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      Measurement and Clinical Significance of Lipid Peroxidation as a Biomarker of Oxidative Stress: Oxidative Stress in Diabetes, Atherosclerosis, and Chronic Inflammation

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          Abstract

          Endothelial dysfunction is one of the initial steps in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and development of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Several risk factors are associated with endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and advanced glycation-end products. Among these risk factors, oxidative stress is the largest contributor to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is still difficult, and assays for the measurement of ROS have failed to show a consistent correlation between pathological states and oxidative stress. To solve this problem, this review summarizes the current knowledge on biomarkers of oxidative stress, especially lipid peroxidation, and discusses the roles of oxidative stress, as measured by indices of lipid peroxidation, in diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and chronic inflammation.

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          Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS).

          Andreas Festa, Ralph D’Agostino, George Howard … (2000)
          Inflammation has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Recently, some components of the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) have been related to inflammatory markers. We hypothesized that insulin insensitivity, as directly measured, may be associated with inflammation in nondiabetic subjects. We studied the relation of C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and white cell count to components of IRS in the nondiabetic population of the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) (n=1008; age, 40 to 69 years; 33% with impaired glucose tolerance), a multicenter, population-based study. None of the subjects had clinical coronary artery disease. Insulin sensitivity (S(I)) was measured by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, and CRP was measured by a highly sensitive competitive immunoassay. All 3 inflammatory markers were correlated with several components of the IRS. Strong associations were found between CRP and measures of body fat (body mass index, waist circumference), S(I), and fasting insulin and proinsulin (all correlation coefficients >0.3, P<0.0001). The associations were consistent among the 3 ethnic groups of the IRAS. There was a linear increase in CRP levels with an increase in the number of metabolic disorders. Body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and S(I) were related to CRP levels in a multivariate linear regression model. We suggest that chronic subclinical inflammation is part of IRS. CRP, a predictor of cardiovascular events in previous reports, was independently related to S(I). These findings suggest potential benefits of anti-inflammatory or insulin-sensitizing treatment strategies in healthy individuals with features of IRS.
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            Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria.

            (2001)
            New diagnostic criteria for diabetes based on fasting blood glucose (FBG) level were approved by the American Diabetes Association. The impact of using FBG only has not been evaluated thoroughly. The fasting and the 2-hour glucose (2h-BG) criteria were compared with regard to the prediction of mortality. Existing baseline data on glucose level at fasting and 2 hours after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test from 10 prospective European cohort studies including 15 388 men and 7126 women aged 30 to 89 years, with a median follow-up of 8.8 years, were analyzed. Hazards ratios for death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke were estimated. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that the inclusion of FBG did not add significant information on the prediction of 2h-BG alone (P>.10 for various causes), whereas the addition of 2h-BG to FBG criteria significantly improved the prediction (P<.001 for all causes and P<.005 for cardiovascular disease). In a model including FBG and 2h-BG simultaneously, hazards ratios (95% confidence intervals) in subjects with diabetes on 2h-BG were 1.73 (1.45-2.06) for all causes, 1.40 (1.02-1.92) for cardiovascular disease, 1.56 (1.03-2.36) for coronary heart disease, and 1.29 (0.66-2.54) for stroke mortality, compared with the normal 2h-BG group. Compared with the normal FBG group, the corresponding hazards ratios in subjects with diabetes on FBG were 1.21 (1.01-1.44), 1.20 (0.88-1.64), 1.09 (0.71-1.67), and 1.64 (0.88-3.07), respectively. The largest number of excess deaths was observed in subjects who had impaired glucose tolerance but normal FBG levels. The 2h-BG is a better predictor of deaths from all causes and cardiovascular disease than is FBG.
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              The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress.

              Joe M. McCord (2000)
              The superoxide free radical has come to occupy an amazingly central role in a wide variety of diseases. Our metabolic focus on aerobic energy metabolism in all cell types, coupled with some chemical peculiarities of the oxygen molecule itself, contribute to the phenomenon. Superoxide is not, as we once thought, just a toxic but unavoidable byproduct of oxygen metabolism. Rather it appears to be a carefully regulated metabolite capable of signaling and communicating important information to the cell's genetic machinery. Redox regulation of gene expression by superoxide and other related oxidants and antioxidants is beginning to unfold as a vital mechanism in health and disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antioxidants (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antioxidants (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): antioxidants
                Title: Antioxidants
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-3921
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 March 2019
                Publication date Collection: March 2019
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 72
                Affiliations
                [1 ]The Institute of Prophylactic Pharmacology, Shinagawa, Tokyo 140-0001, Japan
                [2 ]R&D Department, Sunstar Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1195, Japan; yoko.sono@ 123456jp.sunstar.com
                [3 ]Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tanabe Memorial Hospital, Kyotanabe-City, Kyoto 610-0331, Japan; rinito@ 123456par.odn.ne.jp
                [4 ]Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: setsunanfi@ 123456zmail.plala.or.jp ; Tel.: +81-743-79-3910
                Article
                Publisher ID: antioxidants-08-00072
                DOI: 10.3390/antiox8030072
                PMC ID: 6466575
                PubMed ID: 30934586
                SO-VID: 081b965c-3ff8-4c61-9c5b-768570e33f2c
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 15 February 2019
                Date accepted : 20 March 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: oxidative stress,oxidative stress biomarkers,lipid peroxidation,8-isoprostaglandin f2α,malondialdehyde,fe-roms test,diabetes mellitus,endothelial dysfunction,atherosclerosis,cardiovascular disease,chronic inflammation,oxidized high-density lipoprotein
                Data availability:
                Keywords: oxidative stress, oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, 8-isoprostaglandin f2α, malondialdehyde, fe-roms test, diabetes mellitus, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic inflammation, oxidized high-density lipoprotein

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