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      Effect of Pneumonia on All-cause Mortality after Elderly Hip Fracture: a Korean Nationwide Cohort Study

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          Abstract

          Background

          The purposes of this study were 1) to investigate the incidence of pneumonia during hospitalization in elderly hip fracture patients, 2) to evaluate the effect of pneumonia on 30 day to 1 year mortality and 3) to analyze the impact of age and gender on the mortality rate in the pneumonia patients using a nationwide cohort of Korea.

          Methods

          The Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database included approximately 5.5 million Korean enrollees > 60 years of age. A total of 588,147 participants were randomly selected for senior cohort using 10% simple random sampling. We identified senile (> 65 years old) patients who underwent hip fracture surgery from January 2005 to December 2014 and those who developed pneumonia during hospitalization from the NHIS-Senior cohort. The index date of hip fracture occurrence was defined as the date of admission to the acute care hospital. The last date of follow-up was defined as the date of death or 31 December 2015, whichever came first. A multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the effects of pneumonia on all-cause mortality.

          Results

          During the enrollment period, a total of 14,736 patients, who were older than 65 years, underwent hip fracture surgeries. Among them, 1,629 patients (11.05%) developed pneumonia during the hospitalization. The pneumonia incidence was 16.39% (601/3,666) in men patients and 9.29% (1,028/10,042) in women patients. Compared to 13,107 non-pneumonia patients, adjusted relative risk (aRR) of death in pneumonia patients was 2.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.14–3.38; P < 0.001) within postoperative 30-day, 3.40 (95% CI, 3.01–3.83; P < 0.001) within postoperative 90-day, 2.86 (95% CI, 2.61–3.15; P < 0.001) within postoperative 180-day and 2.31 (95% CI, 2.14–2.50; P < 0.001) within postoperative 1-year. According to patient's age, the aRR of death in pneumonia patients was 5.75 (95% CI, 2.89–11.43) in adults aged < 70 years, 5.14 (95% CI, 4.08–6.46) in those aged 70–79 years, 3.29 (95% CI, 2.81–3.86) in those aged 80–89 years and 2.02 (95% CI, 1.52–2.69) in those aged ≥ 90 years. The aRR was 3.63 (95% CI, 3.01–4.38) in men pneumonia patients, and 3.27 (95% CI, 2.80–3.83) in women pneumonia patients.

          Conclusion

          The prevalence of pneumonia in elderly hip fracture patients was 11.05%. Men had higher incidence (16.39%) than women (9.29%). Compared to non-pneumonia patients, the pneumonia patients had higher 30-day to 1-year mortalities with aRR of 2.31 to 3.40. They had increased mortality in all age groups older than 65 years with aRR of 1.52 to 4.08. Both genders of pneumonia patients had higher risk of mortality (aRR, 3.63 in men and 3.27 in women) compared to non-pneumonia patients.

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          Most cited references14

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          Cohort profile: the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS) in Korea

          Purpose The National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS) is a cohort of participants who participated in health screening programmes provided by the NHIS in the Republic of Korea. The NHIS constructed the NHIS-HEALS cohort database in 2015. The purpose of this cohort is to offer relevant and useful data for health researchers, especially in the field of non-communicable diseases and health risk factors, and policy-maker. Participants To construct the NHIS-HEALS database, a sample cohort was first selected from the 2002 and 2003 health screening participants, who were aged between 40 and 79 in 2002 and followed up through 2013. This cohort included 514 866 health screening participants who comprised a random selection of 10% of all health screening participants in 2002 and 2003. Findings to date The age-standardised prevalence of anaemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolaemia and abnormal urine protein were 9.8%, 8.2%, 35.6%, 2.7%, 14.2% and 2.0%, respectively. The age-standardised mortality rate for the first 2 years (through 2004) was 442.0 per 100 000 person-years, while the rate for 10 years (through 2012) was 865.9 per 100 000 person-years. The most common cause of death was malignant neoplasm in both sexes (364.1 per 100 000 person-years for men, 128.3 per 100 000 person-years for women). Future plans This database can be used to study the risk factors of non-communicable diseases and dental health problems, which are important health issues that have not yet been fully investigated. The cohort will be maintained and continuously updated by the NHIS.
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            Strategies to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications after noncardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physicians.

            Postoperative pulmonary complications are as frequent and clinically important as cardiac complications in terms of morbidity, mortality, and length of stay. However, there has been much less research and no previous systematic reviews of the evidence of interventions to prevent pulmonary complications. To systematically review the literature on interventions to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications after noncardiothoracic surgery. MEDLINE English-language literature search, 1 January 1980 through 30 June 2005, plus bibliographies of retrieved publications. Randomized, controlled trials (RCTs); systematic reviews; or meta-analyses that met predefined inclusion criteria. Using standardized forms, the authors abstracted data on study methods, quality, intervention and control groups, patient characteristics, surgery, postoperative pulmonary complications, and adverse events. The authors qualitatively synthesized, without meta-analysis, evidence from eligible studies. Good evidence (2 systematic reviews, 5 additional RCTs) indicates that lung expansion interventions (for example, incentive spirometry, deep breathing exercises, and continuous positive airway pressure) reduce pulmonary risk. Fair evidence suggests that selective, rather than routine, use of nasogastric tubes after abdominal surgery (2 meta-analyses) and short-acting rather than long-acting intraoperative neuromuscular blocking agents (1 RCT) reduce risk. The evidence is conflicting or insufficient for preoperative smoking cessation (1 RCT), epidural anesthesia (2 meta-analyses), epidural analgesia (6 RCTs, 1 meta-analysis), and laparoscopic (vs. open) operations (1 systematic review, 1 meta-analysis, 2 additional RCTs), although laparoscopic operations reduce pain and pulmonary compromise as measured by spirometry. While malnutrition is associated with increased pulmonary risk, routine total enteral or parenteral nutrition does not reduce risk (1 meta-analysis, 3 additional RCTs). Enteral formulations designed to improve immune status (immunonutrition) may prevent postoperative pneumonia (1 meta-analysis, 1 additional RCT). The overall quality of the literature was fair: Ten of 20 RCTs and 6 of 11 systematic reviews were good quality. Few interventions have been shown to clearly or possibly reduce postoperative pulmonary complications.
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              ICD-10 codes are a valid tool for identification of pneumonia in hospitalized patients aged > or = 65 years.

              This study examines the validity of using ICD-10 codes to identify hospitalized pneumonia cases. Using a case-cohort design, subjects were randomly selected from monthly cohorts of patients aged > or = 65 years discharged from April 2000 to March 2002 from two large tertiary Australian hospitals. Cases had ICD-10-AM codes J10-J18 (pneumonia); the cohort sample was randomly selected from all discharges, frequency matched to cases by month. Codes were validated against three comparators: medical record notation of pneumonia, chest radiograph (CXR) report and both. Notation of pneumonia was determined for 5098/5101 eligible patients, and CXR reports reviewed for 3349/3464 (97%) patients with a CXR. Coding performed best against notation of pneumonia: kappa 0.95, sensitivity 97.8% (95% CI 97.1-98.3), specificity 96.9% (95% CI 96.2-97.5), positive predictive value (PPV) 96.2% (95% CI 95.4-97.0) and negative predictive value (NPV) 98.2% (95% CI 97.6-98.6). When medical record notation of pneumonia is used as the standard, ICD-10 codes are a valid method for retrospective ascertainment of hospitalized pneumonia cases and appear superior to use of complexes of symptoms and signs, or radiology reports.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Korean Med Sci
                J. Korean Med. Sci
                JKMS
                Journal of Korean Medical Science
                The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences
                1011-8934
                1598-6357
                10 December 2019
                13 January 2020
                : 35
                : 2
                : e9
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Preventive Medicine, Eulji University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
                [2 ]Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
                [3 ]Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea.
                [4 ]Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea.
                [5 ]Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea.
                Author notes
                Address for Correspondence: Jun-Il Yoo, MD. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 79 Gangnam-ro, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea. furim@ 123456hanmail.net

                *Suk-Yong Jang and Yong-Han Cha contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0558-1505
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-6694
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3575-4123
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7914-3327
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4243-5793
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0409-8132
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9020-5832
                Article
                10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e9
                6955432
                31920015
                072000bc-a9f7-46b6-a10d-460e98fa581d
                © 2020 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 28 September 2019
                : 15 November 2019
                Categories
                Original Article
                Musculoskeletal Disorders, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine

                Medicine
                elderly,hip fracture,pneumonia,national health insurance
                Medicine
                elderly, hip fracture, pneumonia, national health insurance

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