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      Deglutition manifestations in patients with oropharyngeal cancer subjected to conservative therapy: systematic review Translated title: Manifestações da deglutição em pacientes com câncer de orofaringe submetidos à terapia conservadora: revisão sistemática

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objectives: To characterize scientific production and identify deglutition changes in individuals with oropharyngeal cancer subjected to conservative therapy. Methods: The search was applied to five electronic database [Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Web of Science, and Scopus], besides the search of grey literature in the databases (OpenThesis e OpenGrey), avoiding selection and publication bias. Prospective longitudinal studies concerning the theme: deglutition disorders in individuals with oropharyngeal cancer subjected to conservative therapy were considered eligible. The risk of bias and the evaluation of individual methodological quality of the selected studies were measured by “The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools for use in JBI Systematic Reviews” for prospective and longitudinal studies. Results: The search resulted in 899 records and after analysis four of them fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Among the studies included, all individuals presented some type of deglutition changes, the most common were: reduced of strength and retraction of the base of the tongue, delayed deglutition trigger, reduced laryngeal elevation, presence of residues on tongue and palate, in the pharyngeal area, valleculae, and posterior pharyngeal wall, as well as in the vestibules and in pyriform sinuses. Conclusion: The evidence from this systematic review suggests that conservative therapies cause deglutition changes or amplify the pre-existing ones, regardless of the type and magnitude of radiation, as well as tumor staging. However, there is little standardization in the research methodologies, making a meta-analysis study difficult to conduct.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivos: Caracterizar la producción científica e identificar las alteraciones de deglución en personas con cáncer de orofaringe sometidas a tratamiento conservador. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en cinco bases de datos electrónicas [Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Web of Science y Scopus], además de la literatura gris en las bases de datos OpenThesis y OpenGrey, evitando sesgo de selección y publicación. Se consideraron elegibles los estudios longitudinales prospectivos sobre el tema: trastornos de deglución en pacientes con cáncer de orofaringe sometidos a tratamiento conservador. El riesgo de sesgo y la calidad metodológica individual de los estudios seleccionados se evaluaron mediante la herramienta de evaluación crítica del Instituto Joanna Briggs (JBI) para uso de sus revisiones sistemáticas, estudios prospectivos y longitudinales. Resultados: La búsqueda encontró 899 registros y, tras análisis, cuatro de ellos cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. Entre los estudios incluidos, todos los pacientes presentaron algún tipo de trastorno de la deglución. Los más frecuentes fueron: fuerza y retracción reducidas de la base de la lengua, retraso en el disparo de la deglución, elevación laríngea reducida, presencia de residuo en lengua y paladar, en región faríngea, valléculas y pared posterior de la faringe, así como en el interior de los vestíbulos y en los senos piriformes. Conclusión: Esta revisión sistemática sugiere que los tratamientos conservadores producen alteraciones de deglución o intensifican aquellas que ya existen, independientemente del tipo y de la intensidad de radiación, así como de la estadificación del tumor. Hay, sin embargo, poca estandarización en las metodologías de investigación, lo que hace difícil un estudio de metanálisis.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivos: Caracterizar a produção científica e identificar as alterações da deglutição em indivíduos com câncer de orofaringe submetidos à terapia conservadora. Métodos: Realizou-se uma busca em cinco base de dados eletrônicas [Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed), Web of Science e Scopus], além da busca da literatura cinzenta nas bases de dados (OpenThesis e OpenGrey), evitando viés de seleção e publicação. Foram considerados elegíveis estudos longitudinais prospectivos sobre o tema: alterações de deglutição em indivíduos com câncer de orofaringe submetidos à terapia conservadora. O risco de viés e a qualidade metodológica individual dos estudos selecionados foram avaliados pela ferramenta de avaliação crítica do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) para uso de suas revisões sistemáticas, estudos prospectivos e longitudinais. Resultados: A busca resultou em 899 registros e, após análise, quatro deles atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Entre os estudos incluídos, todos os indivíduos apresentaram algum tipo de alteração de deglutição; os mais frequentes foram: força e retração da base da língua reduzidas, atraso no disparo da deglutição, elevação laríngea reduzida, presença de resíduo em língua e palato, em região faríngea, valéculas e parede posterior da faringe, bem como no interior dos vestíbulos e em seios piriformes. Conclusão: Esta revisão sistemática sugere que as terapias conservadoras produzem distúrbios de deglutição ou intensificam os já existentes, independentemente do tipo e da intensidade de radiação, bem como do estadiamento do tumor. Há, no entanto, pouca padronização nas metodologias das pesquisas, dificultando um estudo de metanálise.

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          Intensity-modulated radiotherapy of head and neck cancer aiming to reduce dysphagia: early dose-effect relationships for the swallowing structures.

          To present initial results of a clinical trial of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) aiming to spare the swallowing structures whose dysfunction after chemoradiation is a likely cause of dysphagia and aspiration, without compromising target doses. This was a prospective, longitudinal study of 36 patients with Stage III-IV oropharyngeal (31) or nasopharyngeal (5) cancer. Definitive chemo-IMRT spared salivary glands and swallowing structures: pharyngeal constrictors (PC), glottic and supraglottic larynx (GSL), and esophagus. Lateral but not medial retropharyngeal nodes were considered at risk. Dysphagia endpoints included objective swallowing dysfunction (videofluoroscopy), and both patient-reported and observer-rated scores. Correlations between doses and changes in these endpoints from pre-therapy to 3 months after therapy were assessed. Significant correlations were observed between videofluoroscopy-based aspirations and the mean doses to the PC and GSL, as well as the partial volumes of these structures receiving 50-65 Gy; the highest correlations were associated with doses to the superior PC (p = 0.005). All patients with aspirations received mean PC doses >60 Gy or PC V(65) >50%, and GSL V(50) >50%. Reduced laryngeal elevation and epiglottic inversion were correlated with mean PC and GSL doses (p 50%. Worsening patient-reported liquid swallowing was correlated with mean PC (p = 0.05) and esophageal (p = 0.02) doses. Only mean PC doses were correlated with worsening patient-reported solid swallowing (p = 0.04) and observer-rated swallowing scores (p = 0.04). These dose-volume-effect relationships provide initial IMRT optimization goals and motivate further efforts to reduce swallowing structures doses to reduce dysphagia and aspiration.
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            Intensity-modulated chemoradiotherapy aiming to reduce dysphagia in patients with oropharyngeal cancer: clinical and functional results.

            To assess clinical and functional results of chemoradiotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), utilizing intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to spare the important swallowing structures to reduce post-therapy dysphagia. This was a prospective study of weekly chemotherapy (carboplatin dosed at one times the area under the curve [AUC, AUC 1] and paclitaxel 30 mg/m(2)) concurrent with IMRT aiming to spare noninvolved parts of the swallowing structures: pharyngeal constrictors, glottic and supraglottic larynx, and esophagus as well as the oral cavity and major salivary glands. Swallowing was assessed by patient-reported Swallowing and Eating Domain scores, observer-rated scores, and videofluoroscopy (VF) before therapy and periodically after therapy through 2 years. Overall, 73 patients with stages III to IV OPC participated. At a median follow-up of 36 months, 3-year disease-free and locoregional recurrence-free survivals were 88% and 96%, respectively. All measures of dysphagia worsened soon after therapy; observer-rated and patient-reported scores recovered over time, but VF scores did not. At 1 year after therapy, observer-rated dysphagia was absent or minimal (scores 0 to 1) in all patients except four: one who was feeding-tube dependent and three who required soft diet. From pretherapy to 12 months post-therapy, the Swallowing and Eating Domain scores worsened on average (+/- standard deviation) by 10 +/- 21 and 13 +/- 19, respectively (on scales of 0 to 100), and VF scores (on scale of 1 to 7) worsened from 2.9 +/- 1.5 (mild dysphagia) to 4.1 +/- 0.9 (mild/moderate dysphagia). Chemoradiotherapy with IMRT aiming to reduce dysphagia can be performed safely for OPC and has high locoregional tumor control rates. On average, long-term patient-reported, observer-rated, and objective measures of swallowing were only slightly worse than pretherapy measures, representing potential improvement compared with previous studies.
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              Update on Head and Neck Cancer: Current Knowledge on Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Molecular Features and Novel Therapies

              Tobacco use and alcohol consumption are the main risk factors associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development due to their cytotoxic and mutagenic effects on the exposed epithelia of the upper aerodigestive tract. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), both encoding viral oncoproteins able to interfere with cell cycle control, have been recognized as the etiological agents of nasopharynx carcinoma and a fraction of oropharyngeal carcinoma, respectively. Head and neck SCC is a deadly disease and despite innovative treatments represents a major challenge for patients. Recently, a number of genomic studies have highlighted the molecular heterogeneity of head and neck SCC based on methylation profiles, microRNA expression, mutated genes and new druggable pathways which may represent new targets for cancer-tailored therapies. To date, cetuximab is the only FDA-approved anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy for the treatment of head and neck SCC. In addition, a number of monoclonal antibodies targeting AKT, mTOR and PI3K pathways are under evaluation. Several therapeutic vaccines against HPV16 and EBV proteins are also under study. The purpose of this article is to review the epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular features of head and neck SCC, with an emphasis on new therapies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jbpml
                Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial
                J. Bras. Patol. Med. Lab.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1676-2444
                1678-4774
                2020
                : 56
                : e1752020
                Affiliations
                [2] Uberlândia Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia Brazil
                [1] Lagarto orgnameUniversidade Federal de Sergipe Brazil
                Article
                S1676-24442020000100301 S1676-2444(20)05600000301
                10.5935/1676-2444.20200046
                0852fb26-4cc6-4d7f-9327-cf26dce8a0f4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 August 2019
                : 01 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 52, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Review Article

                quimioradioterapia,cáncer,radioterapia,orofaringe,radiotherapy,deglutition disorder,quimiorradioterapia,transtorno de deglutição,cancer,chemoradiotherapy,oropharynx,câncer,trastornos de deglución

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