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      Serum Apolipoprotein B and A1 Concentrations Predict Late-Onset Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus in Prevalent Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Glucose metabolism links closely to cholesterol metabolism. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) adversely affects posttransplant outcomes, but its risk factors in relation to cholesterol metabolism have not been fully delineated. The apolipoprotein B/A1 (Apo B/A1) ratio, which is associated with insulin resistance, has not been evaluated in kidney transplant recipients as a risk factor for PTDM.

          Objective:

          The objective of this study was to determine whether serum apolipoprotein profiles predict late PTDM, defined as a new onset diabetes occurring greater than 3 months posttransplant.

          Design:

          Retrospective chart review of a prevalent population of kidney transplant recipients.

          Setting:

          Large transplant center in Ontario, Canada.

          Patients:

          We identified 1104 previously nondiabetic adults who received a kidney transplant between January 1, 1998, and December 1, 2015, and were followed at 1 transplant center.

          Measurements:

          Recipients provided testing for serum apolipoprotein B (Apo B) and apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) concentrations from 2010, either at 3 months posttransplant for new transplant recipients or the next clinic visit for prevalent recipients. Late PTDM defined using Canadian Diabetes Association criteria as occurring ≥3 months posttransplant was recorded until May 1, 2016.

          Methods:

          All analyses were conducted with R, version 3.4.0 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Comparisons were made using Student t test, Fisher exact test or chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier methodology with the logrank test, or Cox proportional hazards analysis as appropriate. Covariates for the multivariate Cox proportional hazards models of PTDM as the outcome variable were selected based on significance of the univariate associations and biological plausibility.

          Results:

          There were 53 incident late PTDM cases, or 1.71 cases per 100 patient-years. Incident late PTDM differed between the highest and lowest quartiles for Apo B/A1 ratio, 2.47 per 100 patient-years vs 0.88 per 100 patient-years ( P = .005 for difference). In multiple Cox regression analysis, first measured serum Apo B/A1 concentration better predicted subsequent PTDM than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; hazard ratio [HR] = 7.80 per unit increase, P = .039 vs HR = 1.05 per unit increase, P = .774). Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations also did not predict PTDM ( P = .136). By contrast to Apo B, Apo A1 was protective against PTDM in statin users (HR = 0.17 per unit increase, P = .016).

          Limitations:

          Posttransplant diabetes mellitus cases occurring before apolipoprotein testing was implemented were not included in the analysis.

          Conclusions:

          Apolipoproteins B and A1 better predict late PTDM than conventional markers of cholesterol metabolism.

          Abrégé

          Contexte:

          Le métabolisme du glucose est étroitement lié à celui du cholestérol. Le diabète sucré post-transplantation (PTDM— Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus) compromet l’état de santé après la greffe, mais le risque qu’il représente sur le métabolisme du cholestérol n’est toujours pas clairement défini. Le taux d’apolipoprotéine B/A1 (Apo B/A1), associé à l’insulinorésistance, n’a toujours pas été évalué en tant que facteur de risque pour le PTDM chez les receveurs d’une greffe rénale.

          Objectif:

          Cette étude visait à déterminer si les profils sériques de l’apolipoprotéine sont prédicteurs d’un PTDM d’apparition tardive, soit d’un diabète se déclenchant plus de trois mois post-transplantation.

          Type d’étude:

          Une étude rétrospective des dossiers médicaux d’une population prévalente de receveurs d’une greffe rénale.

          Cadre:

          Un important centre de transplantation de l’Ontario (Canada).

          Sujets:

          L’étude porte sur 1 104 adultes non-diabétiques ayant subi une greffe rénale entre le 1 er janvier 1998 et le 1 er décembre 2015 et ayant été suivis dans un centre de transplantation.

          Mesures:

          À partir de 2010, les sujets se sont soumis à une épreuve mesurant les concentrations sériques d’Apo B et Apo A1 trois mois post-greffe pour les nouveaux receveurs ou lors de la prochaine consultation en clinique pour les receveurs prévalents. La survenue d’un PTDM d’apparition tardive, soit au minimum trois mois post-greffe selon le critère de l’Association canadienne du diabète, a été enregistrée jusqu’au 1 er mai 2016.

          Méthodologie:

          Toutes les analyses ont été menées avec le logiciel R ( R Foundation for Statistical Computing version 3.4.0). Selon le cas, les comparaisons ont été effectuées par le test t de Student, le test de Fisher exact, le test de chi-deux, la méthode de Kaplan-Meier avec le test de Mantel-Haenzel ou l’analyse de régression aléatoire proportionnelle de Cox. Les covariables du modèle multivarié de régression aléatoire proportionnelle de Cox avec le PTDM comme variable résultat ont été choisies en fonction de l’importance des associations univariées et de la plausibilité biologique.

          Résultats:

          On a répertorié 53 nouveaux cas de PTDM d’apparition tardive, soit 1,71 cas par 100 années-patient. Le nombre de nouveaux cas de PTDM d’apparition tardive différait entre le quartile le plus élevé et le quartile le plus bas pour le taux d’Apo B/A1, avec 2,47 par 100 années-patient et 0,88 par 100 années-patient respectivement ( P = 0,005 pour la différence). Selon l’analyse par régression multivariée de Cox, la première mesure de la concentration d’Apo B/A1 s’est avérée un meilleur prédicteur d’un PTDM subséquent que la mesure de LDL-C (RR à 7,80 par augmentation d’une unité pour Apo B/A1, P = 0,039 contre 1,05 par augmentation d’une unité pour LDL-C, P = 0,774). Les taux de cholestérol non HDL n’ont pas non plus prédit un PTDM ( P = 0,136). Contrairement à Apo B, Apo A1 protégeait contre le déclenchement d’un PTDM chez les utilisateurs de statines (RR: 0,17 par augmentation d’une unité, P = 0,016).

          Limite:

          Les cas de PTDM survenus avant que l’épreuve d’apolipoprotéine ne soit mise en œuvre n’ont pas été inclus dans cette analyse.

          Conclusion:

          Les apolipoprotéines B et A1 ont mieux prédit la survenue du PTDM d’apparition tardive que les marqueurs traditionnels du métabolisme du cholestérol.

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          Most cited references30

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
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          Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus: Causes, Treatment, and Impact on Outcomes.

          Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a frequent consequence of solid organ transplantation. PTDM has been associated with greater mortality and increased infections in different transplant groups using different diagnostic criteria. An international consensus panel recommended a consistent set of guidelines in 2003 based on American Diabetes Association glucose criteria but did not exclude the immediate post-transplant hospitalization when many patients receive large doses of corticosteroids. Greater glucose monitoring during all hospitalizations has revealed significant glucose intolerance in the majority of recipients immediately after transplant. As a result, the international consensus panel reviewed its earlier guidelines and recommended delaying screening and diagnosis of PTDM until the recipient is on stable doses of immunosuppression after discharge from initial transplant hospitalization. The group cautioned that whereas hemoglobin A1C has been adopted as a diagnostic criterion by many, it is not reliable as the sole diabetes screening method during the first year after transplant. Risk factors for PTDM include many of the immunosuppressant medications themselves as well as those for type 2 diabetes. The provider managing diabetes and associated dyslipidemia and hypertension after transplant must be careful of the greater risk for drug-drug interactions and infections with immunosuppressant medications. Treatment goals and therapies must consider the greater risk for fluctuating and reduced kidney function, which can cause hypoglycemia. Research is actively focused on strategies to prevent PTDM, but until strategies are found, it is imperative that immunosuppression regimens are chosen based on their evidence to prolong graft survival, not to avoid PTDM.
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            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Discordance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with alternative LDL-related measures and future coronary events.

            Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the traditional measure of risk attributable to LDL. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (NHDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apoB), and LDL particle number (LDL-P) are alternative measures of LDL-related risk. However, the clinical utility of these measures may only become apparent among individuals for whom levels are inconsistent (discordant) with LDL-C.
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              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              The impact of early-diagnosed new-onset post-transplantation diabetes mellitus on survival and major cardiac events.

              The impact of early-diagnosed new-onset post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) on cardiovascular (CV) disease is not well described. The objectives of the present prospective single-center observational study were to assess the long-term effects of early-diagnosed new-onset PTDM on major cardiac events (MCE; cardiac death or nonfatal acute myocardial infarction) and patient survival. Diabetic status and CV risk factors were assessed in 201 consecutive renal allograft recipients 3 months after transplantation (baseline) during a period of 16 months (1995-96). Follow-up data until January 1, 2004 were obtained from the Norwegian Renal Registry. The 8-year (range 7-9 years) cumulative incidence of MCEs was 7% (nine out of 138) in recipients without diabetes, 20% (seven out of 35) in patients with new-onset PTDM and 21% (six out of 28) in patients with diabetes mellitus before transplantation (DM). Proportional hazards regression analyses (forward stepwise regression) revealed that patients with PTDM had an approximately three-fold increased risk of MCEs as compared with nondiabetic patients (hazard ratio (HR)=3.27, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.22-8.80, P=0.019). A total of 61 patients (30%) died. Eight-year patient survival was 80% in the nondiabetic group, 63% in the PTDM group and 29% in the DM group, respectively. Pretransplant diabetes (HR=5.09, 95% CI=2.60-9.96, P<0.001), age (HR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01-1.05, P=0.016), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (HR=2.66, 95% CI=1.27-5.53, P=0.009), and creatinine clearance (HR=0.98, 95% CI=0.96-1.00, P=0.046), but not PTDM (HR=1.20, 95% CI=0.58-2.49, P=0.621), were independent predictors of death in the multiple Cox regression model. Early-diagnosed PTDM is a predictor of MCEs, but not of all-cause mortality, the first 8 years after renal transplantation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                CJK
                spcjk
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2054-3581
                25 May 2019
                2019
                : 6
                : 2054358119850536
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Kidney Transplant Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
                [2 ]Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]G. V. Ramesh Prasad, Kidney Transplant Program, St. Michael’s Hospital, 61 Queen Street East, 9th Floor, Toronto, ON, Canada M5C 2T2. Email: prasadr@ 123456smh.ca
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1576-7696
                Article
                10.1177_2054358119850536
                10.1177/2054358119850536
                6535897
                31205732
                07636402-1c35-411c-a349-e9d006cf64b0
                © The Author(s) 2019

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 28 November 2018
                : 6 April 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ;
                Categories
                Original Research Article
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2019

                cardiovascular disease,diabetes,metabolic syndrome,tacrolimus,transplantation

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