Implications
The American Society of Animal Science is in a strong position to support and implement
a peer-driven, comprehensive voluntary accreditation program based on its large and
diverse animal science professional membership and its involvement with academic programs
training future animal science graduates.
Students, employers, academic institutions, and potential employers benefit from accreditation
by ensuring that animal science educational programs meet or exceed academic standards
defined by animal science professionals.
Introduction
Should voluntary accreditation of 4-year animal science degree programs be the future?
The American Society of Animal Science (ASAS) Committee on Accreditation suggests
it is needed and yes, it is the future. Higher education continues to evolve with
new challenges, opportunities, and expectations. Graduates with 4-year degrees in
Animal Science have been rewarded with plentiful and diverse career options and opportunities.
However, now is not the time to rest on our laurels. As times change, so should animal
science programs to continually meet current and future implications in our educational
processes. Those who invest time and resources in undergraduate animal science programs
(students, parents, and employers) increasingly expect more accountability and documentation
of what they can expect from their investment. Accreditation is a quality assurance
program already used by many undergraduate disciplines including those in agriculture.
Now is the time for animal science programs to proactively offer this value-added
asset to their animal science degree programs. It is essential to be proactive and
take responsibility for our future, for if we do not, others with less commitment
may make the decisions for us.
ASAS is committed to a strong future for the next generation of animal scientists.
With a large and diverse membership of professional animal scientists, it is well
positioned to lead an accreditation effort. ASAS has accepted the responsibility of
implementing a voluntary Accreditation Program that will be available initially to
institutions within the United States awarding 4-year Bachelor of Science degrees
in Animal Science. The work of ASAS is guided by five core principles (https://www.asas.org/about/history-and-mission)
and two of those core principles directly align with accreditation; specifically principle
#4 Career development for animal scientists, educators and producers is essential
to the viability of the allied and animal industries; and #5 Animal science and the
production of animal-sourced foods must continually evolve to meet the needs and values
of society. The accreditation process requires departments to conduct a self-assessment
of their animal science undergraduate program based on academic standards established
by an accrediting body/agency. Data generated by this self-assessment is reviewed
by trained third-party academic professionals who have received graduate degrees in
animal science or animal science related disciplines. Areas that are reviewed range
from reviewing curriculum and learning outcomes to the resources available to support
students’ academic experience (i.e., advising support, animals, and facilities). Compliance
with established accreditation standards results in the animal science program becoming
accredited.
ASAS Approach to Accreditation
Development of an accreditation option for animal science programs began several years
ago and in 2014 the ASAS Board of Directors voted to establish standards for accreditation
of Animal Science programs. Since then, there have been multiple actions and votes
by the ASAS Board of Directors to investigate and implement the process. To date,
the ASAS Board of Directors has voted to charge the Animal Science Accreditation Committee
with researching, developing, and proposing an implementation plan, and they have
voted to enact and provide infrastructure for an accreditation program for undergraduate
programs. The proposed Animal Science Standards for Accreditation were posted for
member comment and an implementation strategy was forwarded to the ASAS Board of Directors.
The Animal Science Accreditation Committee, composed of academic and industry professionals,
developed an accreditation process, and established proposed standards for accrediting
Animal Science undergraduate programs. This committee investigated other accreditation
programs currently offered in a variety of disciplines. Examples of professional societies
leading accreditation programs include but are not limited to disciplines of range
management, forestry, and landscape architecture. The Society of American Foresters
(SAF) is responsible for accreditation in that discipline (https://www.eforester.org/Main/Certification_Education/Accreditation/Main/Accreditation/Accreditation_Home.aspx?hkey=acede682-0ce7-4202-85e6-e3371eb38cdc).
Volunteers from SAF academic and industry membership make their accreditation process
possible by overseeing the approved standards and reviewing academic programs. Forestry
programs volunteer to undergo a comprehensive review by SAF periodically to determine
if the criteria set by their society leaders are met. Accredited range management
programs are approved by the Society of Range Management and as a part of its mission
has accredited range management programs since 1977 (http://rangelands.org/srm-academic-resources/universities-colleges/).
The Landscape Architecture Accreditation Board (LAAB) develops and enacts accreditation
standards and processes authorized by the American Society of Landscape Architecture
board of trustees (https://www.asla.org/aboutlaab.aspx). The accreditation of these
programs assures a quality and professional education for enrolled students, and provides
confidence to all invested.
Veterinary education is accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association
(AVMA) and is responsible for accrediting both Veterinary Schools and Veterinary Technology
Programs (https://www.avma.org/education/center-for-veterinary-accreditation). The
veterinary discipline impacts many animal science undergraduates and the AVMA relies
heavily on accreditation as a tool to identify programs with a commitment to quality
and continuous improvement provided by peer review.
Using this information, the ASAS Accreditation Committee developed the following objectives
of Animal Science Program Accreditation:
To improve the overall quality of animal science education through program self-evaluation
and peer review by qualified academic and industry professionals.
To foster excellence in animal science educational programs through the periodic revision
of standards for accreditation and to apply those standards in evaluation of the educational
environment and effectiveness of animal science programs.
To recognize the diversity of animal science programs that in addition to production
animal agriculture, may include care of companion animals, conservation of species
(e.g., captive exotics), and management of laboratory animals.
To assure students, employers, the public, and other organizations that accredited
animal science programs have educational objectives and outcomes consistent with current
professional standards for the field of animal science, and have adequate resources
to accomplish these objectives.
Accreditation standards for seven components of an animal science undergraduate program
were developed and recently published for ASAS membership review and comment. The
components of the standards are identified in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The components of proposed Animal Science Accreditation Standards.
To implement the accreditation process, the Accreditation Committee proposed the formation
of the Animal Science Council on Accreditation. This council will be composed of professional
ASAS members who have the authority to enact the accreditation process for programs
who seek accreditation, identify accreditation review teams, deliberate on the institutional
application, and review team findings and render a decision on whether an animal science
program has met established accreditation standards to receive program accreditation.
Accreditation of animal science programs signifies that professionals in the animal
science disciplines are proactively committed to high-quality education and training
of the next generation of animal scientists; and that required standards have been
identified for their programs. When the Animal Science Standards for Accreditation
are met, it ensures that the curriculum covers essential animal science concepts;
students acquire knowledge and experiences within the animal science disciplines;
that the accredited program has the appropriate institutional support enabling a sustained
high-quality program to be delivered to students; and that the program provides the
education needed by graduates of the program to step into diverse professions of animal
science, fully prepared to meet industry needs. Students learn of career opportunities
and how to prepare for these careers in a variety of ways including career fairs where
students interact directly with employers (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Students interact with industry employers during a career fair. Photo by: Tyler Barstow,
Washington State University, Career & Employer Relations Liaison.
Benefits of Accreditation
Accreditation of professional programs, through program self-evaluation and a third-party
peer review processes, is a long proven and accepted method of ensuring quality and
consistency of academic programs and is widely used throughout academic disciplines.
Peer review of individual agriculture departments including animal science is nothing
new and was a routine periodic process provided by the United States Department of
Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture. This review option no longer
exists. Recognizing that academic reviews are critical to demonstrate that animal
programs are meeting the needs of our students, stakeholders, and society as a whole,
accreditation is an option that fills that need.
Accreditation of animal science programs will be of value to the academic departments,
colleges, and institutions awarding the degrees, to the students graduating from these
programs and to the employers of graduates from these programs. The accreditation
process engages animal science professionals from academia, industry, and government
to provide objective external review and attest to program quality and commitment
to continuous improvement. With increasing expectations of accountability in higher
education, accreditation provides a valued opportunity to verify program quality and
capacity for training students who are well prepared to enter diverse professional
positions upon graduation or continue their education in professional degree programs.
Figure 3 summarizes what accreditation of animal science programs can offer.
Figure 3.
Important characteristics of animal science accreditation.
Why Many Believe This Is an Important Initiative for ASAS to Provide
Not everyone agrees that animal science programs need an accreditation option, nor
that ASAS should get involved in accrediting animal science programs. However, after
several years of input from membership and all sectors of the diverse profession,
most agree that this voluntary program is, in fact, needed and perhaps now more than
ever in a challenging environment where funding is limited. ASAS is uniquely positioned
to provide the leadership for and support of this effort.
Three important characteristics that make Accreditation an asset for those who want
it:
Verified value
The value of a college education is of interest to all investors in that education.
This includes the students, their parents, prospective employers of the graduates,
and the academies delivering the education. Value is measured and perceived differently
by everyone. Programmatic accreditation provides a common process used throughout
academia to ensure defined standards of quality that are met by the program and degree
granting institution. Most degree granting programs are housed at institutions already
engaged in regional or national accreditation which accredits the entire institution.
Programmatic accreditation is a status earned by an animal science program.
Currently students and parents of students have access to little subjective information
on what can be expected from an animal science program and how it measures up to industry
and employer expectations. Prospective employers have asked for an understanding of
the content and training they can expect animal science graduates to have experienced
during their undergraduate career. Accreditation provides public acknowledgment and
confidence that quality of a specific program meets standards as verified by a third
party of professionals within that program area.
Institutions are committed to offering outstanding undergraduate experiences and training.
Those voluntarily seeking accreditation welcome the opportunity to have their programs
reviewed by animal science professionals, benefit from the input and critique received,
and have yet another means of demonstrating the value of their program to students,
academia, industry, and society. Accreditation also supports and enhances institutional
assessment programs already in place.
Partnerships are valued and necessary
The diverse disciplinary expertise of animal science is known to engage academic,
industry, and government partners in teaching, research, and extension activities.
These partnerships are an essential element in past, present, and future advances
and accomplishments in the field. Therefore, Animal Science accreditation relies on
an active engagement and participation by academic, industry, and government partners
in the accreditation process. This is necessary to ensure that the next generation
of animal scientists are well prepared and trained. Input by industry professionals
provides essential and timely insight into the ever-changing arena in which animal
scientists work. Incorporation and application of new technologies, discoveries, and
regulations must be considered as the field continues to evolve. Many of the careers
of future animal scientists begin with their employment in these very career paths.
Accreditation values and uses the contributions of all animal science professional
partners in preparing for the future.
Program uniqueness is encouraged
Animal Science programs offering 4-year Bachelor of Science degrees in animal science
vary significantly in size, scope, geographic location, and focus. Individuality of
programs is encouraged with the proposed accreditation program. Accreditation standards
are not written to be prescriptive in their requirements but rather encourage programs
to employ novel, innovative, and evolving methods and processes to accomplish the
required standards. The proposed standards identify key required elements of an accredited
program but do NOT identify how those elements might be accomplished. It is by intent
that the WHAT of the requirements are defined but the HOW is determined by the institution/department
applying for accreditation. Accreditation is not designed to make all programs look
alike, teach alike, serve the same student demographics, or serve the same student
professional aspirations. Large enrollment programs will manage courses and course
offerings differently than those with smaller enrollments. Programs training mainly
preprofessional students (e.g., Graduate School and Veterinary School) will differ
from those with students intending to seek industry or production careers immediately
upon graduation. Programs will vary in how they provide students with experiential
learning with animals and other experiential learning options.
Uniqueness of individual programs is expected and encouraged. While the standards
identify key elements that all programs must possess, it is up to the program administration
to show how those requirements are met. The success of a program meeting those standards
is evaluated by the visiting review team and self-study documentation.
Conclusion
The accreditation process engages animal science professionals from academia, industry,
and government agencies to provide objective external review and provides data to
assess program adherence to academic standards and commitment to continuous improvement.
With increasing expectations of accountability in higher education, accreditation
provides a valued opportunity to verify program quality and capacity for training
students who are well prepared to enter diverse professional positions upon graduation,
or continue their education in professional degree programs. ASAS is in a strong position
to support and implement a peer-driven, robust, and comprehensive accreditation program.
The membership and board of ASAS represents the diversity of professionals working
in the animal sciences and working within the programs producing today’s graduates.
As the pressure for accreditation grows from a range of related organizations, ASAS
is the logical entity to administer and provide leadership to develop and implement
an accreditation process based on standards widely accepted and supported by its membership.
Recognition of these standards, and support of ASAS in this role, will provide a peer-created,
peer-driven, widely accepted accreditation program that will establish the standards
and a third-party validation of all of our efforts to educate and train the next generation
of animal scientists and industry professionals.