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      Modelo de edema tisular tras daño por isquemia / reperfusión en colgajo miocutáneo: generación y técnicas de imagen para su evaluación Translated title: MRI mapping for muscular edema quantification in a porcine model of ischemia / reperfusion

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción y objetivo. Mejorar la tolerancia de los colgajos miocutáneos a la isquemia es clínicamente relevante y por tanto, ha sido objeto de numerosos estudios usando diversos métodos de evaluación y modelos animales. La formación de edema es de vital importancia en el proceso patofisiológico del daño por isquemia-reperfusión y aún no se ha descrito un método adecuado para su evaluación in vivo. La resonancia magnética en secuencias "Fast T2 gradient-spin-echo" ha sido recientemente validada para la cuantificación del edema del miocardio tras daño por isquemia-reperfusión. Sin embargo, aun no ha sido descrita para la evaluación del edema en el tejido muscular esquelético. Nuestro objetivo fue la validación de secuencias de resonancia magnética para la evaluación rápida y precisa del edema muscular que pueda integrarse fácilmente en centros especializados para el estudio del daño por isquemia-reperfusión. Material y método. Utilizamos 14 cerdos Large-White. Levantamos 18 colgajos de recto abdominal en 9 de ellos usando los vasos epigástricos superiores como pedículo. En cada animal, sometimos uno de los colgajos a 6 horas de isquemia normotérmica y el otro lo usamos como control. Sacrificamos los animales en diferentes momentos tras la intervención para evaluar el contenido de agua en el músculo. Cinco animales fueron sacrificados tras la resonancia de base y utilizados como control no quirúrgico. Resultados. Obtuvimos las secuencias para el mapeo de resonancia magnética en 30 minutos. Tanto las mediciones histológicas como las de secuencias T2 mostraron una mayor cantidad de agua en el músculo que recibió el daño por isquemiareperfusión como esperábamos. Las secuencias obtenidas de resonancia mostraron una correlación con el contenido en agua medido en la pieza histológica. Se demostró un patrón de edema bimodal durante la evolución en la primera semana tras el insulto isquémico. Conclusiones. La introducción de la resonancia magnética en los centros de investigación especializados en daño por isquemia-reperfusión supone una herramienta útil para la caracterización del patrón de edema bimodal y para la evaluación apropiada de distintas terapias de condicionamiento.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background and objective. Improving the tolerance of myocutaneous flaps to ischemia is clinically relevant and therefore it has been the subject of numerous investigations, using a wide variety of measuring methods and animal models. Edema formation is key in the pathophysiology process of the ischemia-reperfusion injury and an accurate method for its evaluation has not yet been described. Fast "T2 gradient-spin-echo (T2-GraSE)" has been recently validated to quantify myocardial edema after sustaining ischemia-reperfusion injury. Although this technique has been used for the evaluation of skeletal muscle integrity, it has ever been validated against actual muscle water content for edema detection. Our objective was to obtain an in vivo validation of a sequence for fast and accurate skeletal muscle T2-mapping that can be easily integrated in research protocols for the better study of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods. Eighteen myocutaneous flaps based on the rectus abdominis muscle were harvested in 9 pigs. The flaps were elevated, utilizing the superior epigastric vessels as the pedicle. On each animal, one of the flaps sustained 6 hours of normothermic ischemia and the other one was used as control. Pigs were sacrificed at diferent moments after reperfusion, and muscle tissue extracted for quantification of myocardial water content. Five animals were sacrificed after basal resonance and used as non surgical control. Results. Sequences were obtained for mapping in 30 minutes. Both histological measures and T2 measurements showed higher water content in the injured flap The T2-mapping sequences showed good correlations with muscular water content. Our data demonstrate good correlation between muscular water content and T2-mapping using the gradient-spin-echo (GraSE) technique. Conclusions. The introduction of MRI in ischemia / reperfusion injury research give us a useful tool in order to characterize the bimodal edema pattern after the ischemic insult and to proper evaluate conditioning therapies.

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          Most cited references9

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          Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury.

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            Ischaemia and reperfusion effects on skeletal muscle tissue: morphological and histochemical studies.

            This was a study on the oxidative stress due to ischaemia (I) and reperfusion (R) in skeletal muscle tissue. Using a tourniquet, groups of rats were submitted to ischaemia for 4 h, followed by different reperfusion periods. The animals were divided in four groups: control; 4 h of ischaemia (IR); 4 h of ischaemia plus 1 h reperfusion (IR-1 h); 4 h of ischaemia plus 24 h reperfusion (IR-24 h); and 4 h of ischaemia plus 72 h reperfusion (IR-72 h). At the end of the procedures, samples of soleus muscle were collected and frozen in n-hexane at -70 degrees C. Cryostat sections were submitted to haematoxylin-eosin, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) stains. An additional muscle sample was processed for electron microscopy. No alterations were found in control animals. IR group showed fibres had normal aspect besides some round, acidophilic and hypertrophic fibres. There were several fibres with angular outlines and smaller diameters in this group compared with control group. NADH-TR/SDH reaction was moderately intense in most fibres. In some fibres, cytoplasm showed areas without activity and other fibres had very intense reactivity. IR-1 h group showed oedema hypercontracted fibres with disorganized myofibrils, mitochondria with focal lesions and dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum. NADH-TR/SDH reaction was moderate to weak. IR-24 h showed intense inflammatory infiltrate in the endomysium and perimysium. NADH-TR/SDH reaction was similar to IR-1 h. IR-72 h showed necrotic fibres, areas with inflammatory infiltrate, reduced muscle fibres at different stages of necrosis and phagocytosis, and many small round and basophilic fibres characterizing a regeneration process. NADH-TR/SDH reaction was weak to negative. Our results suggest that ischaemia and the subsequent 1-, 24- and 72-h reperfusions induced progressive histological damage. Although progressive, it may be reversible because there were ultrastructural signs of recovery after 72-h reperfusion. This recovery could in part be due to the low oxidative stress identified by the morphological and histochemical analysis.
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              Ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat skeletal muscle assessed with T2-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.

              Pressure ulcers are localized areas of soft tissue breakdown due to mechanical loading. Susceptible individuals are subjected to pressure relief strategies to prevent long loading periods. Therefore, ischemia-reperfusion injury may play an important role in the etiology of pressure ulcers. To investigate the inter-relation between postischemic perfusion and changes in skeletal muscle integrity, the hindlimbs of Brown Norway rats were subjected to 4-h ischemia followed by 2-h reperfusion. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI was used to examine perfusion, and changes in skeletal muscle integrity were monitored with T2-weighted MRI. The dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI data showed a heterogeneous postischemic profile in the hindlimb, consisting of areas with increased contrast enhancement (14-76% of the hindlimb) and regions with no-reflow (5-77%). For T2, a gradual increase in the complete leg was observed during the 4-h ischemic period (from 34 to 41 msec). During the reperfusion phase, a heterogeneous distribution of T2 was observed. Areas with increased contrast enhancement were associated with a decrease in T2 (to 38 msec) toward preischemic levels, whereas no-reflow areas exhibited a further increase in T2 (to 42 msec). These results show that reperfusion after prolonged ischemia may not be complete, thereby continuing the ischemic condition and aggravating tissue damage. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpil
                Cirugía Plástica Ibero-Latinoamericana
                Cir. plást. iberolatinoam.
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética (SECPRE) (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0376-7892
                1989-2055
                December 2021
                : 47
                : 4
                : 341-346
                Affiliations
                [3] Madrid orgnameHospital Ramón y Cajal orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía Plástica España
                [2] Madrid orgnameCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares España
                [1] Marbella orgnameCirumed Clinic España
                Article
                S0376-78922021000400341 S0376-7892(21)04700400341
                10.4321/s0376-78922021000400003
                08446e07-d6bb-44b1-bf5e-6e2ca47dd7dd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 October 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 10, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Experimental

                Ischemia-reperfusion,Isquemia-reperfusión,Técnicas de imagen,Colgajos miocutáneos,Colgajos,Image techniques,Myocutaneous flaps,Flaps

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