1
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: not found

      Eine kritische Weihnachtsgeschichte : Essay über Anämie, Ersticken, Verhungern und andere Behandlungsverfahren der Intensivmedizin – im Stil von Dickens Translated title: A critical carol : Being an essay on anemia, suffocation, starvation, and other forms of intensive care, after the manner of Dickens

      review-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Irgendwo in den USA – Einige Tage vor Heiligabend wird der angetrunkene Charlie Cratchit bei dem Versuch, eine Straße zu überqueren, von einem Bus angefahren und schwer verletzt: Rippenserienfraktur, Femur- und Fibulafraktur, Milz- und Pankreaslazeration, Darmrisse. In einem US-amerikanischen Krankenhaus der Maximalversorgung wird er operativ versorgt und anschließend auf die Intensivtherapiestation verlegt und dort kontinuierlich von einem namenlosen, sehr erfahrenen Arzt betreut. Vier Tage vor Heiligabend, erscheint am Patientenbett der Geist des berühmten britischen Physiologen Ernest Henry Starling. Er tritt in einen Dialog mit dem namenlosen Arzt, interessiert sich sehr für den Swan-Ganz-Katheter und verschwindet dann wieder. Die Besuche wiederholen sich in den kommenden 3 Nächten. Einmal kritisiert er Cratchits niedrigen Hämatokrit, beim nächsten Mal zeigt er sich unzufrieden mit der Respiratoreinstellung, und beim letzten Besuch ist er äußerst besorgt über den Ernährungszustand des Patienten. Der namenlose Arzt ist zunächst indigniert über des Geistes Kritik und Belehrungen, erkennt aber, dass darin der Schlüssel zu Cratchits Genesung liegt und handelt letztlich nach seinen Vorschlägen. Mit Erfolg: Nach der vom Geist Starlings angeregten Umstellung der maschinellen Ventilation, Gabe von 3 Erythrozytenkonzentraten und Aufnahme einer parenteralen Ernährung kann Charlie Cratchit am Weihnachtsabend extubiert und am Neujahrstag von der Intensivtherapiestation entlassen werden. In diesem Essay hat Robert Bartlett Charles Dickens’ „Weihnachtsgeschichte“ in die Welt der Intensivmedizin verlegt. Sie soll den Intensivmediziner anregen, therapeutische Interventionen wie maschinelle Ventilation, hämodynamische Interventionen und Gabe von Blutprodukten kritisch zu hinterfragen. Hintergrundinformationen und Kommentare zu den angesprochenen aktuellen Problemen der modernen Intensivmedizin ergänzen den Essay.

          Translated abstract

          Somewhere in the USA, shortly before Christmas, tipsy Charlie Cratchit intends to cross a street but is hit by an oncoming city bus und suffers severe trauma: serial rib fracture, femoral fracture, fibula fracture, splenic, pancreatic and bowel ruptures. He is operated on in a maximum care hospital and then transferred to the critical care unit. From then on, an anonymous, very experienced physician continuously takes care of him. Four nights before Christmas, the ghost of the famous British physiologist Ernest Henry Starling appears at the patient’s bed. The ghost involves the anonymous physician in a dialogue and is very interested in the inserted Swan-Ganz catheter, then he disappears. He repeats his visits the next 3 nights. On the first occasion he is displeased with Cratchit’s low haematocrit, the second time he dislikes the mechanical ventilator settings, and on his final visit he is concerned with Cratchit’s clinical nutrition. At first, the anonymous physician is indignant with the ghost’s criticism and indoctrinations, but then recognizes that ultimately they are the key to Cratchit’s convalescence and acts accordingly. Successfully! Following the ghost’s proposals, he changes the ventilator settings, transfuses 3 units of packed red blood cells, and starts clinical nutrition. Shortly thereafter, Cratchit’s trachea is extubated, and on New Year’s Day he is ready to be discharged from the critical care unit. In this essay, Robert Bartlett transposed Charles Dickens’ “Christmas Carol” into the world of critical care. Its intention is to encourage the intensivist to scrutinize common therapeutic measures, such as mechanical ventilation, haemodynamic interventions and transfusion of blood products. Background information and comments on the addressed problems of modern intensive care are provided subsequent to the essay.

          Related collections

          Most cited references68

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans.

          The combination of complete diaphragm inactivity and mechanical ventilation (for more than 18 hours) elicits disuse atrophy of myofibers in animals. We hypothesized that the same may also occur in the human diaphragm. We obtained biopsy specimens from the costal diaphragms of 14 brain-dead organ donors before organ harvest (case subjects) and compared them with intraoperative biopsy specimens from the diaphragms of 8 patients who were undergoing surgery for either benign lesions or localized lung cancer (control subjects). Case subjects had diaphragmatic inactivity and underwent mechanical ventilation for 18 to 69 hours; among control subjects diaphragmatic inactivity and mechanical ventilation were limited to 2 to 3 hours. We carried out histologic, biochemical, and gene-expression studies on these specimens. As compared with diaphragm-biopsy specimens from controls, specimens from case subjects showed decreased cross-sectional areas of slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers of 57% (P=0.001) and 53% (P=0.01), respectively, decreased glutathione concentration of 23% (P=0.01), increased active caspase-3 expression of 100% (P=0.05), a 200% higher ratio of atrogin-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts to MBD4 (a housekeeping gene) (P=0.002), and a 590% higher ratio of MuRF-1 mRNA transcripts to MBD4 (P=0.001). The combination of 18 to 69 hours of complete diaphragmatic inactivity and mechanical ventilation results in marked atrophy of human diaphragm myofibers. These findings are consistent with increased diaphragmatic proteolysis during inactivity. Copyright 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: found
            Is Open Access

            Caution about early intubation and mechanical ventilation in COVID-19

            A fear of ventilator shortage with COVID-19 panicked politicians into demanding automakers to branch into ventilator manufacture. Some experts have argued that mechanical ventilation should be employed early in order to prevent COVID-19 patients progressing from mild disease to more severe lung injury. This viewpoint has been expressed most forcefully by Marini and Gattinoni in a JAMA Editorial [1], where they attest that vigorous spontaneous inspiratory efforts can rapidly lead to patient self-induced lung injury (P-SILI). P-SILI is thought to parallel ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), an entity supported by decades of experimentation and randomized trials [2]. In contrast, P-SILI has surfaced only in the past 4–5 years [3]. Two research studies are commonly cited by authors warning about P-SILI [1, 3–5]. To induce hyperventilation, Mascheroni et al. [6] infused salicylate into the brainstem of spontaneously breathing sheep. The authors claim that the consequent ~ threefold increase in minute ventilation produced lung injury, and this was prevented by mechanical ventilation. Tidal volume (the focus of authors warning about P-SILI) [1, 3–5] increased from 178 to 235 ml. The proportional tidal volume in healthy humans would be 502 ml—much less than experienced by healthy pregnant women. In a non-blinded, observational study, patients with acute respiratory failure who failed noninvasive ventilation had higher tidal volume than successfully managed patients. Carteaux et al. [7] concluded that high tidal volume predicted need for endotracheal intubation. Patients ultimately intubated were significantly sicker than non-intubated patients: more frequent immunosuppression (37.5% v 6.7%), higher SAPS II (41 v 30), and lower PaO2/FiO2 (122 v 177). Need for intubation was more likely precipitated by severity of underlying illness than tidal-volume size (which was found to be a marginal predictor). Tidal volumes in these two studies do not constitute a sound scientific basis for occurrence of P-SILI in patients with COVID-19. Based on the P-SILI hypothesis, Gattinoni and coauthors advocate radical changes to ventilator management of patients with COVID-19. They claim that noninvasive options are of “questionable” value [5], “intubation should be prioritized”, [4] and delayed intubation will cause a P-SILI vortex that induces more severe ARDS [1]. They view heightened respiratory drive in COVID-19 patients as maladaptive, and recommend deliberate lowering of respiratory drive in these patients [1]. They claim that “near normal compliance … explains why some of the patients present without dyspnea” [5]. If a COVID-19 patient is severely hypoxic, normal lung compliance will not prevent dyspnea. Concurrently some COVID-19 patients are free of dyspnea despite substantial hypoxemia (dubbed “silent-happy hypoxia”) [8]. This arises because the level of hypoxemia per se is not sufficiently low to induce increased respiratory motor output and accompanying PaCO2 levels blunt the hypoxic response [2, 9]. To assess patient effort, Gattinoni and coauthors recommend inserting an esophageal balloon as a “crucial” step [5]. They specify that when esophageal-pressure swings increase above 15 cmH2O, “the risk of lung injury increases and therefore intubation should be performed as soon as possible” [5]. No experimental data exists to justify this assertion. Expressing vague and ill-defined concepts in mathematical terms gives them a specious air of respectability that cloaks lack of knowledge and perpetuates confusion. Equally important, manipulations of the upper airway while inserting an esophageal balloon in a dyspneic COVID-19 patient will escalate the risk for endotracheal intubation. We are not recommending a desultory approach to instituting mechanical ventilation or saying that numbers are not important. When we learn that a patient is acutely and persistently hypoxemic despite supplemental oxygen, we immediately consider steps to institute assisted ventilation. But it is not possible to pick an oxygen saturation breakpoint at which the benefits of mechanical ventilation will decidedly outweigh its hazards across all patients [2]. To recommend instituting mechanical ventilation based on esophageal-pressure swings above 15 cmH2O [5] amounts to playing with fire. Mechanical ventilation is lifesaving in severe respiratory failure, and few medical therapies equal its power [2]. While some COVID-19 patients can be managed with supplemental oxygen, patients with the most severe respiratory failure demand insertion of an endotracheal tube [8]. An endotracheal tube facilitates control over an unstable airway and enables precise regulation of oxygen, pressure and volume [10]. But the endotracheal tube brings in its wake a slew of complications [2]. Each day of mechanical ventilation exposes patients to complications and increases mortality [2]. Recommendations based on P-SILI for discontinuation of mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients are particularly radical. Marini and Gattinoni recommend that “weaning should be undertaken cautiously” [1]. Numerous studies demonstrate that physicians are unnecessarily cautious in assessing patients for weaning [2, 10]. To advocate “spontaneous trials only at the very end of the weaning process” [1] is a formula to increase mortality in COVID-19 patients—especially when an insufficient supply of ventilators is feared and some authorities recommend connecting four patients to a single ventilator. The process of transforming thoughts about a new biological entity into material things (reification) takes years. Once existence of a new entity is corroborated through additional research, it acquires substance and is gradually accepted as approximating truth. History is replete with entities once viewed as real, now considered fiction (status lymphaticus, visceroptosis). At this time, the existence of P-SILI is based only on the shakiest of circumstantial evidence and has yet to be exposed to the acid-wash of experimental testing by differing scientists. Yet P-SILI is being promoted as a raison d’etre for a radical approach to mechanical ventilation in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. The true impact of mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 will never be known. It depends on whether intubated patients truly required mechanical ventilation or whether they could have been sustained with oxygen supplied by less drastic methods [8]. It is difficult to determine how many physicians have been influenced by P-SILI as a justification for preemptive mechanical ventilation as a preventive measure. Even if high tidal volume and P-SILI play some role in the progression of respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients—for which there is no convincing evidence—this would not provide justification for liberal use of endotracheal intubation, for which there are decades of research documenting fatal complications.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Revised Starling equation and the glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: an improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapy.

              I.V. fluid therapy does not result in the extracellular volume distribution expected from Starling's original model of semi-permeable capillaries subject to hydrostatic and oncotic pressure gradients within the extracellular fluid. Fluid therapy to support the circulation relies on applying a physiological paradigm that better explains clinical and research observations. The revised Starling equation based on recent research considers the contributions of the endothelial glycocalyx layer (EGL), the endothelial basement membrane, and the extracellular matrix. The characteristics of capillaries in various tissues are reviewed and some clinical corollaries considered. The oncotic pressure difference across the EGL opposes, but does not reverse, the filtration rate (the 'no absorption' rule) and is an important feature of the revised paradigm and highlights the limitations of attempting to prevent or treat oedema by transfusing colloids. Filtered fluid returns to the circulation as lymph. The EGL excludes larger molecules and occupies a substantial volume of the intravascular space and therefore requires a new interpretation of dilution studies of blood volume and the speculation that protection or restoration of the EGL might be an important therapeutic goal. An explanation for the phenomenon of context sensitivity of fluid volume kinetics is offered, and the proposal that crystalloid resuscitation from low capillary pressures is rational. Any potential advantage of plasma or plasma substitutes over crystalloids for volume expansion only manifests itself at higher capillary pressures.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                klaus.lewandowski@t-online.de
                Journal
                Anaesthesist
                Anaesthesist
                Der Anaesthesist
                Springer Medizin (Heidelberg )
                0003-2417
                1432-055X
                13 October 2020
                : 1-18
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Berlin, Deutschland
                [2 ]GRID grid.412590.b, ISNI 0000 0000 9081 2336, Department of Surgery, , University of Michigan Medical Center, ; Ann Arbor, USA
                Article
                835
                10.1007/s00101-020-00835-1
                7550839
                087a10ea-ab8b-4f86-9a1a-b2e8abc488a4
                © Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Categories
                Intensivmedizin

                anämie,hämodynamik,maschinelle ventilation,klinische ernährung,ernest starling,anaemia,haemodynamics,mechanical ventilation,clinical nutrition

                Comments

                Comment on this article