Exercise as a prescription for patients with various diseases

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Highlights

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Exercise can be used as an active intervention for the rehabilitation of various diseases.
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Exercise therapy could exert positive effects on alleviating the symptoms and improving the physical performance of patients who suffer from these diseases.
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Exercise prescriptions could provide guidance for patients to engage in suitable physical activities to promote rehabilitation and physical function.

Abstract

A growing understanding of the benefits of exercise over the past few decades has prompted researchers to take an interest in the possibilities of exercise therapy. Because each sport has its own set of characteristics and physiological complications that tend to occur during exercise training, the effects and underlying mechanisms of exercise remain unclear. Thus, the first step in probing the effects of exercise on different diseases is the selection of an optimal exercise protocol. This review summarizes the latest exercise prescription treatments for 26 different diseases: musculoskeletal system diseases (low back pain, tendon injury, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and hip fracture), metabolic system diseases (obesity, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), cardio-cerebral vascular system diseases (coronary artery disease, stroke, and chronic heart failure), nervous system diseases (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and anxiety disorders), respiratory system diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, and after lung transplantation), urinary system diseases (chronic kidney disease and after kidney transplantation), and cancers (breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer). Each exercise prescription is displayed in a corresponding table. The recommended type, intensity, and frequency of exercise prescriptions are summarized, and the effects of exercise therapy on the prevention and rehabilitation of different diseases are discussed.

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Non-specific low back pain affects people of all ages and is a leading contributor to disease burden worldwide. Management guidelines endorse triage to identify the rare cases of low back pain that are caused by medically serious pathology, and so require diagnostic work-up or specialist referral, or both. Because non-specific low back pain does not have a known pathoanatomical cause, treatment focuses on reducing pain and its consequences. Management consists of education and reassurance, analgesic medicines, non-pharmacological therapies, and timely review. The clinical course of low back pain is often favourable, thus many patients require little if any formal medical care. Two treatment strategies are currently used, a stepped approach beginning with more simple care that is progressed if the patient does not respond, and the use of simple risk prediction methods to individualise the amount and type of care provided. The overuse of imaging, opioids, and surgery remains a widespread problem.

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The increasing burden of depression

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Rebecca Siegel, Carol DeSantis, Katherine Virgo … (2012)

Although there has been considerable progress in reducing cancer incidence in the United States, the number of cancer survivors continues to increase due to the aging and growth of the population and improvements in survival rates. As a result, it is increasingly important to understand the unique medical and psychosocial needs of survivors and be aware of resources that can assist patients, caregivers, and health care providers in navigating the various phases of cancer survivorship. To highlight the challenges and opportunities to serve these survivors, the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute estimated the prevalence of cancer survivors on January 1, 2012 and January 1, 2022, by cancer site. Data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries were used to describe median age and stage at diagnosis and survival; data from the National Cancer Data Base and the SEER-Medicare Database were used to describe patterns of cancer treatment. An estimated 13.7 million Americans with a history of cancer were alive on January 1, 2012, and by January 1, 2022, that number will increase to nearly 18 million. The 3 most prevalent cancers among males are prostate (43%), colorectal (9%), and melanoma of the skin (7%), and those among females are breast (41%), uterine corpus (8%), and colorectal (8%). This article summarizes common cancer treatments, survival rates, and posttreatment concerns and introduces the new National Cancer Survivorship Resource Center, which has engaged more than 100 volunteer survivorship experts nationwide to develop tools for cancer survivors, caregivers, health care professionals, advocates, and policy makers. Published 2012 American Cancer Society, Inc.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Peijie Chen

Ru Wang

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Sport Health Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Sport Health Sci

Title: Journal of Sport and Health Science

Publisher: Shanghai University of Sport

ISSN (Print): 2095-2546

ISSN (Electronic): 2213-2961

Publication date PMC-release: 18 April 2019

Publication date (Print): September 2019

Publication date (Electronic): 18 April 2019

Volume: 8

Issue: 5

Pages: 422-441

Affiliations

[a ]School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China

[b ]Department of Sport, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, China

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding authors. chenpeijie@ 123456sus.edu.cn wangru@ 123456sus.edu.cn

[†]

These two authors contributed equally to this work.

Article

Publisher ID: S2095-2546(19)30049-3

DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.04.002

PMC ID: 6742679

PubMed ID: 31534817

SO-VID: 085ad708-45a3-4e55-ac22-c8c810b5bed1

License:

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

History

Date received : 11 December 2018

Date revision received : 12 January 2019

Date accepted : 1 March 2019

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Exercise as a prescription for patients with various diseases

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Graphical Abstract

Related collections

Genes & Diseases

Most cited references 226

Non-specific low back pain.

The increasing burden of depression

Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012.

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Similar content 871

Cited by 154

Most referenced authors 3,915