A knowledge of neurotransmitters in the neurons of the rat cochlear nuclear complex is of importance in understanding the function of auditory circuits. Using post-embedding ultrastructural immunogold labelling, the distribution of glycinergic and GABAergic neurons and axonal terminals has been studied in the molecular, fusiform and polymorphic layers of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). This technique is not limited by the penetration of antibodies into the nervous tissue as in pre-embedding methods, and allows a fine neurochemical mapping of the nervous tissue. Numerous glycinergic and GABAergic axon terminals contain pleomorphic and flat synaptic vesicles, and are present in all layers (1, 2, 3) of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Glycine and GABA-negative large terminals (mossy fibres) are mainly seen in granule cell areas of layer 2 (fusiform layer). Mossy fibres contact the dendrites of GABA- and glycine-negative granule cells and of the few unipolar brush cells (excitatory neurons). The least common cells in the granule cell areas are GABAergic and glycinergic Golgi-stellate neurons. In unipolar brush cells, aggregations of vesicles seem to be the origin of their characteristic ringlet-bodies. Golgi-stellate cells send their inhibitory terminals to the dendrites of granule and unipolar brush cells, occasionally directly to mossy fibres. Small or (less frequently) large GABAergic terminals contact the soma or the main dendrite of unipolar brush cells. The circuit of a hypothetical functional unit of neurons in the DCN is proposed. The inputs from auditory tonotopic or non-auditory non-tonotopic mossy fibres eventually reach pyramidal cells through axons from the granule cells or unipolar brush cells. Pyramidal cells convey an excitatory signal from the DCN to higher mesencephalic nuclei for further elaboration of the acoustic signal.