From multiple measles genotype D8 introductions in 2024 to sustained B3 local transmission in and around Milan, northern Italy, January to April 2025

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Abstract

An outbreak of measles virus genotype B3 is ongoing in Milan and surrounding areas since February 2025, with 27 cases identified in 32 laboratory-confirmed measles cases. Most cases were locally acquired and young adults. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of a unique lineage closely related to strains circulating in Morocco. The lack of epidemiological links between several affected individuals suggests case numbers are being underestimated. The continuous transmission raises concerns about the potential re-establishment of endemic circulation in northern Italy.

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Most cited references 8

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The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.

N Saitou, M Nei (1987)

A new method called the neighbor-joining method is proposed for reconstructing phylogenetic trees from evolutionary distance data. The principle of this method is to find pairs of operational taxonomic units (OTUs [= neighbors]) that minimize the total branch length at each stage of clustering of OTUs starting with a starlike tree. The branch lengths as well as the topology of a parsimonious tree can quickly be obtained by using this method. Using computer simulation, we studied the efficiency of this method in obtaining the correct unrooted tree in comparison with that of five other tree-making methods: the unweighted pair group method of analysis, Farris's method, Sattath and Tversky's method, Li's method, and Tateno et al.'s modified Farris method. The new, neighbor-joining method and Sattath and Tversky's method are shown to be generally better than the other methods.

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Confidence Limits on Phylogenies: An Approach Using the Bootstrap

Joseph Felsenstein (1985)

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GenBank

Dennis A Benson, Mark Cavanaugh, Karen Clark … (2012)

GenBank® (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) is a comprehensive database that contains publicly available nucleotide sequences for almost 260 000 formally described species. These sequences are obtained primarily through submissions from individual laboratories and batch submissions from large-scale sequencing projects, including whole-genome shotgun (WGS) and environmental sampling projects. Most submissions are made using the web-based BankIt or standalone Sequin programs, and GenBank staff assigns accession numbers upon data receipt. Daily data exchange with the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) ensures worldwide coverage. GenBank is accessible through the NCBI Entrez retrieval system, which integrates data from the major DNA and protein sequence databases along with taxonomy, genome, mapping, protein structure and domain information, and the biomedical journal literature via PubMed. BLAST provides sequence similarity searches of GenBank and other sequence databases. Complete bimonthly releases and daily updates of the GenBank database are available by FTP. To access GenBank and its related retrieval and analysis services, begin at the NCBI home page: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Euro Surveill

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Euro Surveill

Journal ID (publisher-id): ES

Title: Eurosurveillance

Publisher: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)

ISSN (Print): 1025-496X

ISSN (Electronic): 1560-7917

Publication date (Print): 22 May 2025

Volume: 30

Issue: 20

Electronic Location Identifier: 2500315

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

[2 ]Coordinated Research Centre “EpiSoMI”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

[3 ]Health Protection Agency of the Metropolitan Area of Milan, Milan, Italy

[4 ]Directorate General for Health of the Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy

[5 ]Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy

Author notes

[*]

These authors contributed equally to the work and share first authorship.

Correspondence: Silvia Bianchi ( silvia.bianchi@ 123456unimi.it )

Author information

Clara Fappani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1573-5531

Maria Gori https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6478-2791

Silvia Bianchi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1365-9408

Lucia Tieghi https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5171-2568

Daniela Colzani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4079-1957

Priscilla Pasutto https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1689-2069

Luca Imeri https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0753-004X

Luigi Vezzosi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6461-2231

Gabriele Del Castillo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3331-2815

Simone Villa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0753-8853

Danilo Cereda https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5945-5710

Silvia Gioacchini https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0912-1330

Paola Bucci https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0615-1013

Raoul Fioravanti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0151-0331

Emilio D’Ugo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5852-7575

Melissa Baggieri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0226-7599

Fabio Magurano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0394-7043

Antonella Amendola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0499-8977

Article

Publisher ID: 2500315 Publisher ID: 2500315

DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2025.30.20.2500315

PMC ID: 12105090

PubMed ID: 40406884

SO-VID: 07fbffa6-ab63-4ead-b5f5-c7c18bea5d29

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.

From multiple measles genotype D8 introductions in 2024 to sustained B3 local transmission in and around Milan, northern Italy, January to April 2025

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MoRePaS 2018 - Model Reduction of Parametrized Systems IV

Most cited references 8

The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.

Confidence Limits on Phylogenies: An Approach Using the Bootstrap

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