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      First Nearly Complete Genome Sequence of Feline immunodeficiency virus from Brazil

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          ABSTRACT

          Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has worldwide distribution; nevertheless, only a few FIV genomes from domestic cats are available. This is the first report of a nearly complete genome of FIV from a Brazilian cat (8,967 nucleotides [nt]), including the entire coding region and the 3′ untranslated region.

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          Nucleotide sequence of feline immunodeficiency virus: classification of Japanese isolates into two subtypes which are distinct from non-Japanese subtypes.

          H. Yokota-Hashimoto, S Kakinuma, J Yamamoto … (1995)
          Seven isolates of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), Shizuoka, Yokohama, Sendai-1, Sendai-2, Fukuoka, Aomori-1, and Aomori-2, were isolated from FIV-seropositive domestic cats in Japan, and their proviral DNAs were amplified by PCR. The nucleotide sequences of their env and gag genes were determined and compared with those of previously described isolates: U.S. and European isolates and one Japanese isolate, TM2. Phylogenetic analyses of complete env gene sequences demonstrate that worldwide isolates are classified into three subtypes: Japanese TM2, Japanese Shizuoka, and non-Japanese subtypes (U.S. and European isolates), with 20% amino acid distances from each other. This pattern indicates that an evolutionary radiation of these three subtypes of FIV occurred at approximately the same time. The sequence data of gag genes also confirmed these results. Furthermore, the Sendai-1 isolate was identified as an imported FIV isolate.
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            Genetic diversity of Argentine isolates of feline immunodeficiency virus.

            T Miyazawa, S Sugita, K Tomonaga … (1996)
            We report the nucleotide sequence and genetic diversity of part of the envelope (env) gene of four strains of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) isolated from Argentine domestic cats. The DNA encoding the V3 to V5 regions of the env gene of the FIV isolates were amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Argentine isolates did not cluster into a single group; one isolate clustered with subtype B FIV isolated in the USA and Japan, whereas the others formed a new cluster of FIV which might represent a prototype sequence for subtype E.
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              Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Evolutionarily Acquires Two Proteins, Vif and Protease, Capable of Antagonizing Feline APOBEC3

              Rokusuke Yoshikawa, Junko S. Takeuchi, Eri Yamada … (2017)
              ABSTRACT The interplay between viral and host proteins has been well studied to elucidate virus-host interactions and their relevance to virulence. Mammalian genes encode apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) proteins, which act as intrinsic restriction factors against lentiviruses. To overcome APOBEC3-mediated antiviral actions, lentiviruses have evolutionarily acquired an accessory protein, viral infectivity factor (Vif), and Vif degrades host APOBEC3 proteins via a ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent pathway. Although the Vif-APOBEC3 interaction and its evolutionary significance, particularly those of primate lentiviruses (including HIV) and primates (including humans), have been well investigated, those of nonprimate lentiviruses and nonprimates are poorly understood. Moreover, the factors that determine lentiviral pathogenicity remain unclear. Here, we focus on feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a pathogenic lentivirus in domestic cats, and the interaction between FIV Vif and feline APOBEC3 in terms of viral virulence and evolution. We reveal the significantly reduced diversity of FIV subtype B compared to that of other subtypes, which may associate with the low pathogenicity of this subtype. We also demonstrate that FIV subtype B Vif is less active with regard to feline APOBEC3 degradation. More intriguingly, we further reveal that FIV protease cleaves feline APOBEC3 in released virions. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that a lentivirus encodes two types of anti-APOBEC3 factors, Vif and viral protease. IMPORTANCE During the history of mammalian evolution, mammals coevolved with retroviruses, including lentiviruses. All pathogenic lentiviruses, excluding equine infectious anemia virus, have acquired the vif gene via evolution to combat APOBEC3 proteins, which are intrinsic restriction factors against exogenous lentiviruses. Here we demonstrate that FIV, a pathogenic lentivirus in domestic cats, antagonizes feline APOBEC3 proteins by both Vif and a viral protease. Furthermore, the Vif proteins of an FIV subtype (subtype B) have attenuated their anti-APOBEC3 activity through evolution. Our findings can be a clue to elucidate the complicated evolutionary processes by which lentiviruses adapt to mammals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (hwp): ga
                Journal ID (pmc): ga
                Journal ID (publisher-id): GA
                Title: Genome Announcements
                Publisher: American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2169-8287
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 September 2017
                Publication date Collection: September 2017
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 39
                Electronic Location Identifier: e00947-17
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [b ]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
                [c ]Institute for Biotechnology (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to Sueli A. Taniwaki, staniwaki@ 123456usp.br .
                Article
                Publisher ID: genomeA00947-17
                DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00947-17
                PMC ID: 5624751
                PubMed ID: 28963205
                SO-VID: 07d7ea3d-f969-45d4-8655-f8e7d3c52b25
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017 Taniwaki et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

                History
                Date received : 22 August 2017
                Date accepted : 25 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 9, Pages: 2, Words: 1117
                Funding
                Funded by: MCTI | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003593
                Award ID: 301225/2013-3
                Award Recipient : Paulo Eduardo Brandao
                Funded by: Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) https://doi.org/10.13039/501100002322
                Award ID: 1841/2016
                Award Recipient : Paulo Eduardo Brandao
                Funded by: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001807
                Award ID: 2014/13532-3
                Award Recipient : João Pessoa Araújo Junior
                Categories
                Subject: Viruses
                Custom metadata
                cover-date September 2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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