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      Serum AMH concentration as a marker evaluating gonadal function in boys operated on for unilateral cryptorchidism between 1st and 4th year of life

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          Abstract

          The aim of this study was to measure the serum AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone) concentrations in a group of boys with or without cryptorchidism, evaluation of karyotypes, testicular position, morphology, and major length of the undescended testes. Fifty boys who were 1–4 years old (median = 2.4 years) with unilateral cryptorchidism were evaluated. All of them underwent orchidopexy in 2010. Prior to the procedure, all of the subjects had undergone karyotyping to exclude chromosomal abnormalities. Fifty healthy boys within the same age range (median = 2.1 years) admitted for planned inguinal hernia repair in 2010, served as controls. Blood samples were collected, while obtaining blood for standard laboratory tests routinely performed before the surgeries. Medians of AMH in boys with cryptorchidism were lower than in boys with inguinal hernia and differed significantly between two groups. Undescended testes were generally found in superficial inguinal pouch ( n = 46), in two cases were noted to be in the external ring of the inguinal canal, and in another two instances, in the abdominal cavity. The major lengths of the undescended testes were smaller in comparison to the testes positioned normally (mean of 1 cm vs. a mean of 1.5 cm, respectively). In nine of the cases, the testes had turgor deficit, a drop shape, with epididymides that were small, dysplastic, and separated from the testis. The authors found that AMH was lower in boys with unilateral cryptorchidism (also found to have smaller testis) when compared with the control group.

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          Most cited references41

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          Changes in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) throughout the life span: a population-based study of 1027 healthy males from birth (cord blood) to the age of 69 years.

          Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which is secreted by immature Sertoli cells, triggers the involution of the fetal Müllerian ducts. AMH is a testis-specific marker used for diagnosis in infants with ambiguous genitalia or bilateral cryptorchidism. The aim of the study was to describe the ontogeny of AMH secretion through life in healthy males. This was a population-based study of healthy volunteers. PARTICIPANTS included 1027 healthy males from birth (cord blood) to 69 yr. A subgroup was followed up longitudinally through the infantile minipuberty [(in cord blood, and at 3 and 12 months), n=55] and another group through puberty [(biannual measurements), n=83]. Serum AMH was determined by a sensitive immunoassay. Serum testosterone, LH, and FSH were measured, and pubertal staging was performed in boys aged 6 to 20 yr (n=616). Serum AMH was above the detection limit in all samples with a marked variation according to age and pubertal status. The median AMH level in cord blood was 148 pmol/liter and increased significantly to the highest observed levels at 3 months (P<0.0001). AMH declined at 12 months (P<0.0001) and remained at a relatively stable level throughout childhood until puberty, when AMH declined progressively with adults exhibiting 3-4% of infant levels. Based on this extensive data set, we found detectable AMH serum levels at all ages, with the highest measured levels during infancy. At the time of puberty, AMH concentrations declined and remained relatively stable throughout adulthood. The potential physiological role of AMH and clinical applicability of AMH measurements remain to be determined.
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            Cryptorchidism in mice mutant for Insl3.

            L Parada, S Nef (1999)
            Impaired testicular descent (cryptorchidism) is one of the most frequent congenital abnormalities in humans, involving 2% of male births. Cryptorchidism can result in infertility and increases risk for development of germ-cell tumours. Testicular descent from abdomen to scrotum occurs in two distinct phases: the trans-abdominal phase and the inguino-scrotal phase. Currently, little is known about the factors that regulate the trans-abdominal phase of testicular descent. Leydig insulin-like hormone (Insl3) is a member of the insulin hormone superfamily expressed in the developing testis. We show here that mice mutant for Insl3 are viable, but exhibit bilateral cryptorchidism due to developmental abnormalities of the gubernaculum, resulting in abnormal spermatogenesis and infertility. Female homozygotes have impaired fertility associated with deregulation of the oestrus cycle. These findings reveal roles for Insl3 in the development of the urogenital tract and in female fertility. Insl3 may act as a hormone to regulate the growth and differentiation of the gubernaculum, thereby mediating intra-abdominal testicular descent.
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              Müllerian-inhibiting substance function during mammalian sexual development.

              To investigate the role of Müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) in mammalian sexual development, we generated MIS-deficient mice. Although MIS-deficient males had testes that were fully descended and produced functional sperm, they also developed female reproductive organs, which interfered with sperm transfer into females, rendering most of these males infertile. Their testes had Leydig cell hyperplasia and, in one instance, neoplasia. The actions of the two primary hormones of male sexual differentiation were genetically eliminated using the testicular feminization (Tfm) mutation in combination with the MIS mutant allele. XY Tfm/MIS double mutants developed as females, with a uterus, coiled oviducts, and no male reproductive organs except undescended dysfunctional testes. These results suggest that eliminating the presumptive female reproductive tract in male fetuses facilitates fertility and that in testes MIS is a negative regulator of Leydig cell proliferation. Eliminating the presumptive male reproductive tract is necessary for proper oviductal morphogenesis during female mouse development.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +48857450924 , +48857450920 , ewamat@tlen.pl
                Journal
                Endocrine
                Endocrine
                Endocrine
                Springer US (Boston )
                1355-008X
                1559-0100
                29 October 2011
                29 October 2011
                April 2012
                : 41
                : 2
                : 334-337
                Affiliations
                Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
                Article
                9551
                10.1007/s12020-011-9551-5
                3298651
                22038452
                079cdbce-84b0-40f5-95e0-f3df7918a1ff
                © The Author(s) 2011
                History
                : 8 August 2011
                : 18 October 2011
                Categories
                Original Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                testis descent,cryptorchidism,gonadal function,anti-mullerian hormone,orchidopexy

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