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      Haptics to improve task performance in people with disabilities: A review of previous studies and a guide to future research with children with disabilities

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          Abstract

          This review examines the studies most pertinent to the potential of haptics on the functionality of assistive robots in manipulation tasks for use by children with disabilities. Haptics is the fast-emerging science that studies the sense of touch concerning the interaction of a human and his/her environment; this paper particularly studies the human–machine interaction that happens through a haptic interface to enable touch feedback. Haptics-enabled user interfaces for assistive robots can potentially benefit children whose haptic exploration is impaired due to a disability in their infancy and throughout their childhood. A haptic interface can provide touch feedback and potentially contribute to an enhancement in perception of objects and overall ability to perform manipulation tasks. The intention of this paper is to review the research on the applications of haptics, exclusively focusing on attributes affecting task performance. A review of studies will give a retrospective insight into previous research with various disability populations, and inform potential limitations/challenges in research regarding haptic interfaces for assistive robots for use by children with disabilities.

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          Most cited references78

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          Review of control strategies for robotic movement training after neurologic injury

          There is increasing interest in using robotic devices to assist in movement training following neurologic injuries such as stroke and spinal cord injury. This paper reviews control strategies for robotic therapy devices. Several categories of strategies have been proposed, including, assistive, challenge-based, haptic simulation, and coaching. The greatest amount of work has been done on developing assistive strategies, and thus the majority of this review summarizes techniques for implementing assistive strategies, including impedance-, counterbalance-, and EMG- based controllers, as well as adaptive controllers that modify control parameters based on ongoing participant performance. Clinical evidence regarding the relative effectiveness of different types of robotic therapy controllers is limited, but there is initial evidence that some control strategies are more effective than others. It is also now apparent there may be mechanisms by which some robotic control approaches might actually decrease the recovery possible with comparable, non-robotic forms of training. In future research, there is a need for head-to-head comparison of control algorithms in randomized, controlled clinical trials, and for improved models of human motor recovery to provide a more rational framework for designing robotic therapy control strategies.
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            Control strategies for active lower extremity prosthetics and orthotics: a review

            Technological advancements have led to the development of numerous wearable robotic devices for the physical assistance and restoration of human locomotion. While many challenges remain with respect to the mechanical design of such devices, it is at least equally challenging and important to develop strategies to control them in concert with the intentions of the user. This work reviews the state-of-the-art techniques for controlling portable active lower limb prosthetic and orthotic (P/O) devices in the context of locomotive activities of daily living (ADL), and considers how these can be interfaced with the user’s sensory-motor control system. This review underscores the practical challenges and opportunities associated with P/O control, which can be used to accelerate future developments in this field. Furthermore, this work provides a classification scheme for the comparison of the various control strategies. As a novel contribution, a general framework for the control of portable gait-assistance devices is proposed. This framework accounts for the physical and informatic interactions between the controller, the user, the environment, and the mechanical device itself. Such a treatment of P/Os – not as independent devices, but as actors within an ecosystem – is suggested to be necessary to structure the next generation of intelligent and multifunctional controllers. Each element of the proposed framework is discussed with respect to the role that it plays in the assistance of locomotion, along with how its states can be sensed as inputs to the controller. The reviewed controllers are shown to fit within different levels of a hierarchical scheme, which loosely resembles the structure and functionality of the nominal human central nervous system (CNS). Active and passive safety mechanisms are considered to be central aspects underlying all of P/O design and control, and are shown to be critical for regulatory approval of such devices for real-world use. The works discussed herein provide evidence that, while we are getting ever closer, significant challenges still exist for the development of controllers for portable powered P/O devices that can seamlessly integrate with the user’s neuromusculoskeletal system and are practical for use in locomotive ADL.
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              Exploratory Behavior in the Development of Perceiving, Acting, and the Acquiring of Knowledge

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng
                J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng
                JRT
                spjrt
                Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering
                SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                2055-6683
                10 October 2016
                Jan-Dec 2016
                : 3
                : 2055668316668147
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
                [2 ]Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
                [3 ]Electrical and Computer Engineering Research Facility, University of Alberta, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]Nooshin Jafari, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada. Email: njafari@ 123456ualberta.ca
                Article
                10.1177_2055668316668147
                10.1177/2055668316668147
                6453052
                07c0b326-a61c-4728-bfeb-0e31e2a3d259
                © The Author(s) 2016

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 20 February 2016
                : 22 July 2016
                Categories
                Review Article
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2016

                haptics,people with disabilities,task performance,object manipulation,haptic interface,haptic feedback

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