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      Mechanisms in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Involved in Control of Autonomic and Neuroendocrine Functions: A Review

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          Abstract

          The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a heterogeneous and complex limbic forebrain structure, which plays an important role in controlling autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses. The BNST is thought to serve as a key relay connecting limbic forebrain structures to hypothalamic and brainstem regions associated with autonomic and neuroendocrine functions. Its control of physiological and behavioral activity is mediated by local action of numerous neurotransmitters. In the present review we discuss the role of the BNST in control of both autonomic and neuroendocrine function. A description of BNST control of cardiovascular and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axisactivity at rest and during physiological challenges (stress and physical exercise) is presented. Moreover, evidence for modulation of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons activity is also discussed. We attempt to focus on the discussion of BNST neurochemical mechanisms. Therefore, the source and targets of neurochemical inputs to BNST subregions and their role in control of autonomic and neuroendocrine function is discussed in details.

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          The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine.

          Despite its very potent vasodilating action in vivo, acetylcholine (ACh) does not always produce relaxation of isolated preparations of blood vessels in vitro. For example, in the helical strip of the rabbit descending thoracic aorta, the only reported response to ACh has been graded contractions, occurring at concentrations above 0.1 muM and mediated by muscarinic receptors. Recently, we observed that in a ring preparation from the rabbit thoracic aorta, ACh produced marked relaxation at concentrations lower than those required to produce contraction (confirming an earlier report by Jelliffe). In investigating this apparent discrepancy, we discovered that the loss of relaxation of ACh in the case of the strip was the result of unintentional rubbing of its intimal surface against foreign surfaces during its preparation. If care was taken to avoid rubbing of the intimal surface during preparation, the tissue, whether ring, transverse strip or helical strip, always exhibited relaxation to ACh, and the possibility was considered that rubbing of the intimal surface had removed endothelial cells. We demonstrate here that relaxation of isolated preparations of rabbit thoracic aorta and other blood vessels by ACh requires the presence of endothelial cells, and that ACh, acting on muscarinic receptors of these cells, stimulates release of a substance(s) that causes relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle. We propose that this may be one of the principal mechanisms for ACh-induced vasodilation in vivo. Preliminary reports on some aspects of the work have been reported elsewhere.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Curr Neuropharmacol
                Curr Neuropharmacol
                CN
                Current Neuropharmacology
                Bentham Science Publishers
                1570-159X
                1875-6190
                March 2013
                March 2013
                : 11
                : 2
                : 141-159
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
                [2 ]Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
                [3 ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45237-0506, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Address correspondence to this author at the Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jau Km 01 (Campus Universitário), 14801-902, Caixa Postal 502, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Tel: +55 16 3301-6982; Fax: + 55 16 3301-6980; E-mail: cccrestani@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                Article
                CN-11-141
                10.2174/1570159X11311020002
                3637669
                23997750
                06e65fb6-59fe-416d-8f73-d237b0b3ccbe
                ©2013 Bentham Science Publishers

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/), which permits unrestrictive use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 5 October 2012
                : 21 November 2012
                : 3 December 2012
                Categories
                Article

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                bnst,cardiovascular function,extended amygdala,hpa axis,neurotransmitters,stress and physical exercise.,vasopressin

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