn and Clun Forest. The characteristics
of the breed are a high twinning rate and a high milk yield.
colcemid a microtubule-depolymerizing compound related in structure and function to
colchicine. Called also demecolcine.
colchiceine one of the two poisonous alkaloids in
Colchicum autumnale
. See also colchicine.
colchicine [kol′chľ-sēn] a water-soluble antimitotic drug that blocks the addition
of tubulin subunits to the ends of existing microtubules, preventing spindle formation.
It is a poisonous alkaloid from
Colchicum autumnale
which causes violent purgation, abdominal pain and is often fatal. In research, it
is used to induce polyploidy by delaying mitosis. In humans, it is used in the treatment
of gout and familial Mediterranean fever. In veterinary medicine, it is used in the
treatment of amyloidosis and as an antifibrotic agent. See also colchiceine.
C-66:
Equine herpes virus-3 infection. Coital exanthema.
McAuliffe, Siobhan. Knottenbelt and Pascoe’s Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders
of the Horse, 2nd Edition. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2013.
Colchicum autumnale
[kol′chi-k
m] toxic plant in the family Liliaceae; a cultivated plant that does survive also
in the wild. Causes severe, often fatal, enteritis, characterized by diarrhea and
abdominal pain. It contains two poisonous alkaloids, colchicine and colchiceine. Called
also meadow saffron, saffron, autumn crocus.
cold [kōld] 1. an acute disease of the upper respiratory tract characterized by cough,
sneezing, running at the eyes and nose and mild fever, similar to the common cold
of humans, occurring in captive primates. Not generally applied to respiratory infections
in other animal species. 2. a relatively low temperature; the lack of heat. A total
absence of heat is absolute zero, at which all molecular motion ceases. See also hypothermia.
c. acclimation short-term adjustments to carbohydrate and fat metabolism in response
to exposure to low environmental temperatures.
c. acclimatization heat production is not increased, but heat loss is reduced by changes
in haircoat and vascular supply to the skin.
c. applications the primary effect of cold on the surface of the body is constriction
of the blood vessels. Cold also causes contraction of the involuntary muscles of the
skin. These actions result in a reduced blood supply to the skin and produce a marked
pallor. If cold is prolonged there may be damage to the tissues because of the decreased
blood supply. The secondary effects of cold are the opposite of its primary action.
There is increased cell activity, dilatation of the blood vessels, and increased sensitivity
of the nerve endings.
c. barn see cold housing (below).
c. cow syndrome see shock.
c.-enrichment a procedure that promotes growth of some bacteria during laboratory
isolation. Suspensions of specimens are held at refrigerator temperatures for extended
periods before being cultured. Used for recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from neural
listeriosis and also Yersinia spp.
c. exposure see hypothermia.
c. housing thin-walled, uninsulated barns with no central heating.
c. injury includes hypothermia and frostbite.
c.-nosed refers to a hound which is able to follow a cold (very old) scent.
c. receptors receptors in the skin which are sensitive to low temperatures.
c. rooms walk-in refrigerator; temperature used varies with material stored, e.g.,
meat needs 32°F to 45°F (0°C to 7°C), offal needs less than 28°F (−2°C).
c. shortening shrinkage of meat when temperature is excessively low in early stages
of chilling.
c. steel surgery that using unheated cutting instruments; the normal surgical procedure
in contrast to electrosurgery or cryosurgery.
c. sterilization The use of chemicals such as aldehydes in a cold solution to sterilize
instruments and equipment that cannot be steam sterilized.
c. storage for meat to be stored for more than 72 hours the chilling temperature should
be between 30°F and 23°F (−1 and −5°C) and the humidity less than 90%.
c. stress occurs at temperatures less than 50°F (10°C), varying with chill factor,
wetness, protection from wind.
c. therapy see cryosurgery, therapeutic hypothermia.
c. tray the container used for immersion of instruments in a cold sterilization solution,
usually with a rack that allows instruments to be lifted above the fluid level to
drain before use.
C-67:
Cold sterilization tray.
From Bassert JM, McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition.
Elsevier, 2018.
C-68:
South-German coldblood horse.
From Sambraus HH, Livestock Breeds, Mosby, 1992.
c. water hemolytic anemia see cold anemia.
cold-blooded poikilothermic.
cold-insoluble globulin see fibronectin.
coldblood horses with no Arab blood in their ancestry; generally the draft breeds,
Clydesdale, Shire, Percheron, Rhenish, Black Forest, Schleswig, South German.
coldwater disease a disease of fish kept in temperate water caused by the bacteria
Flavobacterium psychrophilum.
Cole infant tube [kōl] a very small diameter uncuffed endotracheal tube in which the
patient end has a small diameter than the rest of the tube. Suitable for use in a
small animal.
colectomy [ko-lek′t
-me] excision of the colon or of a portion of it.
Coleoptera [kol″e-op′t
r-] an order in the class Insecta—the beetles.
Colesiota conjunctivae
see
Chlamydia
pecorum.
colibacillary enterotoxemia see colibacillosis.
colibacillemia the presence of Escherichia coli in the blood.
colibacillosis [ko″lľ-bas-ľ-lo′sis] infection with Escherichia coli; takes many forms,
some of them septicemic, some toxemic due to absorption of the enterotoxin and some
locally toxigenic. See also coliform mastitis, mastitis–metritis–agalactia of sows,
neonatal colibacillosis (below), coliform gastroenteritis of weaned pigs, edema disease,
cerebrospinal angiopathy, coligranuloma.
enteric c. the form of colibacillosis characterized by varying degrees of diarrhea.
It occurs in all species, especially in the very young less than one week old. In
pigs it occurs also immediately after weaning. Specific serotypes, distinct from those
that cause septicemia, cause this enteric form of the disease. They have two virulence
factors: 1. fibrial (pilus) attachment antigens that allow them to attach to the enterocyte.
the ability to produce enterotoxins that alter fluid absorption and excretion in the
small intestine. The cardinal sign is diarrhea, varying from pasty to profuse and
watery, foul smelling and pale in color. Most affected calves continue to feed and
recover spontaneously in a few days. The others become anorectic, dehydrated and weak
and die in 3 to 5 days. In newborn pigs the disease is much more serious and the majority
of piglets may die. In weaned pigs the situation is the same with many pigs dying
quickly before other signs become evident. The critical clinical sign is a profuse
diarrhea with death due to dehydration and electrolyte losses. The enteric form of
the disease is uncommon in foals and lambs where the septicemic form prevails.
enterotoxemic c. toxin produced by a specific serotype is absorbed from the gut and
exerts its toxicity on remote tissues. See also edema disease. Called also enterotoxic
colibacillosis.
neonatal c. a highly fatal form of colibacillosis which can occur in the young of
all species during the first 48 hours of life. A high prevalence is usually associated
with a low intake of colostrum and colostral antibodies and the presence of pathogenic
serotypes. The disease may take the form of a septicemia or a profound endotoxemia
or be limited to the gut lumen and cause severe diarrhea.
post-weaning c. post-weaning coliform gastroenteritis.
septicemic c. invasion of the systemic circulation, with the probability of infection
of all tissues, with Escherichia coli. The source of infection may be mastitis, metritis,
cystitis, omphalophlebitis or enteritis. Characterized clinically by toxic shock,
cardiovascular collapse, hypothermia, coma, a short course and a high mortality rate.
Survivors may develop disease due to localization in joints, meninges, etc. Commonest
in foals, calves and piglets.
colibacilluria [ko″lľ-bas″ľl-u′re-
] the presence of Escherichia coli in the urine.
colibacillus [ko″lľ-b
-sil′
s] see
Escherichia
coli.
Colibri forceps corneal forceps with very narrow blades and fine points which may
be straight or angled.
C-69:
A horse with colic, rolling.
From McAuliffe SB, Slovis NM, Color Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of the Foal, Saunders,
2008.
colic [ko′lik] 1. pertaining to the colon. 2. a syndrome caused by severe paroxysmal
pain due to disease of an abdominal organ. Usually due to alimentary tract disease,
and rarely to infection or calculus in the urinary tract involving the renal pelvis,
ureter, bladder or urethra.
bovine c. is characterized mainly by recurrent bouts of downwards arching of the back,
restless walking, looking at the flank, lying down, rolling, and getting up again.
Colic is evident for a few hours only and is followed by spontaneous recovery in many
cases. These cases are probably caused by intestinal spasm. The next most common cause
is intestinal obstruction by phytobezoar, volvulus, strangulation (2), or intussusception.
In these the colic varies but no feces are passed. Rectal examination reveals scant,
pasty gray or blood-stained feces, and possibly the presence of distended loops of
intestine. Enterotomy or enterectomy is essential for survival. Rare cases also occur
due to renal infarction or to ureteric obstruction.
functional c. colic in the absence of a structural fault, e.g., spasmodic colic, paralytic
ileus.
colon impaction c. impaction of the colon on a diet high in tough fiber is common
in horses and pigs. There is mild abdominal pain and hard fecal masses are passed.
See also meconium ileus, impaction colic (below).
equine c. most cases are due to intestinal disease. Characteristic signs are bouts
of pain marked by pawing, looking at the flank, lying down and getting up restlessly,
rolling; the gut sounds are either absent or excessive. Mild cases recover spontaneously
or after medical treatment for gut spasm or impaction with dry feed. Life-threatened
cases have shock, circulatory collapse and usually positive findings on abdominal
paracentesis. Surgery is often obligatory. Acute colic is also an important part of
the syndrome in acute enteritis and colitis in which diarrhea is a paramount sign.
Peritonitis is usually manifested as subacute colic.
flatulent c. of horses is due to gas accumulation in the large intestine when grazing
on lush pasture. There is severe pain, obvious distention of the abdomen, and the
rectum is obstructed by distended loops of bowel. Sporadic cases occur as a result
of partial obstruction of the intestine by fibrous adhesions. Trocarization through
the flank or rectum is often necessary. Called also tympanitic colic. Previously called
intestinal meteorismus.
gastric dilatation c. of horses due to gastric dilatation is a severe acute disease
due to gorging on hay or grain, especially immediately after racing, or due to lipoma
causing strangulation at the pylorus. Regurgitation through the nostrils or the discharge
of large quantities of fluid gastric contents through a nasal tube is a frequent sign.
Death is common as a result of gastric rupture.
impaction c. in horses is due to dry or indigestible feed, or bad teeth, or in foals
by the retention of meconium. Subacute pain bouts occur at long intervals and over
several days; death in untreated cases is due to exhaustion. Effective treatment is
large oral doses of mineral oil (paraffin) administered by nasal tube. See also colon
impaction colic (above).
intestinal obstruction c. in horses is caused by intestinal obstruction consisting
mostly of acute life-threatening cases due to intussusception, strangulation or volvulus,
usually affecting the small intestine, although sometimes it is the cecum or colon.
Typical signs are shock, absence of gut sounds, very severe pain, short course, positive
findings of blood-stained fluid on paracentesis, distended loops of gut on rectal
examination and death due to shock and dehydration unless the blockage is relieved
by surgery. Less severe cases are caused by impaction of the ileocecal valve by undigested
fine fiber or grain, by sand accumulation, obstruction by phytobezoars, enteroliths
or linear foreign bodies, usually in the small colon. See also under enterolith, phytobezoar,
linear foreign body, volvulus, intussusception, strangulation.
lead c. colic due to lead poisoning.
neurogenic c. colic in the horse, caused by stimulation of nerve supply to intestine
by verminous aneurysm. Colic is spasmodic.
recurrent c. equine colic that recurs at intervals of weeks or months. Due usually
to repeated dietary indiscretions or to a persisting defect, e.g., bad teeth, verminous
aneurysm.
renal c. intermittent and acute pain usually resulting from the presence of one or
more calculi in the kidney or ureter.
sand c. is caused by the ingestion of soil or sand and can be an acute syndrome due
to ileocecal valve impaction or chronic mild pain with diarrhea for a period of months.
spasmodic c. cause of this form of colic in horses is unknown, but suggestions include
excitement or drinking cold water. Bouts of sharp pain are accompanied by loud, frequent
gut sounds, and spontaneous recovery is usual within an hour. Occasional cases develop
volvulus during bouts of rolling.
thromboembolic c. is caused by infarction of a section of gut wall or by stimulation
by migrating strongyle larvae and may appear as intermittent spasmodic colic or subacute
colic for a number of days followed by development of peritonitis. See also strongylosis.
tympanitic c. see flatulent colic.
colicky [kol′ik-e] pertaining to or affected by colic.
coliform [ko′lľ-form] pertaining to fermentative gram-negative enteric bacilli, sometimes
restricted to those fermenting lactose, i.e., Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter
and Citrobacter.
avian c. septicemia a disease of chickens, ducklings and young turkeys causing high
mortality. Characterized at autopsy by fibrinous exudates on the surface of all viscera
and E. sherichia coli in all organs. The route of infection is generally via the respiratory
tract.
c. gastroenteritis a disease of recently weaned pigs characterized by sudden death
or severe diarrhea and caused by enterotoxigenic E. scherichia coli. The pigs often
die of dehydration. Those that survive have lost a lot of condition. Called also post-weaning
diarrhea.
c. mastitis peracute bovine mastitis caused by E. scherichia coli and other members
of the Enterobacteriaceae and characterized by minor enlargement and inflammation
of the udder, thin serous milk containing small flakes. There is profound shock, the
mortality rate is high and the quarter is lost. See also environmental mastitis and
mastitis–metritis–agalactia of sows.
c. pyometra the more severe form of pyometra in bitches and queens, characterized
by severe toxemia and a fetid, viscous, red-brown uterine exudate.
c. septicemia in ducks, manifested by moist granular to curd-like exudate in the pericardial
sac, pleural and peritoneal cavities and air sacs. See also septicemic colibacillosis.
coligranuloma [ko″lľ-gran″u-lo′m
] a disease of birds, particularly poultry, caused by Escherichia coli and characterized
by granulomas in the intestinal wall, liver and lungs. Called also Hjärre’s disease.
Colinus virginianus
see quail.
coliplication the use of sutures to narrow the diameter of the colon.
colipuncture colocentesis.
colisepsis infection with Escherichia coli.
colisepticemia [ko″lľ-sep″tľ-se′me-
] septicemia due to Escherichia coli.
colistimethate [ko-lis″tľ-meth′āt] an antibiotic prepared of colistin.
colistin [ko-lis′tin] a polymyxin antibiotic, active against gram-negative organisms
and used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Available in two forms, colistin
sulfate and colistimethate sodium. Called also polymyxin E.
colitis [ko-li′tis] pl. colitides inflammation of the colon. There are many types
of colitis, each having different etiologies. The differential diagnosis involves
the clinical history, fecal examinations, proctoscopy, radiological studies such as
barium enemas, and sometimes biopsy.
acute c. sudden onset and usually self-limiting colonic inflammation characterized
by mucoid diarrhea with blood, increased fecal frequency and straining to defecate.
Common in dogs due to dietary indiscretion; infectious causes occur but often the
cause is not identified.
antibiotic-associated c. colitis associated with antimicrobial therapy occurs in humans
and animals. It can range from mild nonspecific colitis and diarrhea to severe fulminant
pseudomembranous colitis (see below) with profuse watery diarrhea. The inflammation
may be caused by a toxin produced by Clostridioides difficile, a microorganism that
is not normally present in the resident bowel flora. Presumably, the disruption of
the normal flora allows the growth of C. difficile. There is developing evidence that,
in foals and adult horses, C. difficile can be associated with diarrheal disease that
can vary from mild to self-limiting to an acute and fatal enterocolitis. Evidence
for this association is the biological plausibility, some evidence that this syndrome
can be reproduced experimentally, and the ability to demonstrate the organism or its
toxin in the feces of horses with the enterocolitis in comparison with the low prevalence
and absence of toxin in the feces of non-diarrheic horses. This syndrome commonly
occurs in horses following antimicrobial therapy and/or hospitalization. It is possible
that enterotoxin from intestinal C. perfringens may also contribute in horses and
the syndrome has been called equine clostridiosis.
ciliate c. colitis in primates caused by Troglodytella spp. and characterized by diarrhea.
c. cystica profunda dilated, grossly visible colonic glands protrude through the muscularis
mucosae into the submucosa; no specific cause attributed; an incidental necropsy finding,
especially in pigs.
eosinophilic c. occurs in humans, cats and dogs as a primary disease, part of an eosinophilic
gastroenteritis or part of a systemic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Characterized histologically
by eosinophilic infiltration of the lamina propria and submucosa. May be idiopathic
(see inflammatory bowel disease) or due to food hypersensitivity, parasitic infection
or a paraneoplastic response to lymphoma or mast cell tumors.
granulomatous c. a chronic, debilitating inflammation of the colon occurring predominantly
in young Boxer dogs and French bulldogs, caused by an intracellular Escherichia coli
infection that is responsive to enrofloxacin. Affected dogs have a chronic hemorrhagic
diarrhea with tenesmus, occasionally vomiting, inappetence and weight loss. PAS-positive
macrophages in the mucosa and submucosa are virtually diagnostic and specific testing
for the infection is now available. Previously called histiocytic ulcerative colitis
and considered idiopathic for many years. It has some similarities to Crohn’s disease,
ulcerative colitis, and Whipple’s disease of humans.
histiocytic ulcerative c. see granulomatous colitis (above)
idiopathic c. a chronic, idiopathic inflammation of the colon in dogs and cats with
lymphocytic and plasmacytic mucosal infiltrates usually predominating. A loss of immune
tolerance to luminal bacteria and/or food antigens is thought to be the basis of the
disease. May be isolated or part of a wider enteritis or gastroenteritis. See also
inflammatory bowel disease.
mucous c. see irritable bowel syndrome.
nonspecific c. diarrheic disease of growing pigs resembling a mild form of swine dysentery;
associated with infection by Serpulina
innocens. Called also grower pig scours.
plasmacytic–lymphocytic c. see idiopathic colitis (above).
pseudomembranous c. a severe acute inflammation of the bowel mucosa, with the formation
of pseudomembranous plaques. It is most commonly associated with antimicrobial therapy
in people, and is less reliably documented in dogs (see antibiotic-associated colitis
(above)). Called also pseudomembranous enterocolitis.
psychologically induced c. see irritable bowel syndrome.
uremic c. an outstanding lesion in cattle dying of uremia.
c.-X a peracute colitis of horses, sometimes occurring as outbreaks, characterized
by a short course of about 24 hours, profuse diarrhea, sometimes with colic and dysentery,
profound dehydration and a high mortality rate. The cause is unknown, but it may be
due to factors described under colitis (above).
colitoxicosis [ko″lľ-tok″sľ-ko′sis] toxemia caused by absorption of Escherichia coli
toxin from the intestine; it affects newborn animals within the first week of life
and pigs after weaning. Older animals are affected from other sites such as mammary
gland or uterus. The common syndrome, especially in calves, is collapse with circulatory
failure, hypothermia and death within about 6 hours. In weanling pigs the outstanding
feature is edema of the eyelids and other sites. A high morbidity and mortality are
usual in a group of pigs which also show incoordination, weakness and paralysis. The
course of the disease is about 24 hours. See also mastitis–metritis–agalactia, coliform
mastitis.
colitoxin [ko′lľ-tok″sin] a toxin from Escherichia coli.
coliuria [ko″lľ-u′re-
] the presence of Escherichia coli in the urine.
collagen [kol′
-j
n] an extracellular fibrous structural protein that constitutes the protein of the
white fibers (collagenous fibers) of skin, tendon, bone, cartilage, blood vessel wall,
and all other connective tissues. It is the most abundant protein in mammals. It also
occurs dispersed in a gel to provide stiffening, as in the vitreous humor of the eye
and intraarticular synovial fluid. It is made of monomers of tropocollagen. At least
28 types of collagen (numbered type I, II, III, etc.) have been identified in animals.
These are broadly grouped into fibrillar and non-fibrillar collagen, occur in different
tissues and have different chemical compositions, physical characteristics and specific
functions.
c. diseases a group of diseases with common clinical and histological features that
are dysfunctions of connective tissue, secondary to defects in collagen. They are
malfunctions of those tissues that provide the supportive framework (musculoskeletal
and connective tissue structures) and protective covering (skin and mucous membranes
and vessel linings) for the body. The basic components of connective tissue are cells
and extracellular protein fibers embedded in a matrix or ground substance of large
carbohydrate molecules and carbohydrate–protein complexes called mucopolysaccharides.
For the sake of clarity and organization, collagen diseases may be divided into two
major groups: (1) those that are genetically determined and are a result of structural
and biochemical defects, and (2) those that are acquired and in which immunological
and inflammatory reactions are taking place within the tissues. Among the first group
are those diseases caused by a lack of a specific enzyme necessary for proper storage
and excretion of one or more mucopolysaccharides, such as Ehlers–Danlos syndrome.
These disorders are distinguished by structural defects affecting the formation of
collagen. Acquired connective tissue diseases are believed to develop as a result
of at least two causative factors: a genetic factor and an abnormal immunological
response. Examples of collagen diseases that are most probably the result of an aberration
of the immunological reactions that mitigate injury and inflammation of connective
tissues are systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
c. dysplasia see hereditary collagen dysplasia.
c. fascicles interspersed with patches of cartilage in fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage).
c. fibers the principal component of connective tissue, providing strength and resisting
stretching; a structural protein in fiber form.
c. fibrils collagen fibers are composed of fibrils visible only by electron microscope.
c. footpad disorder footpads in young German shepherd dogs become soft, tender, depigmented
and ulcerated. Some dogs later develop renal amyloidosis. The cause is unknown.
microcrystalline c. a surface hemostatic agent.
c. nevus see nevus.
c. shield form of corneal protection in the shape of a contact lens, but manufactured
from collagen rather than plastic; used in the treatment of ulcerative and nonulcerative
keratitis. Ultimately these dissolve in the tear film.
c. sponge surgical sponge made of collagen; used to fill surgical space and to control
hemorrhage. Is not absorbable but has enormous fluid absorption capacity and has excellent
wet strength and is very pliable and easy to use.
c. suture an absorbable suture of natural material; made from bovine flexor tendon.
May be plain or chromic.
collagenase [k
-laj′
-nās] an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of collagen. Synthesized and released
by host cells, especially leukocytes, and various infectious organisms, especially
gram-negative bacteria. Of particular importance in the cornea where, unopposed by
serum anticollagenases, they can cause rapid malacia and even corneal perforation.
See also collagenase ulcer.
c. ulceration a rapidly spreading ulceration of the cornea triggered by the liberation
of collagenase from necrotic cells, bacteria or invading leucocytes. See collagenase
ulcer.
collagenation [k
-laj″-na′sh
n] the appearance of collagen in developing cartilage.
collagenic [kol″
-jen′ik] 1. producing collagen. 2. pertaining to collagen.
collagenitis inflammatory involvement of collagen fibers in the fibrous component
of connective tissue.
collagenoblast [k
-laj′
-no-blast] a cell arising from a fibroblast and which, as it matures, is associated
with collagen production; it may also form cartilage and bone by metaplasia.
collagenocyte [k
-laj′
-no-sīt″] a mature collagen-producing cell.
collagenogenic [k
-laj″
-no-jen′ik] pertaining to or characterized by collagen production; forming collagen
or collagen fibers. See also collagenic.
collagenolysis [kol″
-jn-ol′
-sis] dissolution or digestion of collagen.
collagenosis [kol″
-jě-no′sis] see collagen diseases.
collagenous [k
-laj′-n
s] made of collagen.
c. nevus see nevus.
c. tissue composed of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers; may be loose or dense;
the latter may be regular or irregular.
collapse [k
-laps′] 1. a state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation.
2. abnormal falling in of the walls of a part or organ.
circulatory c. shock; circulatory insufficiency without congestive heart failure.
lung c. see atelectasis.
collar [kol′
r] a decoration or harness worn around the neck. The primary means of restraint for
domestic dogs. Used in cats as ornaments or to carry identification. See also Elizabethan
collar.
choke c. see choke chain.
buster c. see Elizabethan collar.
flea c. see flea collar.
c. galls friction sores caused by rubbing of a saddlery collar on a horse’s shoulder.
horse c. part of draft, cart or buggy harness. Made of leather, stuffed and lined
with felt, they are fitted to the neck of the horse. They carry the metal hames to
which plow chains or leather traces are attached.
tube c. a rigid cylinder applied around the neck to prevent the animal or bird from
turning around to traumatize parts of the body with their mouth or beak.
collarette [kol″
r-et′] a small collar; see epidermal collarette, iris1
collarette.
collateral [ko-lat′
r-
l] 1. secondary or accessory; not direct or immediate. 2. a side branch, as of a blood
vessel or nerve.
c. circulation see collateral vessel, collateral circulation.
c. recruitment the utilization of many small arterial–capillary units in pulmonary
tissue during exercise and increased cardiac output, for increased exchange of gases.
c. relationship where two individuals have a common ancestor.
collected a term describing the balance of a horse and rider, or a horse alone, while
moving; smooth coordination of all parts working in unison.
collecting duct system part of the urinary drainage that includes collecting tubules,
both straight and arched, and papillary ducts.
c. tubule see collecting tubule.
colliculectomy [k
-lik″u-lek′t
-me] excision of the seminal colliculus.
colliculitis [k
-lik″u-li′tis] inflammation about the seminal colliculus.
colliculus [k
-lik′u-l
s] pl. colliculi a small elevation.
caudal c. see midbrain colliculus (below).
midbrain c. one of the four colliculi in the tectum of the midbrain, two caudal (inferior)
and two rostral (superior) containing the visual and auditory reflex centers. Called
also corpora quadrigemina.
seminal c., c. seminalis a prominent portion of the male urethral crest, on either
side of which, depending on the species, are the openings of the vasa deferentia or
ejaculatory ducts; called also verumontanum.
superior c. see midbrain colliculus (above).
Collie a large dog with a distinctive elongated, flat head and nose. There are two
varieties, the rough-coated (longhaired) and the smooth-coated (shorthaired), which
are regarded as separate breeds in the United Kingdom. In the more common rough Collie,
a thick, long coat forms a ruff or mane around the neck and front of the chest. The
breed originated in Scotland as shepherd’s dog and the rough-coated variety is also
called a Scotch collie. The breed is affected by group of inherited abnormalities
in ocular development, collectively called collie eye anomaly, inherited epilepsy,
hemophilia A, patent ductus arteriosus, cerebellar degeneration and cyclic hematopoiesis.
It is also predisposed to nasal solar dermatitis (“collie nose”).
C. ectasia syndrome see collie eye anomaly (below).
C. eye anomaly a congenital inherited ocular syndrome with a wide range of defects
in the posterior vascular, neural, and fibrous tunics of the eye, presumably due to
failed mesodermal differentiation and development. The hallmark sign is choroidal
hypoplasia (often limited to the area lateral to the optic disc). This can be associated
with any combination of scleral ectasia, optic nerve coloboma, retinal detachment
and microphthalmia. Although this appears to be an autosomal recessive trait, there
is much pleomorphism in the phenotypic appearance. Seen almost exclusively in Collies,
Border collies and Shetland sheepdogs. Formerly called also collie ectasia syndrome.
C-70:
Collies (smooth), blue merle color.
C-71:
Collie nose.
C. granuloma see nodular granulomatous episcleritis.
miniature C. see Shetland sheepdog.
C. nose a depigmenting, crusting dermatitis of the planum nasale, adjacent skin on
the dorsum of the nose, and sometimes lip and eyelid margins. Occurs most commonly
in sunny climates and in individual dogs with the greatest exposure to sunlight. Once
believed to be a breed-specific disorder related to the long nose of collies, it is
now known that several diseases produce similar clinical features and in many breeds.
These include discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus, pemphigus erythematosus and
pemphigus foliaceus, as well as solar dermatitis.
silver C. syndrome see canine cyclic hematopoiesis.
collie a general term referring to collie type dogs, or sheep herding dogs, although
it may have specific meaning in some locations, such as in North America where it
refers to the Collie breed, or in the UK where it usually refers to Border collies.
collimation [kol″ľ-ma′sh
n] in microscopy, the process of making light rays parallel; the adjustment of two
or more optical axes with respect to each other. In radiology, the restriction of
the x-ray beam size to the area under investigation. This reduces the scattered radiation
reaching the x-ray film and the exposure of attendants.
collimator [kol′ľ-ma″t
r] 1. a device, sometimes a diaphragm, or series of diaphragms, which control the
direction and the dimensions of the x-ray beam. 2. in nuclear scintigraphy, a perforated
lead plate mounted on a scintillation camera to absorb gamma rays not aligned perpendicular
to the surface of the camera.
collinearity very high correlation between variables.
colliquative [k
-lik′w
-tiv] characterized by excessive liquid discharge, or by liquefaction of tissue.
collisional interactions collisions which occur when an electronic target is bombarded
with high energy electrons as in x-rays. The collisions result in heat loss.
collodiaphyseal [kol″o-di″
-fiz′e-
l] pertaining to the neck and shaft of a long bone, especially the femur.
collodion [ko-lo′de-on] a highly flammable syrupy liquid compounded of pyroxylin dissolved
in ether and alcohol, which dries to a clear tenacious film; used as a topical protectant
applied to the skin to close small wounds, abrasions and cuts, to hold surgical dressings
in place, and to keep medications in contact with the skin.
flexible c. a mixture of collodion, camphor and castor oil; used topically as a protectant.
salicylic acid c. flexible collodion containing salicylic acid, used topically as
a keratolytic.
colloid [kol′oid] 1. gluelike. 2. the translucent, yellowish, gelatinous substance
resulting from colloid degeneration. 3. a chemical system composed of a continuous
medium (continuous phase, usually a liquid or gel) throughout which are distributed
small particles, 1 to 1000 nm in size (disperse phase), which do not settle out under
the influence of gravity, hence the alternative name, colloid dispersions. The aqueous
phase of milk is a colloid, where the particles are casein. Colloidal particles do
not pass through a semipermeable membrane, as in dialysis.
c. solution a crystalloid-based solution containing large molecules too large to freely
cross the semipermeable membrane defining the intravascular space. Used in the resuscitation
and maintenance of intravascular volume and systemic blood flow, typically in conjunction
with crystalloid solutions to restore interstitial fluid volume; used in the treatment
of various conditions in which there is intravascular volume depletion and poor tissue
perfusion. Includes whole blood, plasma, hetastarch, pentastarch and dextran 70.
stannous sulfur c. a sulfur colloid containing stannous ions formed by reacting sodium
thiosulfate with hydrochloric acid, then adding stannous ions; used in bone, liver
and spleenscintigraphy.
colloidal [ko-loid′
l] of the nature of a colloid.
c. bath a bath prepared by adding soothing agents, such as gelatin, starch, bran or
similar substances, to the bath water, for the purpose of relieving skin irritation
and pruritus.
c. body a homogeneous, eosinophilic apoptotic keratinocyte found in the basal or parabasal
epidermis in systemic or discoid lupus erythematosus and any other skin disease in
which there is damage to the basal cells. Also called Civatte body, hyaline body.
c. degeneration the assumption by the tissues of a gumlike or gelatinous character.
c. osmotic pressure largely the osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins; see also
oncotic pressure.
colloidin [ko-loid′in] a jelly-like principle produced in colloid degeneration.
collum [kol′
m] pl. colla [L.] the neck, or a necklike part such as the part just below the head
of the humerus, penis, malleus, stapes or mandible. The collum of the omasum is its
narrow fusion with the reticulum.
c. distortum torticollis.
c. valgum coxa valga.
collunarium a nosewash or a nasal douche.
collutorium a mouthwash. Called also collutory.
collutory [kol′u-tor″e] collutorium.
collyria eye wash.
Collyriclum
a trematode genus of the family Troglotrematidae. Includes Collyriclum faba (subcutaneous
cysts in fowls, turkeys and wild birds).
collyrium [k
-lir′e-
m] an eyewash; a lotion for the eyes.
col(o)- word element. [Gr.] colon.
coloboma [kol″o-bo′m
] pl. colobomata; an absence or “notch-type” defect of ocular tissue(s), usually due
to failure of a part of the fetal fissure to close; it may affect the choroid, ciliary
body, eyelid (palpebral coloboma, coloboma palpebrale), iris (coloboma iridis, iridodiastasis),
lens (coloboma lentis), optic nerve or retina (coloboma retinae). Can occur uni- or
bi-laterally and cause minimal to severe visual impairment depending on location,
severity, and secondary complications. Inherited in many domestic animal species,
especially several breeds of cattle and Collie dogs as part of Collie eye anomaly.
atypical c. one occurring at a location other than the fetal fissure (ventrally on
the vertical meridian).
typical c. one occurring in or near to the fetal cleft (ventrally on the vertical
meridian).
colobomatous pertaining to or emanating from a coloboma.
Colocasia
a plant genus in the family Araceae. Rhizomes may cause cyanide poisoning; leaves
also oral irritation on ingestion because of presence of calcium oxalate raphide crystals.
Includes C. esculenta (C. antiquorum). Called also taro, elephant ears, dasheen.
colocecostomy the surgical development of a permanent opening between the cecum and
colon. See also cecocolostomy.
colocentesis [ko″lo-sen-te′sis] surgical puncture of the colon, usually with a needle
to aspirate a sample of contents, or relieve gaseous distension.
Coloceras
a genus of feather-eating lice of the family Philopteridae which infest pigeons and
doves. Includes Coloceras damicorne (pigeons).
coloclysis [ko″lok′lľ-sis] irrigation of the colon.
coloclyster an enema introduced into the colon through the rectum.
colocolostomy [ko″lo-k
-los′t
-me] surgical formation of an anastomosis between two portions of the colon.
colocutaneous [ko″lo-ku-ta′ne-
s] pertaining to the colon and skin, or communicating with the colon and the cutaneous
surface of the body.
colocynth [kol′o-sinth]
Citrullus
colocynthis.
colocynthin [kol″o-sin′thin] plant toxin in Citrullus spp., causes diarrhea, enteritis.
Colocynthis vulgaris Citrullus
colocynthis.
coloenteritis [ko″lo-en″t
r-i′tis] enterocolitis.
colofixation [ko″lo-fik-sa′sh
n] the fixation of the colon in cases of ptosis.
coloileal [ko″lo-il′e-
l] ileocolic.
colon [ko′l
n] the part of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum. It has
the same basic design in all mammalian species. There is an ascending colon which
begins at the cecum, passes forward to the cranial part of the abdominal cavity then
crosses to the left side as the transverse colon. It then turns caudally again to
become the descending colon. In the caudal abdomen the colon curves to the midline
and joins the rectum. See also colonic. In herbivores and omnivores there is a variation
on this general plan in that the ascending colon is greatly lengthened. In the ruminants
and the pig this takes the form of a spiral colon of centrifugal and centripetal loops
which occupy the right side of the abdomen. In the horse the ascending colon forms
an uncoiled loop reflexed upon itself, beginning at the cecum as the right ventral
colon, passing to the left ventral, to the left dorsal at the pelvic flexure, then
to the right dorsal, then back into the standard pattern at the transverse colon.
In the horse there is the additional oddity of a significant reduction in diameter
at the small colon, the terminal part which joins the rectum.
ascending c. the first segment of the colon which is either a short, cranially directed
segment, as in the dog, or is greatly expanded to form the spiral colon in ruminants
or a cone-shaped mass in pigs, or the great colon of horses (right ventral, sternal
flexure, left ventral, pelvic flexure, left dorsal, diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal
colons).
coiled c. see spiral colon (below).
descending c. the third and last of the three main divisions of the colon which runs
caudally and terminates in the rectum. It is not extensive in the horse, in which
it has an unusually long mesentery and is known as the small colon.
floating c. small or descending colon in horses.
irritable c. syndrome See irritable bowel syndrome. See also spasmodic colic.
large c. the ascending colon of the horse.
left c. displacement colic forward displacement of the left dorsal colon over the
nephrosplenic ligament is a cause of colic in the horse. Characteristic findings include
a palpable medial displacement of the spleen, absence of the pelvic flexure of the
colon from its usual site in the caudal abdomen, and evidence of displacement of the
spleen on ultrasonographic examination. Treatment by administration of phenylephrine
and rolling of the horse or laparotomy and manual replacement of the colon.
short c. see descending colon (above).
redundant c. extra bends in the descending colon. Seen on radiographs, especially
in large breed dogs. Of no clinical significance.
right dorsal c. displacement displacement of the right dorsal colon in the horse to
the area between the right body wall and the cecum, in an anterior direction so that
the pelvic flexure comes to lie against the diaphragm.
small c. the terminal colon in the horse between the transverse colon and the rectum.
Because of its small diameter it is a common site for obstruction by phytobezoars
and similar bodies.
spiral c. the coiled ascending colon of ruminants, made up of two centripetal gyri,
a central flexure and two centrifugal gyri.
colonic [ko-lon′ik] pertaining to or arising from the colon.
c. aganglionosis see colonic aganglionosis.
c. atony see megacolon.
c. atresia affected neonates appear normal at birth but develop abdominal distention
quickly. No feces are passed and death occurs at about one week unless surgical repair
is effected. The defect occurs sporadically in most species. In horses and cattle
it can be inherited, in cattle it can result from palpation of the fetus between 35
and 41 days gestation at pregnancy diagnosis, but the cause is not determined in most
cases.
c. bands see tenia coli.
c. constriction due to contraction of peritoneal adhesions in horses; causes chronic
or intermittent colic.
c. contraction permanent inability of colon to dilate due to congenital aganglionosis.
c. entrapment see left colon displacement.
c. foreign body foreign bodies, e.g., halter shanks, are found in the colon in horses,
having passed the gastric sphincter and the ileocecal valve; quickly encrusted with
salts.
c. impaction intractable constipation occurs in dogs and cats, primarily with obstruction
by foreign material and secondarily when there is an obstruction to the normal passage
of feces, including retention because of pain at defecation. See also colon impaction
colic of horses.
c. infarction see thromboembolic colic.
c. ischemia deprivation of blood supply to all or part of the colon. See also intestinal
torsion, intestinal strangulation, intestinal obstruction colic.
c. obstruction see colonic impaction (above), intestinal obstruction.
c. rupture occurs, apparently spontaneously, in mares at foaling, death occurring
soon afterwards.
c. torsion in horses, see under equine colic. In cattle, torsion of the coiled colon
is an acute obstruction with coils of gas-distended colon visible in the right flank
and palpable per rectum.
c. wash fecal samples can be collected from reptiles by flushing the colon with saline
through a catheter inserted through the cloaca and into the colon.
colonitis inflammation of the colon; colitis.
colonoileoscope an elongated flexible endoscope which permits visual examination of
the lumen of the colon and ileum.
colonoileoscopy endoscopic examination of the lumen of the colon and ileum.
colonopathy [ko″lo-nop′
-the] any disease or disorder of the colon.
colonorrhagia hemorrhage from the colon.
colonorrhea mucous colitis.
colonoscope [ko-lon′o-skōp] an elongated flexible endoscope which permits visual examination
of the lumen of the colon.
colonoscopy [ko″l
n-os′k
-pe] endoscopic examination of the colon, either transabdominally during laparoscopy,
or transanally by means of a colonoscope.
colony [kol′
-ne] a discrete group of organisms, as a single cluster of bacteria in a culture that
was produced from a single starting bacterium.
c.-forming units 1. a unit of measurement of the number of viable bacteria in a liquid.
2. Colonies of pluripotent stem cells located and quantified in the spleen. Colonies
grown in vitro interact with erythropoietin to give rise to morphologically identifiable
erythroid cells.
c.-stimulating factors cytokines produced by a variety of tissues, which stimulate
the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Includes granulocyte–macrophage
colony-stimulating factor, monocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor.
colony collapse disorder (CCD) a syndrome of sudden die-off of honey bee colonies
characterized by a lack of adult bees in the hive, the presence of a queen bee and
some recently emerged young bees, little to no build-up of dead bees, and abundant
honey and pollen stored within the nest. A global problem for beekeepers and for the
crops that depend on bee pollination. Parasitic disease and newer systemic agricultural
insecticides are considered part of the cocktail of factors responsible but a cause
has not been identified.
colopexy [ko′lo-pek″se] surgical fixation or suspension of the colon, usually to the
dorsolateral abdominal wall to prevent recurring rectal prolapse.
coloplication [ko″lo-plľ-ka′sh
n] the operation of taking a reef or fold in the colon. An inverting stitch, e.g.,
Lembert, will also plicate the colon. This could be used over a weakened wall which
is still viable, e.g., needle decompression site.
coloproctectomy [ko″lo-prok-tek′t
-me] surgical removal of the colon and rectum.
coloproctitis [ko″lo-prok-ti′tis] inflammation of the colon and rectum; colorectitis.
coloproctostomy [ko″lo-prok-tos′t
-me] anastomosis of the colon to the rectum.
coloptosis [ko″lo-to′sis] caudal displacement of the colon.
colopuncture [ko′lo-pungk′ch
r] colocentesis.
color [kul′
r] 1. a property of a surface or substance due to absorption of certain light rays
and reflection of others within the range of wavelengths (roughly 370 to 760 nm) adequate
to excite the retinal receptors. 2. radiant energy within the range of adequate chromatic
stimuli of the retina, i.e., between the infrared and ultraviolet. 3. a sensory impression
of one of the rainbow hues.
broken c. in describing coat color, a solid color broken up by another color, usually
white.
c. dilution reduction of the concentration of the color pigment in tissue; most important
in hair and other fiber coats, in the skin and in the ocular iris.
c. dilution alopecia see color dilution alopecia.
c. pigments the pigments influencing skin color are melanin, melanoid, oxygenated
hemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin, carotene.
c. radical see chromophore.
solid c. said of animal haircoats; the same color all over the animal.
c. therapy in complementary medicine, the use of colors to affect mood and the immune
system. Called also chromatherapy.
color-marking bulls bulls fitted with chin-ball marking harness for the detection
of cows in estrus.
Colorado rubber tree Hymenoxys
richardsonii, Colorado rubberweed.
colorectal [ko″lo-rek′t
l] pertaining to or of the nature of the colon and the rectum.
c. polyp benign or malignant; most commonly occurs at the anorectal junction in middle-aged
dogs, causing diarrhea, dyschezia and rectal bleeding.
colorectitis [ko″lo-rek-ti′tis] inflammation of the colon and rectum; coloproctitis.
colorectostomy [ko″lo-rek-tos′t
-me] see coloproctostomy.
colorectum [ko″lo-rek′t
m] the distal portion of the colon and the rectum, regarded as a unit.
colorimetry a system for determining the concentration of a substance in solution
by its absorbance of light of specified wavelengths.
Colorpoint, Colourpoint in cats, a light-colored body with darker pigmentation on
the ears, face, legs and tail (points), as seen in Siamese cats from which this was
genetically derived. It has been developed in shorthair and longhair varieties. The
colors and patterns developed by selective breeding appear to be endless.
C. longhair generally regarded as a color variation of the Persian cat. See Himalayan.
C. shorthair essentially a Siamese cat with colored points other than the classic
seal, chocolate, blue and lilac. In North America these are regarded as a separate
breed, the Colorpoint shorthair, but in Britain they are regarded as separate varieties
of Siamese.
colorrhaphy [ko-lor′
-fe] suture of the colon.
colorsided said of cattle of any breed that have head, back and underline, tail and
legs of one, or a mixture of other colors and sides that are differently marked and
colored, e.g., Banteng, Telemark.
coloscope [kol′o-skōp] see colonoscope.
coloscopy [ko-los′ko-pe] see colonoscopy.
colostomy [k
-los′t
-me] an artificial opening (stoma) created in the large intestine and brought to the
surface of the abdomen for the purpose of evacuating the bowels; also the opening
(stoma) so created. Has been used successfully in the treatment of rectal tears in
horses.
end-on c. the colon is transected and the distal portion is removed.
loop c. the colon remains intact; usually temporary.
colostral supplement products such as an ultrafiltrate of whey containing significant
quantities of immunoglobulins are available for oral use as colostral supplements.
colostrogenesis secretion of colostrum.
colostrometer a hydrometer calibrated to read the immunoglobulin concentration in
a sample of colostrum.12
colostrum [k
-los′tr
m] the thick, yellow secretion present in the mammary gland in increasing amounts
for several days or weeks, depending on the species, before parturition. It is very
rich in maternal antibodies and is essential in providing passive immunity to the
neonate. An adequate amount of colostrum must be ingested during the first few hours
after birth while the intestinal epithelium is still permeable to the large molecules
of the immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulin concentrations in colostrum vary between species
and are much higher than those found later in the milk. The predominant immunoglobulin
in the colostrum of all major domestic animals is IgG. Swine have, in addition, high
concentrations of IgA. See also colostral immunoglobulins. Called also beestings.
C-72:
Colostrometer. A commercially available hygrometer for measurement of immunoglobulin
concentraion in colostrum. Commonly used for this purpose but there are limitations
to its accuracy for this purpose.
c.-induced anemia occurs in lambs fed cow colostrum; thought to be an immune-mediated
hemolytic anemia.
bloody c. see hemolactia.
cross species c. preserved colostrum fed to a young animal from other than a dam of
the same species. There is a risk for anemia in lambs and kids fed cow colostrum.
c. replacements commercially available products containing immunoglobulins derived
from the processing of serum collected at cattle slaughter or second-milking colostrum
purchased from dairies. The majority have sub-optimal concentrations of immunoglobulin
to replace natural colostrum. Some are labeled as colostrum supplements but marketed
as colostrum replacements.
synthetic c. although referred to as colostrum, formulas can only attempt to duplicate
milk of a particular species since they are lacking in immunoglobulins. See milk replacer.
c. vacuoles eosinophilic colostrum present in vacuoles in cytoplasm of intestinal
epithelial cells in newborn animals.
colotomy [ko-lot′
-me] incision of the colon.
colovaginal [ko″lo-vaj′ľ-n
l] pertaining to or communicating with the colon and vagina.
colovesical [ko″lo-ves′ľ-k
l] pertaining to or communicating with the colon and urinary bladder.
colpalgia [kol-pal′j
] pain in the vagina.
colpatresia [kol″p
-tre′zh] atresia, or occlusion of the vagina.
colpectasia [kol″pek-ta′zh
] distention or dilation of the vagina.
colpectomy [kol-pek′t
-me] excision of the vagina.
colpeurysis [kol-pu′rľ-sis] operative dilatation of the vagina.
colpitis [kol-pi′tis] inflammation of the vaginal mucosa; vaginitis.
colp(o)- word element. [Gr.] relationship to the vagina.
colpocele [kol′po-sēl] see vaginal hernia.
Colpocephalum
a genus of lice of the family Menoponidae. Includes C. tausi (turkey) and C. turbinatum
(pigeons).
colpocleisis [kol″po-kli′sis] surgical closure of the vaginal canal.
colpocystitis [kol″po-sis-ti′tis] inflammation of the vagina and bladder.
colpocystocele [kol″po-sis′to-sēl] hernia of the bladder into the vagina via ruptured
vaginal wall.
colpocytogram [kol″po-si′to-gram] a differential listing of the cells observed in
smears from the vaginal mucosa.
colpocytology [kol″po-si-tol′
-je] the quantitative and differential study of cells exfoliated from the epithelium
of the vagina.
colpoperineoplasty [kol″po-per″ľ-ne′o-plas″te] plastic repair of the vagina and perineum.
colpoperineorrhaphy [kol″po-per″ľ-ne-or′
-fe] surgical repair of a lacerated vagina and perineum.
colpopexy [kol′po-pek″se] surgical repair of recurrent vaginal prolapse.
colpoplasty [kol′po-plas″te] plastic surgery involving the vagina.
colpoptosis [kol″po-to′sis] prolapse of the vagina.
colporrhaphy [kol-por′
-fe] a surgical procedure to repair, or reinforce, the fascial support layer between
the bladder and the vagina.
colporrhexis [kol″po-rek′sis] laceration of the vagina.
colposcope [kol′po-skōp] a speculum for examining the vagina and cervix by means of
a magnifying lens.
colpospasm [kol′po-spaz″
m] vaginal spasm.
colpostenosis [kol″po-st
-no′sis] contraction or narrowing of the vagina.
colpostenotomy [kol″po-st
-not′
-me] a surgical correction for stricture of the vagina.
colposuspension [kol″po-s
s-pen′sh
n] a surgical procedure used in the treatment of urinary incontinence caused by urethral
sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs. The procedure aims to move an intrapelvic
bladder neck to an intra-abdominal position by suturing the vaginal wall to the prepubic
tendon each side of the neck of the urinary bladder. Called also vaginal advancement.
colpotomy [kol-pot′
-me] incision made near the fornix of the vagina to gain access to the abdominal cavity.
Used for ovariectomy in mares and cows.
colpoxerosis [kol″po-ze-ro′sis] abnormal dryness of the vulva and vagina.
colt a young entire male horse up to 4 years of age; may be qualified, e.g., yearling
colt; used also as an adjective, e.g., colt foal.
colt’s foot Tussilago farfara
Coltivirus
[kol′tľ-vi″r
s] a genus in the family Reoviridae with the human pathogens Colorado tick fever virus,
Eyach virus and Tarumizu virus:
Colubridae [kol-u′brľ-de] a large family of snakes in the class Reptilia with a number
of subfamilies; members are called colubrids.
Columbia sheep medium wool, mutton type of polled American sheep. Produced using Lincoln
rams on Rambouillet ewes. Common breed on western range in the USA.
Columbia SK virus a picornavirus in the genus Cardiovirus which causes encephalomyocarditis
in zoo animals.
Columbicola
a genus of lice in the superfamily Ischnocera. Includes Columbicola columbae (pigeons).
columbiformes see pigeon.
columbine see
Aquilegia vulgaris
.
Columbus fancy an American breed of canaries, derived from several English varieties.
A medium to large-sized bird with either a smooth or crested head.
Columbus grass Sorghum
x almum.
columella [kol″u-mel′
] pl. columellae [L.] a little column.
c. auris a connecting rod between the avian eardrum and the perilymph of the inner
ear via the rod’s footplate.
c. nasi the ridge of tissue separating the two nostrils and usually divided by a furrow
(the filtrum).
column [kol′
m] an anatomical part in the form of a pillar-like structure; anything resembling
a pillar.
anal c’s longitudinal folds of mucous membrane at the cranial half of the anal canal;
called also rectal columns.
c. of Bertin extensions of renal cortex between the renal pyramids.
dorsal c. the sensory tracts in the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord, consisting
of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus. In transverse section, seen as
a horn.
gray c. the longitudinally oriented parts of the spinal cord in which the nerve cell
bodies are found, comprising the gray matter of the spinal cord.
lateral c. the lateral portion of the gray substance of the spinal cord, in transverse
section seen as a horn; present only in the thoracic and anterior lumbar regions and
especially associated with the sympathetic nervous system.
rectal c’s anal columns.
spinal c. the rigid structure in the midline of the back, composed of the vertebrae.
Called also vertebral column. See also spine.
ventral c. the ventral portion of the gray substance of the spinal cord, in transverse
section seen as a horn.
columna [ko-lum′n
] pl. columnae [L.] column.
columnaris disease an important disease of fish caused by infection with the bacteria
Flavobacterium columnare (Cytophaga columnaris). It is characterized by circumscribed
gray-white lesions on the skin about the head, gills and fins and on the body. Called
also saddlepatch disease.
false c.d. similar to columnaris disease but caused by infection with the bacteria
Flavobacterium psychrophilium. Characterized by skin erosion especially at the fins
and jaws.
colza
Brassica rapa var. silvestris.
coma [ko′m
] a state of unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused, even by powerful
stimuli, but reflex activity is still present.
alpha c. coma in which there are electroencephalographic findings of dominant alpha-wave
activity.
diabetic c. the coma of severe diabetic acidosis. See also diabetes mellitus.
hepatic c. results from reversible biochemical abnormalities of the cerebrum, caused
by elevated blood concentrations of toxic substances such as ammonia, amino acids,
short-chain fatty acids and beta hydroxylated biogenic amines that accumulate in severe
liver disease. Causes diffuse cerebrocortical dysfunction with abnormal mentation.
See also hepatic encephalopathy.
irreversible c. coma in which for a period of 24 hours there is complete nonreceptivity
and nonresponsivity even to the most intensely painful stimuli, no spontaneous movement
or breathing, absence of elicitable reflexes, and a flat electroencephalogram. See
also brain dead.
myxedema c. the mental stupor caused by severe hypothyroidism; seen most often in
Doberman pinchers, it is associated with hypoventilation, hypothermia, hypotension
and bradycardia. Death may occur.
c. scale see coma scale.
Comandra pallida
North American plant in the family Santalaceae; a facultative selenium converter plant;
a selenocompound causes poisoning in livestock. Called also bastard toadflax.
comatose [ko′m
-tōs] pertaining to or affected with coma.
comb 1. a vascular, red cutaneous structure attached in a sagittal plane to the dorsum
of the skull of domestic fowl. It consists of a base attached to the skull, a central
mass called the body, a backward projecting blade and upward projecting points. Called
also cockscomb. 2. see ctenidium.
buttercup c. (1) has no blade and is divided sagittally with a cup shape and with
points arranged around the cup.
cushion c. (1) a low, small, oval, smooth body with no points.
nasal c. (1) the red, vascular structure across the base of the beak in the turkey.
Called also snood, frontal process.
pea c. (1) has three blades with a row of points arising from each.
rose c. (1) a low elongated comb from which many small points arise. There is a backward
projecting spike in lieu of a blade.
Silkie c. (1) similar to the V-comb but without points.
single c. (1) has all of the components without variation; the standard comb.
strawberry c. (1) a small, oval, flattened comb with a wrinkled surface.
V-c. (1) two large, conical points that diverge from a sizeable body. Usually accompanies
a crest of feathers.
combinatorial library in immunology, the ligation of cDNAs of light and heavy chains
of immunoglobulins, each in a separate bacteriophage vector.
combined immune deficiency syndrome (disease) an inherited defect of immunity resulting
in completely deficient humoral and cellular immunity. Autosomal recessive inheritance
in foals of Arabian and part-Arabian breeding, Jack Russell terriers, some breeds
of pigs and mice. Mutation in horses is a five-base-pair deletion (frameshift mutation)
at codon 9480 in the gene that codes for DNA-dependent protein kinase. Clinically
the foal is normal at birth but as passive immunity acquired from the mare declines
the foal ultimately dies from infectious disease. Called also CID and PSCID for primary
severe CID and lethal combined immune deficiency syndrome.
combined movements involuntary movements of the head and limbs in which the components
of the movement always occur in the same sequence and with the same force.
Combretum glaucocarpa
cause of death in cattle in Brazil. Manifest with renal and hepatic damage.
Combretum platypetalum
African plant in the family Combretaceae; the seeds cause vomiting, incoordination
and paralysis in the pig. Called also red wings.
combustion [k
m-bus′ch
n] rapid oxidation with emission of heat.
Comeback Australian breed of wool sheep, bred by crossing Merino with Corriedale,
Polwarth or Zenith sheep; wool is 21 to 25 microns. It is a registered breed, but
the term is more commonly used in the sense of a type of sheep produced by crossbreeding
a crossbred Merino back to Merino.
comedo [kom′
-do] pl. comedones a skin lesion consisting of a plug of keratin and sebum within
the dilated orifice of a hair follicle frequently containing bacteria; a blackhead.
Found in feline and canine acne, hyperadrenocorticism, Schnauzer comedo syndrome (see
below).
Schnauzer c. syndrome a condition in which numerous comedones form in the skin over
the back of some predisposed miniature Schnauzer dogs. The cause is unknown but believed
to be an inherited developmental dysplasia of hair follicles.
comes [ko′mēz] pl. comites [L.] an artery or vein accompanying another vessel or nerve.
comet-tail in ultrasonography, a type of reverberation artifact, caused by a number
of small, highly reflective interfaces, such as gas bubbles.
comfrey [kom′fre] see
Symphytum
.
rough c.
Symphytum asperum.
Russian c.
Symphytum x uplandicum.
command points in acupuncture, specific points on each meridian which correspond to
each of the five phases of the five elements.
COMMD1 copper metabolism MURR1 containing domain 1, formerly called MURR1, is a protein
critical for copper excretion; a deletion in part of the gene encoding this protein
causes inherited copper toxicosis of Bedlington terriers.
commensal [ko-men′s
l] 1. living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without harming or
benefiting the host individual. 2. a parasitic organism that causes no harm to the
host.
commensalism [ko-men′s
l-iz″
m] symbiosis in which one population or individual is benefited and the other is neither
benefited nor harmed.
commingle to mingle together, e.g., cattle mingling with deer.
comminuted [kom′ľ- ′
d] broken or crushed into small pieces, as a comminuted bone fracture.
comminution [kom″ľ-noo′sh
n] the act of breaking, or condition of being broken, into small fragments.
commissure, commissura [kom′ľ-sh
r, kom″ľ-su′r] a site of union of corresponding parts, as the angle of the lips or
eyelids; used also with specific reference to the sites of junction between adjacent
cusps of the heart valves, cerebral hemispheres, etc.
brain c. the bands of fibers connecting the parts of the two cerebral hemispheres.
They include the corpus callosum, the largest commissure, a rostral commissure which
is part of the paleopallium and the fornical commissure which is related to the archipallium,
the caudal collicular commissure which connects the caudal colliculi (corpora quadrigemina).
Called also cerebral commissure.
C-73:
Craniocaudal and mediolateral radiographs demonstrating a comminuted fracture of the
distal part of the diaphysis of the humerus.
Johnston, Spencer A., VMD, DACVS and Karen Tobias, DVM, MS, DACVS. Veterinary Surgery:
Small Animal Expert Consult: 2-Volume Set, 2nd Edition. Saunders, 2017.
cerebral c. see brain commissure (above).
fornical c. interconnection between the right and left hippocampi. Called also fornical
commissure.
habenular c. interconnection between the right and left habenular nuclei.
middle c. a band of gray matter joining the optic thalami; it develops as a secondary
adhesion and may be absent.
posterior c. a large fiber bundle crossing from one side of the cerebrum to the other
dorsal to where the aqueduct opens into the third ventricle.
spinal cord c. the gray and white commissures which connect the two sides of the spinal
cord.
commissurorrhaphy [kom″ľ-sh
r-or′
-fe] surgical closure of the components of a commissure, to lessen the size of the
orifice.
commissurotomy [kom″ľ-sh
r-ot′
-me] surgical incision or digital disruption of the components of a commissure to
increase the size of the orifice.
mitral c. the breaking apart of the adherent leaves (commissure) of the mitral valve.
commodities in cattle feeding, a term used for feedstuffs such as cotton seed hulls,
brewers grains, etc. that are usually by-products from other food industries.
common [kom′
n] a shared structure, function, disease. See also under specific name of the item,
e.g., atrioventricular canal.
c. pathway see coagulation pathways.
c. source a point from which a number of animals are infected or affected. The point
from which a common source or point epidemic begins.
c. stonecrop see
Sedum acre
.
c. sucker a fish. See
Catostomus commersoni
.
Commonwealth Agriculture Bureaux (CAB) see CAB International (CABI)
communicability transmissibility; ability to spread from infected to susceptible hosts.
c. period the time during which the patient is infectious to others.
communication communication between animals depends on sight and hearing and, especially
in dogs, on the sense of smell. The matters about which animals communicate include
(1) for recognition between dam and newborn; (2) for mating; (3) for initiating aggression
or welcome; (4) for signaling danger or safety. Dogs have several skills that allow
them to respond to different signals given by humans and use human pointing, body
posture, gaze direction, touching or marking as cues. See also vocalization.
auditory c. communication by all kinds of vocalization.
chemical c. communication by smell, especially by pheromones.
visual c. besides size and color other modes of visual communication which are of
great importance in animal life include stance, demeanor, behavior, and the synthesis
of all of these in ‘body language’.
community [k
-mu′nľ-te] a group of individuals living in an area, having a common interest, or
belonging to the same organization.
c. adoption curve graphic display of the rate at which persons in a community adopt
new techniques and strategies.
compact cattle [kom′pakt, k
m-pakt′] dwarf cattle.
compaction [k
m-pak′sh
n] packing together as in twin births when both fetuses engage the pelvis at the same
time, in prolonged constipation in dogs, and in compaction of endochondral bone as
a part of normal bone modeling.
companion animal dogs, cats, pleasure horses, birds, mice, guinea pigs and more exotic
species kept by humans for company, amusement, psychological support, extrovert display
and all of the other functions that humans need to share with animals of other species;
companions who will not take emotional or psychological advantage of the person and
will, for the most part, stay faithful.
Companion Animal Eye Registry (CAER) n this program, board certified (ACVO) veterinary
ophthalmologists (specialists) perform screening examinations, certify dogs free of
eye disease, and collect data, in conjunction with the OFA. Called also the OFA Companion
Animal Eye Registry.
companionship the faculty possessed by most truly domesticated animals. They are social
creatures and have a great need for the companionship of other animals. Animals in
groups are quieter and more productive as a rule.
comparative a study based on the use of comparison.
c. economic analysis comparison of the performance of an enterprise such as a farm
with the performance of a peer group of enterprises.
c. medicine the study of human disease by comparison with the diseases of animals,
depending largely on work with naturally occurring diseases of animals that are models
for human diseases. May be confined to specialty areas, such as dermatology or ophthalmology.
The reverse attitude also applies but not in the same positive sense that humans can
be used as experimental animals.
comparison the basis of analytical epidemiology, the statistical comparison between
groups.
c. groups the groups between which a statistical comparison is to be made.
c. population the population in which a comparison between groups is to be conducted.
All of the groups to be used comprise the population.
compartment [k
m-pahrt′m
nt] a part of the body as a whole and divided from the rest by a physical partition.
fluid c. that liquid part of the body excluded by cell membranes. Includes intravascular
and intercellular compartments.
stomach c’s. components of the camelid stomach; see stomach compartments.
c. syndrome muscles which are contained in an aponeurotic sheath may be subjected
to ischemic myonecrosis when they increase in the size as a result of vigorous muscular
activity or damage to the muscle such as can occur with prolonged recumbency and external
pressure on the muscle.
compartmental muscle compression syndrome see compartment syndrome.
compatible [k
m-pat′ľ-b
l] capable of existing together without adverse reaction. In therapeutics drugs that
can be administered together without reacting together so as to reduce or block the
other’s effectiveness.
compensation [kom″p
n-sa′sh
n] the counterbalancing of any defect of structure or function. 1. in cardiology,
the maintenance of an adequate blood flow without distressing signs. 2. in preventive
medicine the payment of farmers for losses incurred by the destruction of their livestock
when controlling an infectious disease.
depth-gain c. see time gain compensation (below).
time gain c. (TGC) in ultrasonography, electronic amplification of returning sound
waves. Echoes from deeper tissues are weaker due to attenuation, these are amplified
to achieve a uniform image intensity.
compensatory [k
m-pen′s
-tor″e] pertaining to or emanating from compensation.
c. hypertrophy impaired function of one organ in a paired organ system or of part
of an organ in a single organ system is followed by enlargement of the surviving organ
or tissue so that functional capacity is maintained.
competent [kom′p
-t
nt] able.
c. bacterial cells able to take up DNA.
competitive the relationship in which two or more entities contend for association
with another.
c. exclusion the feeding of non-pathogenic bacteria to food animals and poultry in
order to reduce colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract
through bacterial antagonism and competitive exclusion. Basis of probiotics
c. inhibitors compounds, often structural analogs of the substrate, that bind reversibly
to an enzyme denying the substrates access to the active site and slowing the rate
of the reaction.
complement [kom′pl
-m
nt] a complex of enzymatic proteins occurring in normal serum that are triggered in
a cascade manner by, and interact with, antibody–antigen complexes, producing lysis
when the antigen is an intact cell. Complement comprises 25 to 30 discrete proteins,
labeled numerically as C1 to C9, and by letters, i.e., B, D, P, etc., and with C1
being divided into subcomponents C1q, C1r and C1s. Components C3 and C5 are involved
in the generation of anaphylatoxin and in the promotion of leukocyte chemotaxis, the
result of these two activities being the inflammatory response. C1 and C4 are involved
in the neutralization of viruses. The components also combine in various sequences
to participate in other biological activities, including antibody-mediated immune
lysis, phagocytosis, opsonization and anaphylaxis. The complement system is known
to be activated by the immunoglobulins IgM and IgG.
alternate c. pathway, alternative c. pathway the sequence in which complement components
C3 and C5 to C9 are activated without participation by C1, C2 and C4 or the presence
of an antibody–antigen complex.
c. cascade the sequence of reactions, each being the catalyst for the next, that leads
to the terminal complement pathway and cell lysis. There are two pathways for activation
of C3, the ‘classical’ (below) and the ‘alternate’ (above).
classical c. pathway the complement activation pathway in which all of the complement
components C1 to C9 participate and is triggered by antibody–antigen complexes.
c. deficiency various complement components may be deficient without serious effects
on the host. C3 deficiency is most severe and occurs in humans, Brittany spaniels
and Finnish-Landrace lambs. Increased susceptibility to infections results.
c. fixation tests utilize complement and specific antigen-antibody reactions to determine
the presence of specific antibodies in the blood by detection of hemolysis. Involves
two stages. In the first, also referred to as the test system, antigen is mixed usually
with serial dilutions of a test serum in the presence of complement. If the serum
contains antibody, i.e., is positive, an antibody–antigen complex is formed which
also activates (fixes) complement. In the second stage, also called the indicator
system, sheep red blood cells coated with specific, usually rabbit antisheep red blood
cell antibody are added. The red blood cells are said to be sensitized. If antibody
was not present in stage 1, then the free complement lyses the sensitized sheep red
blood cells. The basis of many serological tests including those for glanders, tuberculosis
and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Called also Bordet–Gengou phenomenon. See also
immunity.
c. regulatory proteins a set of at least seven proteins that are present in plasma
(C1 INH, C4b-binding protein, factor H and factor I) or present in cell membranes
(decay-accelerating factor [DAF], membrane cofactor protein [MCP] and homologous restriction
factor [HHF]) that modulate the complement proteins and protect ‘innocent’ bystander
cells and tissues from complement damage.
terminal c. pathway the final stages of complement activation in which C5b, C6, C7,
C8 and C9 are activated; common to both the alternate and classical pathways; results
in formation of the attack complex which forms pores in cell membranes.
complementarity the relationship between bases in the DNA double helix whereby every
base on one strand is matched to a complementary base on the other strand by hydrogen
bonds.
c.-determining region (CDR) restricted regions within the variable regions of antibodies
that bind to antigenic determinants.
complementary, alternative, and integrative therapies [kom″pl
-men ′t
-re] defined by the American Veterinary Medical Association as a heterogeneous group
of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic philosophies and practices that are not
considered part of conventional (Western) medicine as practiced by most veterinarians
and veterinary technicians. These therapies include, but are not limited to, veterinary
acupuncture, acutherapy, and acupressure; veterinary homeopathy; veterinary manual
or manipulative therapy (i.e., therapies based on techniques practiced in osteopathy,
chiropractic medicine, or physical medicine and therapy); veterinary nutraceutical
therapy; and veterinary phytotherapy. The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (UK)
maintains that such therapies should be complementary rather than an alternative to
treatments for which there is a recognised evidence base or which are based in sund
scientific principles.
complementary and alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM) [kom″ pl
-men′t
-re] see complementary, alternative, and integrative therapies. See also acupuncture,
aromatherapy, Ayurvedic medicine, Bach flower therapy, bioenergetic medicine, traditional
Chinese medicine, chiropractic, ethnoveterinary medicine, herbal medicine, holistic
medicine, homeopathy, integrative medicine, magnetic field therapy, massage therapy,
naturopathic medicine, nutraceutical medicine, orthomolecular therapy.
complementation [kom″pl
-men-ta′sh
n] infection of the same cell by two viruses in which one provides a gene product
which the other requires.
α-complementation a method for selecting bacteria that have been transformed with
a plasmid vector in the pUC series which carries the N-terminal coding sequence for
β-galactosidase of the lac operon.
complete blood count (CBC) a complete assessment of circulating elements in the peripheral
blood. Includes a quantitative report on the cellular elements, hemogolobin concentration,
packed cell volume, red blood cell indices, possibly platelet indices and a report
on cellular morphology. See also blood count.
complex [kom′pleks] 1. the sum or combination of various things, like or unlike, as
a complex of clinical signs. 2. that portion of an electrocardiographic tracing that
represents the depolarization of the ventricle. 3. in chemistry, ensembles of molecules
formed by a combination of compounds and ions held together by chemical forces.
antibody–antigen c. a complex formed by the combining of antibody and antigen. Called
also immune complex.
Ghon c. see primary complex (below).
Golgi c. a complex cellular organelle involved in the synthesis of glycoproteins,
lipoproteins, membrane-bound proteins and lysosomal enzymes. See also Golgi apparatus.
immune c. antibody–antigen complex.
major histocompatibility c. (MHC) see major histocompatibility complex.
multienzyme c. the bringing together of all of the enzymes involved in a series of
reactions such that the product of enzyme A is passed directly to enzyme B and so
on to the final product.
olivary nuclear c. gray matter located in the medulla oblongata dorsal to the pyramidal
tracts; an important part of the motor feedback regulatory mechanism.
primary c. the combination of a parenchymal pulmonary lesion and a corresponding lymph
node focus, occurring in primary tuberculosis. Similar lesions may also be associated
with other mycobacterial infections and with fungal infections. Called also Ghon complex.
compliance [kom-pli′
ns] 1. the quality of yielding to pressure or force without disruption, or an expression
of the measure of ability to do so, as an expression of the distensibility of an air-
or fluid-filled organ, e.g., the lung or urinary bladder, in terms of unit of volume
per unit of pressure. The compliance of the lungs (CL) and thorax (CT) determine the
elastic resistance to ventilation. The total compliance of the lungs and thorax (CLT)
is given by the formula 1/CLT = 1/CL + 1/CT. CL is measured by determining the intrapleural
pressure at different end-inspiratory volumes. A balloon-tipped catheter is used to
determine the intrapleural pressure, which is transmitted through the soft wall of
the esophagus. CL is usually divided by the functional residual capacity to give the
specific compliance. Lung compliance is decreased in congestive heart failure and
interstitial lung disease and increased in emphysema. CLT can be measured by determining
the change in lung volume for various amounts of pressure difference between the mouth
and chest surface using a body plethysmograph. 2. The willingness to follow a prescribed
course of treatment or the extent to which owners follow the veterinary advice given.
blood vessel c. the ability of each blood vessel to expand, or contract, to best accommodate
a particular volume, and a particular hydrostatic pressure of blood depends on the
proportional composition, and the distribution, of its content of collagen, elastin,
smooth muscle.
C. Policy Guide most recently updated in 2016, an addition to the (US) Federal Food,
Drug and Cosmetic Act which allows for the extralabel use of drug products approved
for use in animals, to be used in minor species (defined by exclusion as, animals
other than cattle, horses, swine, chickens, turkeys, dogs and cats) when there are
no approved treatment options available, the health of animals is threatened, and
suffering or death would result from failure to treat the affected animals. Requires
a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship and there are a number of documentary
requirements.
complication [kom″plľ-ka′sh
n] 1. a disease(s) concurrent with another disease. 2. the occurrence of two or more
diseases in the same patient. 3. the occurrence of a second disease as a consequence
of the first.
component therapy [kom-po′n
nt] in transfusion medicine, use of just that component of blood which is required,
e.g., whole blood, packed red blood cells, or plasma.
composite [k
m-poz′it] a dental material to perform a defect restoration.
composite milk samples [k
m-poz′it] a specimen is taken from each of the four quarters, or the two halves in
ewes, does and mares, into the same sample bottle. Contrast with quarter samples.
compound [kom′pound] 1. made up of diverse elements or ingredients. 2. a substance
made up of two or more materials. 3. in chemistry, a substance made up of two or more
elements in union. The elements are united chemically, which means that each of the
original elements loses its individual characteristics once it has combined with the
other element(s).
c. 469 see isoflurane.
c. 1080 see sodium fluoroacetate.
c. 1081 see fluoroacetamide.
c. granular corpuscle see gitter cells.
compress [kom′pr
s] a square of gauze or similar dressing, for application of pressure or medication
to a restricted area, or for local applications of heat or cold.
compression [kom-presh′
n] 1. the act of pressing upon or together; the state of being pressed together. 2.
in embryology, the shortening or omission of certain developmental stages.
c. band pulled tightly across an animal on an x-ray table to reduce thickness, restrict
respiratory movement and restrain the patient. Both ends of the band are fixed to
the table and there is a mechanism for tightening it. May be used to apply pressure
to the abdomen of a dog to increase the visibility of abdominal organs, although this
is rarely performed in modern radiology due to the avaliability of ultrasound and
computed tomography.
c./distraction methods a stress-radiographic method of positioning dogs for the assessment
of hip laxity for the diagnosis of hip dysplasia. One radiograph is taken with the
femoral heads compressed into the acetabula. The other position is with maximal lateral
displacement of the femoral heads using a special device for leverage.
hourglass c. in cervical spondylomyelopathy (wobbler syndrome), characteristic combination
of dorsal and ventral compression of the cervical spinal cord caused by a combination
of hypertrophy of the anulus fibrosus, hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum and degenerative
disease of articular facets.
c. plating an internal fixation method of treating fractures by the application of
plates across the fracture lines and fixing them in place with specially designed
screws. The objective is to provide extreme stability of the fracture. Properly designed
plates of the correct size for the patient and the use of screws with maximum holding
power make the system independent of any additional form of support.
C-74:
Compression screws used in fracture repair in horses.
From Hinchcliff KW, Kaneps AJ, Geor RJ, Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery, Saunders,
2004.
c. plating device a device that is connected to an already fixed end of a compression
plate and then connected to the other bone fragment so as to obtain as complete compression
as possible. Not commonly used when modern dynamic compression plates are utilized.
spinal cord c. compression of the cord by a space-occupying lesion in the vertebral
canal causes an upper motor neuron syndrome below and a lower motor neuron syndrome
at the site of the lesion.
comprest cattle dwarf cattle.
compromised 1. lacking adequate resistance to infection, or lacking the ability to
mount an adequate immune response, owing to a course of treatment, e.g., immunosuppressive
drugs or infections, irradiation, or to an underlying disorder, e.g., leukemia. 2.
lacking a sufficient blood supply to remain viable.
Compton effect [komp′t
n] the decrease in energy of electromagnetic radiation due to the interaction of a
photon with an outer shell electron of a target. One of a one of the three kinds of
interaction when x-rays pass through an absorbing medium. The interacting photons
pass on in a new direction (Compton scatter) having given up part of their energy
in ionizing an atom in the absorbing medium (Compton absorption). Important in the
upper range of x-ray energies used in veterinary imaging.
Compton metabolic profile test [komp′t
n] a test based on the concept that the nutritional status of an animal can be estimated
by the chemical measurement of some of the components of the blood. It is used to
determine the need for variation in the diet of the animal or herd and is thought
to be more accurate and to be effective much earlier than the clinical assessments
that are more customary as preventive measures. The testing procedure includes the
collection of blood samples on a number of occasions during the year and from cows
in various stages of nutritional and lactational stress. Only a small group of cows
is examined and proper statistical precautions are taken to ensure that conclusions
drawn will be valid. A large number of biochemical estimations are carried out on
the blood samples, and in some instances on urine samples, so that the animals’ nutritional
and metabolic status with respect to most of the significant metabolites can be assessed.
compulsive [kom-pul′siv] the state of being subject to compulsion.
c. drinking see primary polydipsia.
c. rolling an involuntary movement in which the recumbent patient persists in rolling,
always in the same direction, until it meets an obstruction.
c. walking affected animals walk oblivious to their surroundings. They appear to be
blind, walk into objects, headpress against them and stay in this position for long
periods, are oblivious to danger and may die of misadventure. They may attempt to
climb a wall and fall over backwards. Common causes are hepatic encephalopathy and
increased intracranial pressure.
computed radiography (CR) a form of digital, filmless radiology. A photostimulable
storage phosphor (barium fluorohalide) plate is exposed to x-rays in a cassette as
for film radiography. The plate is then scanned to produce a computer graphic file
of the x-ray intensity absorbed by the plate.
C-75:
CT of a dog’s abdomen. An adrenal tumor is invading the caudal vena cava (arrow)
Courtesy C Beck.
c. r. plate a barium fluorohalide phosphor layer is mounted on a sheet of plastic
to absorb energy from x-ray photons. Subsequently, photostimuable light is released
when the plate is scanned by a laser beam. Residual effects of absorbed x-rays are
erased by exposing the plate to fluorescent light thereby allowing it to be reused
repeatedly to record x-ray images.
c. r. scanner scans a computed radiography plate with a laser, releasing photostimulated
light into a photomultiplier tube. The electrical output is digitized and mapped into
the computer image file, thereby creating a radiographic-like image.
computed tomography (CT) an imaging technique using x-rays and computers to produce
cross sectional images through a patient’s body. See computed tomography.
COMS caudal occipital malformation syndrome. See Chiari-like malformation.
Con A concancavalin A.
conacaste tree Enterolobium
cyclocarpum.
conarium see pineal body.
concanavalin [kon″k
-nav′
-lin] either of two phytohemagglutinins isolated along with canavalin from the meal
of the jack bean (
Canavalia
ensiformis and other species of Canavalia), which agglutinate the blood of mammals
as a result of reaction with polyglucosans.
c. A (Con A) binds to sugar residues on cell surfaces and stimulates T lymphocytes
to proliferate.
concancavalin toxic lectin protein found in jack beans (Canavalia spp). Has the ability
to restore the growth pattern of tumour cells to that of normal cells.
concatemers tandemly repeated identical DNA sequences; intermediate structures formed
during the replication of some DNA molecules which are subsequently cleaved to form
unit-length molecules.
concaveation the induction of maternal behavior in virgin females or males when exposed
to neonates.
concavity [kon-kav′ľ-te] a depression or hollowed surface.
conceive [k
n-sēv′] to become pregnant.
f. to conceive (FTC) said of cows which return to estrus after mating.
concentrate [kon′s
n-trāt] 1. to bring to a common center; to gather at one point. 2. to increase the
strength by diminishing the bulk of, as of a liquid; to condense. 3. a drug or other
preparation that has been strengthened by evaporation of its nonactive parts. 4. any
food that contains low fiber and high TDN, for example grains. 5. a carefully compounded
mixture of micro- and macronutrients, largely vitamins and minerals, suitable for
adding to a herbivore’s meal and roughage diet which is probably lacking the supplements
contained in the concentrate.
concentration [kon″s
n-tra′sh
n] 1. increase in strength by evaporation. 2. the ratio of the mass or volume of a
solute to the mass or volume of the solution or solvent.
hydrogen ion c. an expression of the degree of acidity or alkalinity (pH) of a solution.
See also acid–base balance.
mass c. the mass of a constituent substance divided by the volume of the mixture,
as milligrams per liter (mg/l).
minimum effective c. (MEC) the threshold concentration of a drug in plasma below which
the efficiency of the drug as a treatment drops off sharply.
minimal inhibitory c. (MIC) the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that inhibits
the growth of a bacterium; usually in reference to an antimicrobial sensitivity test.
minimal lethal c. (MLC) the lowest concentration of antimicrobial that kills a particular
bacterium; usually in reference to an antimicrobial sensitivity test.
molar c. (c) the amount of a constituent in moles (millimoles or micromoles) divided
by the volume of the mixture, as millimoles per liter (mmol/l). See also molar1
.
mutant prevention c. (MPC) the blood concentration of antibiotic that minimizes or
limits the development of resistant organisms.
c. test a test of renal function based on the patient’s ability to concentrate urine.
See water deprivation test.
conception [k
n-sep′sh
n] fertilization or fusion of gametes to produce a zygote. The term may also signify
the onset of pregnancy. See also reproduction.
c. efficiency see conception rate (below).
early c. factor (ECF) see early pregnancy hormone (factor).
c. failure a lack of fertilization or failure of fertilization.
c. prevention prevention of the establishment of pregnancy by the use of teaser males
in commercial herds or flocks, or progestagen implants in the control of female wild
animals. Methods include surgical alteration or homonal maniupulations to disturb
sperm transport, ovulation or fertilization. See also contraception.
c. rate percentage of matings that result in conception.
Conception Vessel [k
n-sep′sh
n] in acupuncture one of the two major extra meridians, besides the 12 regular meridians.
Along with the Governing Vessel, its function is seen as absorbing excess Qi from
the major meridians (vessels) and returning it when it becomes deficient. Called also
Ren Mai.
conceptus [k
n-sep′t
s] the whole product of conception at any stage of development, from fertilization
of the ovum to birth, including extraembryonic membranes as well as the embryo or
fetus.
c. dropsy see fetal ascites, hydramnios, hydrallantois.
concha [kong′k
] pl. conchae [L.] a shell-shaped structure.
c. of auricle the base of the auricle of the external ear, bounded anteriorly by the
tragus and posteriorly by the antihelix.
ethmoidal c. a series of scroll-like bones which arise from the ethmoid bone, project
into the nasal chambers and support the olfactory mucous membrane.
nasal c. one of two or three delicate, mucosa-covered turbinate bones occupying a
large part of each half of the nasal cavity. See also Table 9.
conchitis [kong-ki′tis] inflammation of a concha.
conchotomy [kong-kot′
-me] incision of a nasal concha.
Concinnum
a genus of flukes of the family Dicrocoeliidae.
conclination [kon″klľ-na′sh
n] inward rotation of the upper pole of the vertical meridian of each eye.
concomitant variable [k
n-kom′ľ-t
nt] see concomitant variable.
concordance [k
n-kor′d
ns] in genetics, the occurrence of a given trait in both members of a twin pair.
concrescence [k
n-kres′
ns] a growing together of parts originally separate.
concrete mixture of cement and reinforcing gravel or stones used in the surfacing
of yards, passageways, milking parlors and the like; critical to the good condition
of feet and hooves of farm livestock. Excessive wear due to a too-abrasive surface
causes footrot of pigs and epidemic lameness in dairy herds.
concretio [k
n-kre′she-o] [L.] concretion.
c. cordis adhesive pericarditis in which the pericardial cavity is obliterated, often
with dystrophic calcification of the pericardium.
concretion [k
n-kre′sh
n] 1. a calculus or inorganic mass in a natural cavity or in tissue. 2. abnormal union
of adjacent parts. 3. a process of becoming harder or more solid.
concurrent [kon-kur′
nt] simultaneous as in disease, infection, infestation.
concussion [k
n-kush′
n] a violent jar or shock, or the condition that results from such an injury.
brain c. loss of consciousness, transient or prolonged, due to a blow to the head;
breathing often is unusually rapid or slow. Outward evidence of the injury may include
bleeding, sometimes from the nose, and contusions (bruises). There may be residual
signs such as local paralysis on recovery.
spinal cord c. may lead to temporary paresis or spinal shock, with possible local
paralysis continuing after partial recovery.
c. stunner a sharp blow to the head sufficient to cause stunning may be used as a
prelude to euthanasia or, in laboratory animals, as a means of euthanasia on its own.
condemned meat meat classified at inspection as unfit for human consumption.
condensation [kon″d
n-sa′sh
n] 1. the act of rendering, or the process of becoming, more compact. 2. the process
of passing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid phase. In animal housing this is a
matter of great importance because of the need for a dry environment as a prevention
against the spread of infection, especially those spread by inhalation.
condenser [k
n-den′s
r] 1. a vessel or apparatus for condensing gases or vapors. 2. a device for illuminating
microscopic objects. 3. a device for boosting the voltage in an electrical circuit.
c. discharge unit used to generate high voltages needed for diagnostic x-rays using
standard 110/220 volt input. An advantage for mobile units. It discharges over a short
period, which helps prevent movement blur.
condition [k
n-dish′
n] 1. to train; to subject to conditioning. 2. state of the body in terms of amount
of tissue carried. Spoken of as obese, fat, thin, emaciated. See also body condition
score. 3. of wool; a qualitative assessment of the degree of waste included in the
fleece, including yolk, plant fiber, dust.
body c. scale see body condition score.
light c. see thinness.
c. scoring the allocation of a score to indicate an animal’s body condition. See also
body condition score.
conditioned educated by a conditioning process. See conditioning.
c. reinforcer the pairing of a neutral stimulus with a primary, or natural, reinforcer.
c. response a response that does not occur naturally in the animal but that may be
developed by regular association of some physiological function with an unrelated
outside event, such as ringing of a bell or flashing of a light. Soon the physiological
function starts whenever the outside event occurs. Called also conditioned reflex.
See also conditioning.
c. food aversion behavioral tool used to train horses and ruminant livestock to avoid
some poisonous plants. Aversion is produced by administering lithium chloride orally
in temporal association with feeding the plant of interest. Repetitive administrations
can result in long-term aversion of grazing animals to natural selection of the plant
in range systems. Averted animals must be run as a separate group from non-averted
animals as social conditioning may reverse the aversion.
conditioner involved in improving physical condition.
livestock c. a person involved in special feeding programs for heavy producing dairy
cows or animals being prepared for shows, exhibitions, fairs and sale. Usually done
at the conditioner’s premises because of the secret nature of the materials and procedures.
Represents a potential health threat from infectious disease.
soil c. agents such as gypsum added to clay soil to improve its physical state.
conditioning [k
n-dish′
n-ing] 1. learning; behavior modification in animals. 2. preparation of young cattle
for shipment and entry into a feedlot. The procedure varies but usually includes vaccination
against potential pathogens, prophylactic treatment for worms and lice, administration
of vitamins and when necessary feeding of antibiotics and introduction to the kind
of diet likely to be fed. 3. tenderizing of meat by careful storage at an appropriate
temperature for a sufficiently long period.
aversive c. behavior modification using an adverse stimulus in response to the inappropriate
or undesirable behavior. Called also avoidance.
classical c. a form of learning in which a response is elicited by a neutral stimulus
which previously had been repeatedly presented in conjunction with the stimulus that
originally elicited the response. Called also respondent conditioning, Pavlovian conditioning.
The concept had its beginnings in experimental techniques for the study of reflexes.
The traditional procedure is based on the work of Ivan P. Pavlov, a Russian physiologist.
In this technique the experimental subject is a dog that is harnessed in a sound-shielded
room. The neutral stimulus is the sound of a metronome or bell which occurs each time
the dog is presented with food, and the response is the production of saliva by the
dog. Eventually the sound of the bell or metronome produces salivation, even though
the stimulus that originally elicited the response (the food) is no longer presented.
instrumental c. takes place only after the subject performs a specific act that has
been previously designated. The most common form of this conditioning uses an instrument
such as a bar that must be pressed by the subject to achieve the delivery of food
or other reward.
odor c. classical conditioning to odors of essential oils is an element in aromatherapy.
operant c. behavior that is modifiable by its consequences where the probabiloity
of that behavior occurring again may either increase if there is reinforcement or
decrease if there is punishment.
Pavlovian c. see classical conditioning (above).
respondent c. see classical conditioning (above).
condominium a centrally owned, usually cooperative, facility of feed mill, feed trucks,
feed purchasing and health services but separate individual ownership of livestock,
and usually the feedlot yards.
condor a New World vulture; a diurnal bird of prey noted for its large size. Includes
the South American Vultur gryphus (Andean condor), and the largest North American
land bird Gymnogyps californianus (California condor).
conduct behavior as a professional. Behavior relative to a code of ethics agreed to
by members of a professional organization.
c. conducive to unfairly attracting business see touting, solicitation. unprofessional
c. see misconduct.
conductance [k
n-duk′t
ns] ability to conduct or transmit, as electricity or other energy or material; in
studies of respiration, an expression of the amount of air reaching the alveoli per
unit of time per unit of pressure, the reciprocal of resistance.
conduction [k
n-duk′sh
n] conveyance of energy, as of heat, sound or electricity.
accessory tract atrioventricular c. permits a sinus impulse from the atria to ventricles
to precede that carried by the normal atrioventricular conduction system. Arrhythmia
results, the particular electrocardiographic characteristics depending on the pathway(s)
involved. See also Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome.
aerial c., air c. conduction of sound waves to the organ of hearing through the air.
bone c. conduction of sound waves to the inner ear through the bones of the skull.
c. disorder abnormalities in the conduction pathways of the heart.
James accessory c. see James fibers.
c. system the system comprises the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, atrioventricular
bundle and Purkinje fibers.
c. time an indicator of a peripheral nerve’s ability to carry an impulse; measured
during electromyography. A nerve that has undergone Wallerian degeneration is unable
to carry an impulse. Severe loss of myelin results in a prolonged conduction time.
conductive having the quality of readily conducting electric current.
c. flooring flooring or floor covering made specially conductive to electrical current,
usually by the inclusion of copper wiring that is earthed externally.
conductivity [kon″d
k-tiv′ľ-te] capacity for conduction.
electrical c. in milk increases with an increase in the severity of inflammation of
the mammary tissue. Used as a mastitis detection device.
conduit [kon′doo-it] a channel for the passage of fluids or air.
ileal c. the surgical anastomosis of the ureters or a bowel segment to one end of
a detached segment of ileum, the other end being used to form a stoma on the abdominal
wall.
C-76:
Cardiac conduction system.
Thomas, J. and Lerche, P. Anesthesia and Analgesia for Veterinary Technicians, 5th
Edition. Mosby, 2015.
vascular c. artificial blood vessel; used in repair of pulmonic stenosis by providing
a bypass of the obstruction and in correction of arteriovenous fistulae.
condylarthrosis [kon″d
l-ahr-thro′sis] a modification of the spheroidal form of synovial joint, in which
the articular surfaces are ellipsoidal rather than spheroid.
condyle [kon′dīl] a rounded projection on a bone, usually for articulation with another
bone; a knuckle.
c. fracture one involving a condyle, most commonly distal humerus or femur in small
animals and distal cannon bone in horses.
occipital c. either one of a pair of articular prominences that flank the foramen
magnum and form synovial joints with the atlas.
condylectomy [kon″d
l-ek′t
-me] excision of a condyle.
condylion [kon-dil′e-
n] the most lateral point on the surface of the head of the mandible.
condyloid [kon′d
-loid] resembling a condyle.
condyloma [kon″d
-lo′m] an elevated wartlike lesion of the skin.
c. acuminatum a small, pointed papilloma of viral origin.
canine c. see canine transmissible venereal tumor.
condylotomy [kon″d
-lot′
-me] transection of a condyle.
condylus [kon′d
-l
s] pl. condyli [L.] see condyle.
Condy’s crystals purple granules of potassium permanganate, an oxidizing agent used
topically and in aquaculture as an antimicrobial agent.
cone [kōn] 1. a solid figure or body having a circular base and tapering to a point.
2. in radiology, a conical or open-ended cylindrical structure placed over the x-ray
tube to restrict the size of the beam. Cones have been replaced by the light beam
diaphragm. See also collimation. 3. surgical cone. 4. one of two photoreceptor cell
types found in the retina. Important for color perception, fine visual acuity and
vision in relatively bright ambient light. Found in highest number in the central
area of the retina. See also rod.
c. down (2) in radiology, to restrict the x-ray beam. See also collimation.
c. dysplasia (4) progressive degeneration of retinal cones; the rods are normal. Seen
especially in Alaskan malamute and German short-haired pointer dogs; causes impaired
day vision from an early age with normal night vision and a normal funduscopic appearance.
ether c. a cone-shaped device used over the face in administration of ether for anesthesia.
growth c. bulbous enlargement at the tip of every growing axonal fiber in the fetus,
from which many long filapodia extend.
c. of light the triangular reflection of light seen on the tympanic membrane.
pressure c. the area of compression exerted by a mass in the brain, as in transtentorial
herniation.
cone-nose bug [kōn′nōs″] see reduviid bug.
coneflower [kōn′flou″
r] common name for plants in several genera, including
Rudbeckia
,
Echinacea
.
conexus [ko-nek′s
s] a connecting structure.
confidence degree of assurance.
c. interval a range of values about a sample statistic that has a specified probability
of including the true value of the statistic.
c. level 1 minus the type 1 error; the probability that the trial under consideration
will show no significant difference when there is in fact no significant difference
between the treatments.
c. limits the highest and lowest values in a confidence interval.
confidentiality [kon″fľ-den″she-al′ľ-te] secrecy relating to information. All clinical
data have a degree of confidentiality, the level varying with the information and
the circumstances.
configuration [k
n-fig″u-ra′sh
n] 1. in anatomical terms the general form of a body. 2. in chemistry, the arrangement
in space of the atoms of a molecule.
confinement restriction of animals’ movements so that they are not allowed to range
freely and graze pasture but are confined either outdoors or indoors, with food brought
to them. The degree of confinement varies from tie-stalls for cows and farrowing crates
for sows, to lounging barns and feedlots for cattle.
total c. animals housed at all times; a common practice in some tropical countries
where protection from the heat and humidity may be essential for high-producing livestock;
labor and engineering services are costly production items.
conflicts of interest [kon′flikts] the ethical situation that arises when a veterinary
practitioner stands to gain a benefit from advice or treatment being provided or the
outcome of the case. In all instances, there should be full disclosure to the owner.
confluence a running together; a meeting of streams.
c. of sinuses the dilated point of confluence of the superior sagittal, straight,
occipital and two transverse sinuses of the dura mater.
confocal [kon-fo′k
l] see confocal microscopy.
conformation [kon″for-ma′sh
n] symmetry, size and shape of the various body regions relative to each other or
the general appearance of the animal in terms of satisfying the observer’s appreciation
of what is a desirable appearance. Most breed societies issue lists of desirable and
undesirable points of conformation. Most of them are desirable. Some are not and react
adversely on the animals’ well-being. Desirable conformation may also be indicated
by diagrams or photographs. Also may refer to the spatial arrangement of atoms in
a molecule.
mitochondrial c. mitochondria may be in an abnormal state of condensed conformation,
detected by comparison with mitochondria of orthodox status; orthodox conformation
is linked to inactive oxidase phosphorylation, condensed to active phosphorylation.
confounding [kon-foun′ding] when the effects of two, or more, processes on results
cannot be separated, the results are said to be confounded, a cause of bias in disease
studies.
c. factor one which is distributed non-randomly with respect to the independent (exposure)
or dependent (outcome) variable which is the subject of an enquiry.
congener [kon′j
-n
r] something closely related to another thing, as a member of the same genus, a muscle
having the same function as another, or a chemical compound closely related to another
in composition and exerting similar or antagonistic effects, or something derived
from the same source or stock.
congenic [k
n-jen′ik] a genetic term usually used to refer to specially inbred strains of mice
that differ only in restricted regions of the genome; used particularly in mapping
major histocompatibility complex antigens.
congenital [k
n-jen′ľ-t
l] present at and existing from the time of birth.
c. defects abnormalities of structure or function which are present at birth. They
may or may not be inherited. There are a number of diseases, for example the lysosomal
storage diseases, which may be inherited or environmental in causation, in which the
insult is supplied while the fetus is in utero, but the defect does not become apparent
until some time after birth. By definition these are not congenital defects although
the animal is born with the metabolic lesion in place. See also individual defects
listed by organ or system.
c. erythropoietic porphyria see porphyria.
infectious c. tremor see congenital tremor syndrome of piglets.
c. loco a congenital, inherited disease of domestic chickens characterized by opisthotonos,
orthotonos, inability to stand, violent somersaulting. Affected birds die of starvation
and dehydration.
congenital tremor syndrome [k
n-jen′ľ-t
l] a benign, congenital disease of piglets manifested by severe muscle tremor, especially
when standing, and absent when asleep. There is no muscle weakness, the only deaths
are due to crushing due to impairment of evasive actions. Causes include: transplacental
classical swine fever (hog cholera) virus infection, fetal infection with pseudorabies
virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, possibly fetal porcine circovirus 2 infection,
inherited sex-linked recessive gene in Landrace, inherited autosomal recessive gene
in Wessex Saddleback, exposure of sow to trichlorfon (Teguvon) 45–79 days of pregnancy.
The histological proof is a dysmyelinogenesis. Called also myoclonia congenita, trembles.
congestion [k
n-jes′ch
n] abnormal accumulation of blood in a part as a result of restriction of venous drainage.
hypostatic c. post mortem gravitational pooling of blood in the body. Called also
livor mortis. See also lividity.
pulmonary c. see pulmonary congestion.
udder c. see udder edema.
congestive [k
n-jes′tiv] pertaining to or associated with congestion. See also congestive heart
failure.
C-77:
Cerebellar hypoplasia in piglet with congenital trembles due to congenital classical
swine fever virus infection. This is a pathognomonic postmortem finding for this cause
of congenital trembles. Courtesy of JT Done.
C-78:
Secondary amyloid deposited in a glomerulus. The red dye (Congo red) specifically
binds to amyloid fibrils. Original magnification ×400.
Tizard IR. Veterinary Immunology, 10th Edition, St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2018.
conglobation [kon″glo-ba′sh
n] the act of forming, or the state of being formed, into a rounded mass.
conglutinant [k
n-gloo′tľ-n
nt] 1. promoting union, as of the lips of a wound. 2. an adhesive of protein.
conglutination [k
n-gloo″tľ-na′sh
n] 1. the adherence of tissues to each other. 2. agglutination and lysis of antibody-coated
erythrocytes produced by addition of whole bovine serum.
conglutinin [k
n-gloo′tľ-nin] a serum protein found in Bovidae which can bind to fixed C3b and cause
C3b-coated particles to clump.
Congo dog see Basenji.
Congo floor maggot see
Auchmeromyia
luteola.
Congo red a synthetic dye, a derivative of benzidine and naphthionic acid. It is used
for differential staining of elastic fibers for microscopic examination. Amyloid is
stained a light orange-red with Congo red and exhibits apple green birefringence under
polarized light. Amyloid in cats stains poorly. Congo red undergoes a change in hue
with acidity and thus can be used as an indicator of pH, turning red in the presence
of alkalis (bases) and blue when exposed to acids.
C. r. test a laboratory test used in the diagnosis of amyloidosis, based on measuring
the amount of injected dye that is removed by amyloid in the tissues of the human
patient. Not now commonly used.
conhydrine one of the piperidine alkaloids in Conium maculatum. A highly fatal toxin
causing paralysis of the skeletal musculature.
conical flukes [kon′ľ-k
l] see paramphistomes.
coniceine one of the toxic piperidine alkaloids in
Conium maculatum
.
conidiobolomycosis infection by fungi of the genus Conidiobolus.
Conidiobolus
[ko-nid″e-ob′o-l
s] a genus of soil-borne saprotrophic fungi in the phylum Entomophthoromycota.
C. coronatus (syn. Entomophthora coronata)
causes granuloma, which sometimes ulcerates, on the nasal mucosa and skin. See also
swamp cancer, phycomycosis.
C. incongruus
has caused an epidemic form of nasal granuloma in sheep characterized by disfiguring
swellings of the nose, invasion of the local lymph nodes and involvement of the lungs
causing death.
conidiophore [ko-nid′e-o-for] a specialized hypha upon which conidia are formed.
conidium [k
-nid′e-
m] pl. conidia an asexual spore of fungi borne on hyphae. There are many types of
conidia, blastoconidia, arthroconidium, annelloconidium, phialoconidium, poroconidia
and aleurioconidia.
coniine [co′ne-ēn] one of the toxic piperidine alkaloids in
Conium maculatum
.
coniofibrosis [ko″ne-o-fi-bro′sis] pneumoconiosis with exuberant growth of connective
tissue in the lungs.
coniosis [ko″ne-o′sis] see pneumoconiosis.
coniotoxicosis [ko″ne-o-tok″sľ-ko′sis] pneumoconiosis in which the irritant affects
the tissues directly.
Conium maculatum
[ko-ni′
m] a toxic plant in the Apiaceae family produces piperidine alkaloids coniine, N-methyl-coniine;
this weed may affect animals which eat it while grazing or in hay. Principal signs
are increased frequency of defecation and urination, muscular weakness, tremor, ataxia,
respiratory failure and death. Congenital arthrogryposis and spinal curvature can
occur in piglets and calves whose dams have eaten the plant in early pregnancy. Called
also poison hemlock.
conjoined [k
n-joind′] joined together. See also conjoined twins.
C-79:
Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) showing the umbellifera flower head and red spotting
on stalk.
conjugata [kon″j
o
⌣
o
⌣
-ga′t
] conjugate diameter (diameter of space encircled by items joined together, e.g.,
pelvic diameter—the diameter of the pelvic inlet from the sacral promontory to the
pelvic brim).
conjugate [kon′j
o
⌣
o
⌣
-gāt] 1. paired, or equally coupled; working in union. 2. conjugated compound formed
by linkage of two compounds from which the original compounds can be re-formed easily.
3. to link marker protein such as fluorescein or enzyme to an antibody molecule to
detect antigen, as by immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase staining. 4. a conjugate
diameter of the pelvic inlet; used alone usually to denote the true conjugate diameter.
See also pelvic diameter.
c. acid conjugate pair of a strong base.
conjugation [kon″j
o
⌣
o
⌣
-ga′sh
n] a joining. In unicellular organisms, a form of sexual reproduction in which two
individuals join in temporary union to transfer genetic material. In biochemistry,
the joining of two compounds, often a toxic substance with some natural substance
of the body to form a detoxified product for elimination from the body.
conjunct rotation the complicated movement whereby alternate flexion, adduction, extension
and abduction brings about rotation.
conjunctiva [k
n-jnk′ti-v] pl. conjunctivae [L.] the delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering
the non-corneal parts of the eye; its several parts, (bulbar, fornical, marginal,
nictital, palpebral and tarsal), are named according to the anatomical structure invested.
conjunctival [k
n-junk′tľ-v
l] pertaining to or emanating from conjunctiva.
c. flap see conjunctival graft (below).
c. grafts surgical movement and fixation of bulbar or palpebral conjunctiva to cover
corneal defects due to lacerations or non-healing, progressive or deep ulceration.
The flaps provide a blood supply, tectonic support, physical protection, and a source
of subconjunctival fibroblasts to reform corneal stroma. There are many techniques.
Called also conjunctival flap.
c. sac the tear-filled space, lined by conjunctiva, between the eyelids and the globe.
Called also the conjunctival fornix or cul-de-sac.
C-80:
Anatomical regions of the conjunctiva: 1, palpebral; 2, fornical; 3, anterior face
of the third eyelid; 4, posterior or bulbar face of the third eyelid; and 5, bulbar.
Maggs, David. Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 6th Edition. Saunders,
2017
C-81:
Follicular hyperplasia on the bulbar surface of the third eyelid of a dog.
Maggs, David. Slatter’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology - Elsevier E-Book
on VitalSource, 6th Edition. Saunders, 20171103. VitalBook file.
conjunctivitis [k
n-junk″tľ-vi′tis] inflammation of the conjunctiva. Extension of the inflammation to
or from the cornea is common; hence keratoconjunctivitis. May be due to trauma, frictional
irritation due to entropion, distichia, ectopic cilia, and grass seed or other foreign
body intrusion, infectious organisms, desiccation due to altered tear quality or quantity,
ectropion, or facial or trigeminal nerve dysfunction, allergy, and other immune-mediated
conditions. Sometimes seen as part of a systemic disease syndrome, e.g., rinderpest,
malignant catarrhal fever, canine distemper, or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.
The common species-specific conjunctivitides are Moraxella bovis infection in cattle,
Rickettsia conjunctivae in sheep, goats and pigs, feline herpesvirus and Chlamydia
felis in cats, Habronema spp. in horses and Thelazia spp. in all species. Classical
signs (but non-specific with respect to cause) include mucoid ocular discharge, mild
blepharospasm, and ocular irritation/pruritus.
equine seasonal c. see equine recurrent uveitis.
fetal c. present in many cases of intrauterine infection and the causative organism
can be cultured from the site.
follicular c. proliferation of lymphoid tissue normally present within the conjunctiva,
especially the third eyelid; occurs in response to any chronic inflammation or stimulation
such as dust, entropion, ectropion, distichiasis or microbial infection.
ligneous c. a chronic, membranous conjunctivitis characterized by deposition of amorphous
eosinophilic hyaline material in the subconjunctival tissues. Young female Doberman
pinschers may be predisposed. Sometimes associated with systemic (respiratory or renal)
disease.
c. neonatorum conjunctivitis of neonatal animals prior to eyelid opening. Common in
kittens infected by feline herpesvirus. May also involve the cornea with perforation
and panophthalmitis possible. Called also ophthalmia neonatorum.
primary c. caused by an inflammatory agent that affects the conjunctiva in the first
instance.
secondary c. conjunctivitis secondary to inflammation of neighboring or systemic tissues,
typically secondary to keratitis, uveitis, blepharitis, orbital cellulitis, dacryocystitis,
or generalizede vasculitis.
summer c. an incorrect name for equine recurrent uveitis.
conjunctivobuccostomy, conjunctivoralostomy [k
n-junk″tľ-vo-buk-os′ t
-me] a surgical technique for treatment of obstruction of the nasolacrimal apparatus
in which a new drainage track is created from the conjunctival sac to the oral cavity
opening between the upper lip and dental arcade. See also conjunctivorhinostomy.
conjunctivoplasty [k
n-junk′ tľ-vo-plas″te] plastic repair of the conjunctiva.
conjunctivoralostomy [k
n-junk″tľ-vo-ri-nos′t
-me] conjunctivobuccostomy.
C-82:
Connemara pony.
From Sambraus HH, Livestock Breeds, Mosby, 1992.
conjunctivorhinostomy a surgical technique for the treatment of obstruction of the
nasolacrimal apparatus in which a new drainage track is created from the conjunctival
sac to the maxillary sinus or nasal cavity. See also conjunctivobuccostomy.
connecting tubules one of the collecting ductal systems in the kidney permitting nephrons
to connect directly with cortical collecting ducts.
connection points [k
-nek′sh
n] see luo points.
connective tissue [k
-nek′tiv] a fibrous type of body tissue with varied functions. The connective tissue
system supports and connects internal organs, forms bones and the walls of blood vessels,
attaches muscles to bones, and replaces tissues of other types following injury. Connective
tissue consists mainly of long fibers embedded in noncellular matter, the ground substance.
The density of these fibers and the presence or absence of certain chemicals make
some connective tissues soft and rubbery and others hard and rigid. Compared with
most other kinds of tissue, connective tissue has few cells. The fibers contain one
or more of a variety of collagen proteins. Connective tissue can develop in any part
of the body, and the body uses this ability to help repair or replace damaged areas.
Scar tissue is the most common form of this substitute. See also collagen diseases.
elastic c. t. found especially in supportive tissues, e.g., some ligaments, and tendons,
e.g., nuchal ligament or tunica flava.
reticular c. t. a type of connective tissue found principally in myeloid and lymphatic
organs; they account for reticular meshwork.
Connell suture pattern [kon′
l] a technique for suture of the gut wall which resembles the Cushing suture pattern
except that the suture goes through all layers of the gut wall. The suture goes through
the wall from the serosa to the mucosa, then back from the mucosa to the serosa on
the same side. The stitch then crosses the incision to the serosa on the other side
and then repeats.
Connemara pony Irish riding pony, usually dun, or gray, black, bay or brown, 13 to
14 hands high.
connexons [k
-nek′son] components of the gap junction spaces between nerve cells; metabolic substances
pass between nerve cells via these links.
Connochaetes
the genus of wildebeests in the family Bovidae; includes C. gnou (black wildebeest)
and C. taurinus (blue wildebeest), native to Africa.
Conn’s syndrome primary hyperaldosteronism.
Conocephalus
grasshoppers or katydids (family Tettogonidae), an intermediate host for the flukes
in the genus Eurytrema.
conotruncal abnormalities [ko″no-trun′k
l] congenital anomalies in the conotruncal septum in the developing embryo; tetralogy
of Fallot (a combination of three such defects) is the only one recorded in animals.
consanguinity [kon″sang-gwin′ľ-te] blood relationship; kinship.
conscious [kon′sh
s] capable of responding to sensory stimuli; awake; aware.
consciousness [kon′sh
s-nis] the state of being conscious; responsiveness of the brain to impressions made
by the senses. Altered states range from the normal, complete alertness to depression,
confusion, delirium and finally loss of consciousness.
consensual [k
n-sen′shoo-
l] of or relating to a reflexive response of one body structure following stimulation
of another.
c. pupillary light reflex the reflex constriction of the pupil of a nonilluminated
eye when light is directed into the fellow eye.
consent [k
n-sent′] by an owner, means the veterinarian has informed the client fully of the
diagnosis, prognosis and treatment options, of any risks or untoward consequences
of the treatments being offered, and an estimate of the costs involved, all in a way
that any reasonable person would understand. Called also informed consent.
conserved DNA sequences similar or identical nucleotide sequences that occur more
often than would be predicted by random chance; include a number of transcription
start regions called promoters and many others.
consignment sale auction sales of consignments of breeding cattle which are excess
to the owner’s requirements.
consolidation [k
n-sol″ľ-da′sh
n] solidification; the process of becoming solidified or the condition of being solid;
said especially of the lung as it fills with fibrinous exudate in pneumonia or with
new tissues as in metastatic neoplasia.
CONSORT statement a research tool to improve the quality of reports of randomized
trials.
constant [kon′st
nt] a datum, fact or principle that is not subject to change.
Michaelis c. (Km) concentration of the substrate when the velocity of an enzyme reaction
is equal to half its maximal velocity. It is also considered a measuring of the strength
of the substrate-enzyme complex, known as the binding affinity of an enzyme for its
substrate.
c. (C) region see constant domains.
constant domains [kon′st
nt] the C-terminal regions of heavy and light chains of immunoglobulins; they contain
the amino acid sequences that are similar in different antibodies of the same class.
See also CH domains; CL domain.
constipation [kon″stľ-pa′sh
n] a condition in which the alimentary transit time is prolonged in view of the amount
and type of food being ingested in the preceding day or two. This means usually that
the feces are hard, dry and of small bulk and are passed less frequently than expected.
They may also be difficult to pass and this may cause some straining; on digital or
rectal examination and in x-rays the rectum will be full of hard, dry feces. In some
cases a small amount of very thin, soupy feces will be passed even though there is
a sizable mass in the rectum; this is soft contents being passed around an impacted
fecal mass, and obstipation is said to be present. See also megacolon in cats.
dietary c. caused by ingestion of large amounts of foreign material such as bones,
hair or fiber that mixes with feces to form hard, dry masses which are difficult or
impossible to pass.
drug-induced c. may result from treatment with antimotility drugs.
endocrine c. may accompany some disorders of endocrine glands causing reduced gastrointestinal
motility, e.g., hypothyroidism and hypercalcemia of hyperparathyroidism.
environmental c. conditions of management, particularly in dogs and cats, that inhibit
freedom for defecation or present unsuitable conditions, such as soiled litter trays
or restriction of a house-trained animal to a cage, may cause retention of feces with
eventual drying and increased size of the fecal mass.
neurogenic c. disorders of innervation to the colon or hindquarters may cause an atonic
colon or prevent an animal from assuming normal posture for defecation, thereby inhibiting
the desire to defecate. This is seen particularly in painful intervertebral disk lesions
or musculoskeletal injuries or lesions.
obstructive c. any impediment to the passage of feces, either within the colon, rectum
or anus, or from compression by surrounding tissues can cause drying and enlargement
of the fecal mass.
constitution [kon″stľ-too′sh
n] 1. the makeup or functional habit of the body. 2. the order in which the atoms
of a molecule are joined together.
constitutional [kon″stľ-too′sh
n-
l] 1. affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. pertaining to the
constitution.
constitutive [kon-stich′u-tiv] produced at a steady rate, independent of internal
or external stimuli. Said of enzymes, RNA or protein by an organism.
constriction [k
n-strik′sh
n] a narrowing or compression of a part; a stricture.
constrictive [k
n-strik′tiv] restricting movement or dilatation of an organ, e.g., constrictive pericarditis.
constrictor muscle [k
n-strik′t
r] muscle surrounding cylindrical organs at orifices.
c. pupillae muscle the pupil.
c. vestibuli muscle the vagina.
c. vulvae muscle the vulva.
constructive occupation [k
n-struk′tiv] activities provided for caged or confined animals to prevent them developing
vices.
consult [k
n-sult′] to give or seek advice. The client may consult the advice of the practitioner
who may then consult a specialist or consultant.