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      We Are Ageing

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Ageing and longevity is unquestioningly complex. Several thoughts and mechanisms of ageing such as pathways involved in oxidative stress, lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, DNA damage and repair, growth hormone axis and insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF), and environmental exposure have been proposed. Also, some theories of ageing were introduced. To date, the most promising leads for longevity are caloric restriction, particularly target of rapamycin (TOR), sirtuins, hexarelin and hormetic responses. This review is an attempt to analyze the mechanisms and theories of ageing and achieving longevity.

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          Pleiotropy, Natural Selection, and the Evolution of Senescence

          George Williams (1957)
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            Demography. Broken limits to life expectancy.

            Jim Oeppen, James Vaupel (2002)
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              Stochastic and genetic factors influence tissue-specific decline in ageing C. elegans.

              Laura Herndon, Peter Schmeissner, Justyna M Dudaronek … (2002)
              The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an important model for studying the genetics of ageing, with over 50 life-extension mutations known so far. However, little is known about the pathobiology of ageing in this species, limiting attempts to connect genotype with senescent phenotype. Using ultrastructural analysis and visualization of specific cell types with green fluorescent protein, we examined cell integrity in different tissues as the animal ages. We report remarkable preservation of the nervous system, even in advanced old age, in contrast to a gradual, progressive deterioration of muscle, resembling human sarcopenia. The age-1(hx546) mutation, which extends lifespan by 60-100%, delayed some, but not all, cellular biomarkers of ageing. Strikingly, we found strong evidence that stochastic as well as genetic factors are significant in C. elegans ageing, with extensive variability both among same-age animals and between cells of the same type within individuals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date (Print): 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 June 2014
                Volume: 2014
                Electronic Location Identifier: 808307
                Affiliations
                Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 356 Sygrou Avenue, 17674 Athens, Greece
                Author notes
                *Genovefa D. Kolovou: genovefa@ 123456kolovou.com

                Academic Editor: Elísio Costa

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2014/808307
                PMC ID: 4090574
                SO-VID: 07ac3c50-4b18-4b9f-a779-20d4390e6302
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Genovefa D. Kolovou et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 11 May 2014
                Date revision received : 27 May 2014
                Date accepted : 27 May 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

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