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      iCanCope with Pain™: User-centred design of a web- and mobile-based self-management program for youth with chronic pain based on identified health care needs

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          Abstract

          Chronic pain self-management involves providing patients with knowledge, coping strategies and social support that help them to manage their pain. This type of intervention has been shown to be useful in treating chronic pain; however, many eligible chronic pain patients never receive such treatment due to limited accessibility and high cost. The use of Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy has the potential to change this. In this study, the authors report their progress in the development of an Internet- and smartphone-based application for chronic pain self-management.

          Abstract

          BACKGROUND:

          While there are emerging web-based self-management programs for children and adolescents with chronic pain, there is currently not an integrated web- and smartphone-based app that specifically addresses the needs of adolescents with chronic pain.

          OBJECTIVES:

          To conduct a needs assessment to inform the development of an online chronic pain self-management program for adolescents, called iCanCope with Pain™.

          METHODS:

          A purposive sample of adolescents (n=23; 14 to 18 years of age) was recruited from two pediatric chronic pain clinics in Ontario. Interdisciplinary health care providers were also recruited from these sites. Three focus groups were conducted with adolescents (n=16) and one with pediatric health care providers (n=7). Individual adolescent interviews were also conducted (n=7).

          RESULTS:

          Qualitative analysis uncovered four major themes: pain impact; barriers to care; pain management strategies; and transition to adult care. Pain impacted social, emotional, physical and role functioning, as well as future goals. Barriers to care were revealed at the health care system, patient and societal levels. Pain management strategies included support systems, and pharmacological, physical and psychological approaches. Transition subthemes were: disconnect between pediatric and adult systems; skills development; parental role; and fear/anxiety. Based on these identified needs, the iCanCope with Pain™ architecture will include the core theory-based functionalities of: symptom self-monitoring; personalized goal setting; pain coping skills training; peer-based social support; and chronic pain education.

          CONCLUSIONS:

          The proposed iCanCope with Pain™ program aims to address the self-management needs of adolescents with chronic pain by improving access to disease information, strategies to manage symptoms and social support.

          Translated abstract

          HISTORIQUE :

          Des programmes d’autogestion émergent sur Internet pour les enfants et les adolescents ayant des maladies chroniques, mais aucune application intégrée pour Internet et téléphones intelligents ne porte expressément sur les besoins des adolescents atteints de maladies chroniques.

          OBJECTIFS :

          Effectuer une évaluation des besoins pour étayer la création d’un programme d’autogestion pour les adolescents, appelé iCanCope with Pain™.

          MÉTHODOLOGIE :

          Les chercheurs ont recruté un échantillon choisi d’adolescents (n=23; 14 à 18 ans) dans deux cliniques pédiatriques de douleur chronique de l’Ontario. Ils y ont également recruté des dispensateurs de soins interdisciplinaires. Trois groupes de travail ont été organisés avec des adolescents (n=16) et un avec des dispensateurs de soins pédiatriques (n=7). Des entrevues individuelles ont également été organisées avec des adolescents (n=7).

          RÉSULTATS :

          L’analyse qualitative a révélé quatre grands thèmes : les répercussions de la douleur, les obstacles à la douleur, les stratégies de gestion de la douleur et une transition vers les soins pour adultes. La douleur influait sur le fonctionnement social, affectif, physique et sur le rôle, ainsi que sur les futurs objectifs. Des obstacles aux soins ont été révélés au sein du système de santé, chez les patients et dans la société. Les stratégies de gestion de la douleur incluaient des systèmes de soutien ainsi que des approches pharmacologiques, physiques et psychologiques. Les sous-thèmes de la transition s’établissaient comme suit : un décalage entre les systèmes pédiatriques et pour adultes, l’acquisition d’habiletés, le rôle des parents et la peur ou l’anxiété. D’après ces besoins, l’architecture du programme iCanCope with Pain™ inclura les principales fonctionnalités théoriques suivantes : autogestion des symptômes, établissement personnalisé d’objectifs, formation aux habiletés d’adaptation à la douleur, soutien social auprès des camarades et éducation à la douleur chronique.

          CONCLUSIONS :

          Le programme iCanCope with Pain™ proposé vise à répondre aux besoins d’autogestion des adolescents vis-à-vis de la douleur chronique, en améliorant l’accès à l’information sur la maladie, aux stratégies pour gérer les symptômes et au soutien social.

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          Most cited references55

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          InterViews : An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing

          Interviewing is an essential tool in qualitative research and this introduction to interviewing outlines both the theoretical underpinnings and the practical aspects of the process. After examining the role of the interview in the research process, Steinar Kvale considers some of the key philosophical issues relating to interviewing: the interview as conversation, hermeneutics, phenomenology, concerns about ethics as well as validity, and postmodernism. Having established this framework, the author then analyzes the seven stages of the interview process - from designing a study to writing it up.
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            The Effectiveness of Web-Based vs. Non-Web-Based Interventions: A Meta-Analysis of Behavioral Change Outcomes

            Background A primary focus of self-care interventions for chronic illness is the encouragement of an individual's behavior change necessitating knowledge sharing, education, and understanding of the condition. The use of the Internet to deliver Web-based interventions to patients is increasing rapidly. In a 7-year period (1996 to 2003), there was a 12-fold increase in MEDLINE citations for “Web-based therapies.” The use and effectiveness of Web-based interventions to encourage an individual's change in behavior compared to non-Web-based interventions have not been substantially reviewed. Objective This meta-analysis was undertaken to provide further information on patient/client knowledge and behavioral change outcomes after Web-based interventions as compared to outcomes seen after implementation of non-Web-based interventions. Methods The MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, ERIC, and PSYCHInfo databases were searched for relevant citations between the years 1996 and 2003. Identified articles were retrieved, reviewed, and assessed according to established criteria for quality and inclusion/exclusion in the study. Twenty-two articles were deemed appropriate for the study and selected for analysis. Effect sizes were calculated to ascertain a standardized difference between the intervention (Web-based) and control (non-Web-based) groups by applying the appropriate meta-analytic technique. Homogeneity analysis, forest plot review, and sensitivity analyses were performed to ascertain the comparability of the studies. Results Aggregation of participant data revealed a total of 11,754 participants (5,841 women and 5,729 men). The average age of participants was 41.5 years. In those studies reporting attrition rates, the average drop out rate was 21% for both the intervention and control groups. For the five Web-based studies that reported usage statistics, time spent/session/person ranged from 4.5 to 45 minutes. Session logons/person/week ranged from 2.6 logons/person over 32 weeks to 1008 logons/person over 36 weeks. The intervention designs included one-time Web-participant health outcome studies compared to non-Web participant health outcomes, self-paced interventions, and longitudinal, repeated measure intervention studies. Longitudinal studies ranged from 3 weeks to 78 weeks in duration. The effect sizes for the studied outcomes ranged from -.01 to .75. Broad variability in the focus of the studied outcomes precluded the calculation of an overall effect size for the compared outcome variables in the Web-based compared to the non-Web-based interventions. Homogeneity statistic estimation also revealed widely differing study parameters (Qw16 = 49.993, P ≤ .001). There was no significant difference between study length and effect size. Sixteen of the 17 studied effect outcomes revealed improved knowledge and/or improved behavioral outcomes for participants using the Web-based interventions. Five studies provided group information to compare the validity of Web-based vs. non-Web-based instruments using one-time cross-sectional studies. These studies revealed effect sizes ranging from -.25 to +.29. Homogeneity statistic estimation again revealed widely differing study parameters (Qw4 = 18.238, P ≤ .001). Conclusions The effect size comparisons in the use of Web-based interventions compared to non-Web-based interventions showed an improvement in outcomes for individuals using Web-based interventions to achieve the specified knowledge and/or behavior change for the studied outcome variables. These outcomes included increased exercise time, increased knowledge of nutritional status, increased knowledge of asthma treatment, increased participation in healthcare, slower health decline, improved body shape perception, and 18-month weight loss maintenance.
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              Writing SMART rehabilitation goals and achieving goal attainment scaling: a practical guide.

              To describe a practical method of setting personalized but specific goals in rehabilitation that also facilitates the use of goal attainment scaling. Rehabilitation is a complex intervention requiring coordinated actions by a team, a process that depends upon setting interdisciplinary goals that are specific, clear and personal to the patient. Goal setting can take much time and still be vague. A practical and standardized method is needed for being specific. A novel approach to writing specific, measurable, achievable, realistic/ relevant and timed (SMART) goals is developed here. Each goal can be built up by using up to four parts: the target activity, the support needed, quantification of performance and the time period to achieve the desired state. This method can be employed as part of goal attainment scaling and the other levels can be easily and quickly formulated by adding, deleting and/or changing one or more of the (sub)parts. The success of goal setting and goal attainment scaling depends on the formulation of the goals. The method described here is a useful tool to standardize the writing of goals in rehabilitation. It saves time and simplifies the construction of goals that are sufficiently specific to be measurable.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pain Res Manag
                Pain Res Manag
                PGI
                Pain Research & Management : The Journal of the Canadian Pain Society
                Pulsus Group Inc
                1203-6765
                1918-1523
                Sep-Oct 2014
                : 19
                : 5
                : 257-265
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departments of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto;
                [2 ]Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto;
                [3 ]Lawrence S Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto;
                [4 ]Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University;
                [5 ]School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton;
                [6 ]Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto;
                [7 ]Wasser Pain Management Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto;
                [8 ]Department of Anesthesia, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine;
                [9 ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Dr Jennifer N Stinson, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8. Telephone 416-813-7654 ext 304514, fax 416-813-8501, e-mail jennifer.stinson@ 123456sickkids.ca
                Article
                prm-19-257
                10.1155/2014/935278
                4197753
                25000507
                06e6dc57-15f3-41aa-abfa-810f9979903f
                © 2014, Pulsus Group Inc. All rights reserved

                This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact support@ 123456pulsus.com

                History
                Categories
                Original Article

                adolescent,chronic pain,e-health,mobile-health,needs assessment,self-management

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