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      Central Projection of Antennal Sensory Neurons in the Central Nervous System of the Mirid Bug Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür)

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          Abstract

          The mirid bug Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür), a polyphagous pest, is dependent on olfactory cues to locate various host plant species and mates. In this study, we traced the projection pathway of the antennal sensory neurons and visualized their projection patterns in the central nervous system of A. lucorum through confocal microscopy and digital reconstructions. We also examined the glomerular organization of the primary olfactory center of the brain, the antennal lobe, and created a three-dimensional model of the glomeruli. We found that the axons of the sensory neurons project into the brain via the ipsilateral antennal nerve, and descend further into the gnathal ganglion, prothoracic ganglion, mesothoracic ganglion, and metathoracic ganglion, and reach as far as to the abdominal ganglion. Such a projection pattern indicates that antennal sensory neurons of A. lucorum may be potentially directly connected to motor neurons. The antennal lobe, however, is the major target area of antennal sensory neurons. The antennal lobe is composed of a large number of glomeruli, i.e. 70–80 glomeruli in one AL of A. lucorum. The results of this study which provide information about the basic anatomical arrangement of the brain olfactory center of A. lucorum, are important for further investigations of chemosensory encoding mechanisms of the mirid bug.

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          Mirid bug outbreaks in multiple crops correlated with wide-scale adoption of Bt cotton in China.

          Long-term ecological effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops on nontarget pests have received limited attention, more so in diverse small holder-based cropping systems of the developing world. Field trials conducted over 10 years in northern China show that mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) have progressively increased population sizes and acquired pest status in cotton and multiple other crops, in association with a regional increase in Bt cotton adoption. More specifically, our analyses show that Bt cotton has become a source of mirid bugs and that their population increases are related to drops in insecticide use in this crop. Hence, alterations of pest management regimes in Bt cotton could be responsible for the appearance and subsequent spread of nontarget pests at an agro-landscape level.
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            Structure and function of the deutocerebrum in insects.

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              Neuronal architecture of the mosquito deutocerebrum.

              Mosquito behavior is heavily dependent on olfactory and mechanosensory cues, which are detected by receptor neurons on the antenna and on the palps. Recent progress in mosquito sensory genomics highlights the need for an up-to-date understanding of the neural architecture of the mosquito brain. Here we present a detailed description of the neural structure of the primary target of the majority of these neurons, the deutocerebrum, in the African malaria (Anopheles gambiae) and yellow fever (Aedes aegypti) mosquitoes. Special focus is made on the olfactory system, the antennal lobe (AL), where we present high-resolution three-dimensional models of the ALs of male and female Ae. aegypti. These models reveal a sexual dimorphism in the number of glomeruli, 49 and 50 glomeruli in male and female mosquitoes, respectively, and in the size of several of the identified glomeruli. The fine structure of receptor neuron terminations in the AL and the rest of the deutocerebrum is described, as are the arborizations of intrinsic deutocerebral neurons and neurons providing output to higher brain areas. In the AL a specific and very large center receiving input from the mechanosensory Johnston's organ is revealed as a multilobed structure receiving peripheral input according to a somatotopic pattern. Within the antennal nerve a specific neuropil containing early, bouton-like ramifications of receptor neurons is described. Within the glomerular array of the AL, neurons providing a possible feedback circuit to antennal receptor neurons are shown. With these results we provide a new resolution in mosquito deutocerebral architecture.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                1 August 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 8
                : e0160161
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
                [2 ]Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
                [3 ]Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
                [4 ]Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
                University of Arizona, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceived and designed the experiments: GYX XCZ.

                • Performed the experiments: GYX XCZ BWM PG GPL.

                • Analyzed the data: GYX XCZ.

                • Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XCZ.

                • Wrote the paper: GYX XCZ HQF GLW.

                Article
                PONE-D-16-19099
                10.1371/journal.pone.0160161
                4968828
                27478892
                075612c4-8ac5-443f-abab-1902933526dd
                © 2016 Xie et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 11 May 2016
                : 14 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: Special Fund for Agro-scientific Researches of the Public Interests
                Award ID: 201203036
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China (CN)
                Award ID: 31471830
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Researches of the Public Interests ( http://www.kjs.moa.gov.cn/xiangmu/), Grant number: 201203036, to XCZ; and National Natural Science Foundation of China ( http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/), Grant number: 31471830, to XCZ. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
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                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Biological Tissue
                Ganglia
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
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                Cell Biology
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                Sensory Neurons
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                Anatomy
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