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      Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis D virus circulating in Southwestern Nigeria

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          Abstract

          Background

          Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections are major public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. Whereas it is known that HBV infection is endemic in Nigeria, there is only little data about HDV prevalence available. Here, we assessed the HDV seroprevalence and determined the HDV and HBV genotypes distribution among HBsAg positive individuals in Southwestern Nigeria.

          Methods

          This cross-sectional study involved 188 serum samples from HBsAg positive outpatients recruited at four tertiary hospitals in Southwestern Nigeria. Anti-HDV antibodies were detected by ELISA while HDV-RNA was detected by RT-PCR. Sequencing followed by phylogenetic analyses and HBV genotype-specific PCR were used to characterize HDV and HBV genotypes, respectively.

          Results

          Out of 188 HBsAg positive serum samples, 17 (9 %) showed detectable HDV-RNA. Anti-HDV antibodies test was possible from 103 samples and were observed in 4.9 % (5/103) patients. There was no significant difference in HDV prevalence between four main cities across the country. 64.7 % of HDV-RNA positive samples were from males and 35.3 % from females ( P < 0.05). No significant associations were observed with regard to HDV seroprevalence and available demographic factors. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated a predominance of HDV genotype 1 and HBV genotype E among the HDV-RNA/HBsAg positive patients.

          Conclusions

          In conclusion, our study showed a high prevalence of HDV infection in HBsAg carriers and the predominance of HDV genotype 1 infection in Nigerian HBV endemic region. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the relevance of HDV/HBV co-infection and circulating genotypes.

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          Most cited references19

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          Eighth Major Clade for Hepatitis Delta Virus

          Hepatitis delta virus is the only representative of the Deltavirus genus, which consists of 7 differentiated major clades. In this study, an eighth clade was identified from 3 distinct strains. Deltavirus genetic variability should be considered for diagnostic purposes. Clinical consequences of the diversity have yet to be evaluated.
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            Initiation of replication of the human hepatitis delta virus genome from cloned DNA: role of delta antigen.

            Beginning with three partial cDNA clones of the RNA genome of human hepatitis delta virus (HDV), we assembled the complete 1,679-base sequence on a single molecule and then inserted a trimer of this into plasmid pSLV, a simian virus 40-based eucaryotic expression vector. This construct was used to transfect both monkey kidney (COS7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HuH7) cell lines. In this way we obtained replication of the HDV RNA genome and the appearance, in the nucleoli, of the delta antigen, the only known virus-coded protein. This proved both that the HDV genome could replicate in nonliver as well as liver cells and that there was no requirement for the presence of hepatitis B virus sequences or proteins. When the pSVL construct was made with a dimer of an HDV sequence with a 2-base-pair deletion in the open reading frame, genome replication was reduced at least 40-fold. However, when we cotransfected with a plasmid that expressed the correct delta antigen, the mutated dimer achieved a level of genome replication comparable to that of the nonmutated sequence. We thus conclude that the delta antigen can act in trans and is essential for replication of the HDV genome.
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              Hepatitis delta virus.

              Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a sub-viral agent that is dependent for its life cycle on hepatitis B virus (HBV). The help it obtains from HBV is limited to the sharing of envelope proteins. These proteins are needed to facilitate the assembly of the HDV genome into new virus particles, and in turn, to allow the attachment and entry of HDV into new host cells. In other respects, the replication of the small single-stranded circular RNA genome of HDV is independent of HBV. HDV genome replication produces two forms of a RNA-binding protein known as the long and small delta antigens (Ag). All other proteins needed for HDV genome replication, especially the RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity, are provided by the host cell. This mini-review article is a mixture of personal perspective and speculations about the future of HDV research. It starts with a brief overview of HDV and its replication, notes some of the major unresolved questions, and directs the interested reader to more detailed reviews.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                yopaleye@yahoo.com
                megdeoti@yahoo.com
                adewumi1@hotmail.com
                omochukwu2001@yahoo.com
                sholay2002@yahoo.com
                asoluremi@lautech.edu.ng
                wangb@rki.de
                tong.van-hoang@uni-tuebingen.de
                velavan@medizin.uni-tuebingen.de
                +49 (0) 30 18754 2379 , bockc@rki.de
                Journal
                Virol J
                Virol. J
                Virology Journal
                BioMed Central (London )
                1743-422X
                5 April 2016
                5 April 2016
                2016
                : 13
                : 61
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
                [ ]Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
                [ ]Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
                [ ]Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
                [ ]Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
                [ ]Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
                Article
                514
                10.1186/s12985-016-0514-6
                4820959
                27044424
                086095ae-e8ce-4466-973a-486dac2faaeb
                © Opaleye et al. 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 14 January 2016
                : 24 March 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001654, German Academic Exchange Service London Office;
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543, China Scholarship Council;
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Microbiology & Virology
                hepatitis d virus,hdv genotype,molecular epidemiology,hbv infection,nigeria

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