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      Neuroanatomical and Symptomatic Sex Differences in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis

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          Abstract

          Sex differences have been widely observed in clinical presentation, functional outcome and neuroanatomy in individuals with a first-episode of psychosis, and chronic patients suffering from schizophrenia. However, little is known about sex differences in the high-risk stages for psychosis. The present study investigated sex differences in cortical and subcortical neuroanatomy in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis and healthy controls (CTL), and the relationship between anatomy and clinical symptoms in males at CHR. Magnetic resonance images were collected in 26 individuals at CHR (13 men) and 29 CTLs (15 men) to determine total and regional brain volumes and morphology, cortical thickness, and surface area (SA). Clinical symptoms were assessed with the brief psychiatric rating scale. Significant sex-by-diagnosis interactions were observed with opposite directions of effect in male and female CHR subjects relative to their same-sex controls in multiple cortical and subcortical areas. The right postcentral, left superior parietal, inferior parietal supramarginal, and angular gyri [<5% false discovery rate (FDR)] were thicker in male and thinner in female CHR subjects compared with their same-sex CTLs. The same pattern was observed in the right superior parietal gyrus SA at the regional and vertex level. Using a recently developed surface-based morphology pipeline, we observed sex-specific shape differences in the left hippocampus (<5% FDR) and amygdala (<10% FDR). Negative symptom burden was significantly higher in male compared with female CHR subjects ( p = 0.04) and was positively associated with areal expansion of the left amygdala in males (<5% FDR). Some limitations of the study include the sample size, and data acquisition at 1.5 T. This study demonstrates neuroanatomical sex differences in CHR subjects, which may be associated with variations in symptomatology in men and women with psychotic symptoms.

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          Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing

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            Automatic 3D intersubject registration of MR volumetric data in standardized Talairach space.

            In both diagnostic and research applications, the interpretation of MR images of the human brain is facilitated when different data sets can be compared by visual inspection of equivalent anatomical planes. Quantitative analysis with predefined atlas templates often requires the initial alignment of atlas and image planes. Unfortunately, the axial planes acquired during separate scanning sessions are often different in their relative position and orientation, and these slices are not coplanar with those in the atlas. We have developed a completely automatic method to register a given volumetric data set with Talairach stereotaxic coordinate system. The registration method is based on multi-scale, three-dimensional (3D) cross-correlation with an average (n > 300) MR brain image volume aligned with the Talariach stereotaxic space. Once the data set is re-sampled by the transformation recovered by the algorithm, atlas slices can be directly superimposed on the corresponding slices of the re-sampled volume. the use of such a standardized space also allows the direct comparison, voxel to voxel, of two or more data sets brought into stereotaxic space. With use of a two-tailed Student t test for paired samples, there was no significant difference in the transformation parameters recovered by the automatic algorithm when compared with two manual landmark-based methods (p > 0.1 for all parameters except y-scale, where p > 0.05). Using root-mean-square difference between normalized voxel intensities as an unbiased measure of registration, we show that when estimated and averaged over 60 volumetric MR images in standard space, this measure was 30% lower for the automatic technique than the manual method, indicating better registrations. Likewise, the automatic method showed a 57% reduction in standard deviation, implying a more stable technique. The algorithm is able to recover the transformation even when data are missing from the top or bottom of the volume. We present a fully automatic registration method to map volumetric data into stereotaxic space that yields results comparable with those of manually based techniques. The method requires no manual identification of points or contours and therefore does not suffer the drawbacks involved in user intervention such as reproducibility and interobserver variability.
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              Emotion and cognition: insights from studies of the human amygdala.

              Traditional approaches to the study of cognition emphasize an information-processing view that has generally excluded emotion. In contrast, the recent emergence of cognitive neuroscience as an inspiration for understanding human cognition has highlighted its interaction with emotion. This review explores insights into the relations between emotion and cognition that have resulted from studies of the human amygdala. Five topics are explored: emotional learning, emotion and memory, emotion's influence on attention and perception, processing emotion in social stimuli, and changing emotional responses. Investigations into the neural systems underlying human behavior demonstrate that the mechanisms of emotion and cognition are intertwined from early perception to reasoning. These findings suggest that the classic division between the study of emotion and cognition may be unrealistic and that an understanding of human cognition requires the consideration of emotion.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychiatry
                Front Psychiatry
                Front. Psychiatry
                Frontiers in Psychiatry
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-0640
                22 December 2017
                2017
                : 8
                : 291
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University , Verdun, QC, Canada
                [2] 2Department of Psychiatry, Cerebral Imaging Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University , Verdun, QC, Canada
                [3] 3Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University , Verdun, QC, Canada
                [4] 4Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University , Verdun, QC, Canada
                [5] 5Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz , Konstanz, Germany
                Author notes

                Edited by: Lena K. Palaniyappan, University of Western Ontario, Canada

                Reviewed by: Rajeev Krishnadas, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, United Kingdom; Tsutomu Takahashi, University of Toyama, Takaoka, Japan

                *Correspondence: Elisa Guma, elisa.guma@ 123456mail.mcgill.ca ; M. Mallar Chakravarty, mallar@ 123456cobralab.ca

                These authors have contributed equally as senior authors.

                Specialty section: This article was submitted to Neuroimaging and Stimulation, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00291
                5744013
                29312018
                08297cda-a2e0-41a1-a82e-4b1f1455d90c
                Copyright © 2017 Guma, Devenyi, Malla, Shah, Chakravarty and Pruessner.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 06 September 2017
                : 06 December 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 74, Pages: 14, Words: 8473
                Categories
                Psychiatry
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                structural mri image analysis,sex differences,cortical thickness,clinical high risk for psychosis,brain morphometry

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