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      Mielopatía asociada con infección por HTLV-1: paraparesia espástica tropical Translated title: Myelopathy associated with HTLV-1 infection: tropical spastic paraparesia

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La mielopatía asociada con infección por HTLV-1 o paraparesia espástica tropical (MAH/PET) es una enfermedad crónica degenerativa del sistema nervioso central que afecta principalmente a la médula espinal. Está asociada a la infección por el virus linfotrópico humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1) que pertenece a la familia Retroviridae. América Latina, Asia y África Subsahariana son zonas endémicas de infección por HTLV-1 y MAH/ PET, entre el 2 % y el 17 %, la mayoría asintomáticos. Colombia tiene una alta prevalencia y en especial en su costa pacífica. En las mujeres la infección por HTLV-1 es más prevalente que en los hombres sin que sea clara la causa; se transmite por transfusiones sanguíneas (principalmente de sangre completa), lactancia materna o relaciones sexuales, que es la forma de transmisón más común en pacientes con MAH/PET. La MAH/PET se presenta principalmente en adultos, su periodo de incubación hasta el desarrollo de síntomas varía de dos años hasta décadas. Las principales manifestaciones clínicas de esta enfermedad son la paraparesia y espastici-dad lentamente progresiva que afecta la marcha, asociada con síntomas de esfínteres, como vejiga neurogénica o estreñimiento. Para su diagnóstico se requiere resonancia magnética (RM) de cerebro y médula espinal y la prueba de Elisa, las más usada, con confirmación mediante western blot (WB). En la actualidad no existe un tratamiento específico para la MAH/PET. En el futuro, el uso de biomarcadores ayudará a la detección temprana de la enfermedad e incluso como posible diana terapéutica.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY Myelopathy associated with HTLV-1 infection or tropical spastic paraparesis (MAH / PET) is a chronic degenerative disease of the Central Nervous System that mainly affects the spinal cord. It is associated with infection by human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) that belongs to the Retroviridae family. Latin America, Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are endemic areas of infection by HTLV-1 and MAH / PET between 2 % and 17 %, most asymptomatic. Colombia has a high prevalence and especially on its Pacific coast. In women, HTLV-1 infection is more prevalent than in men without the cause being clear, it is transmitted by blood transfusions (mainly whole blood), breastfeeding and / or sexual intercourse, which is the most common form of transmission in patients with MAH / PET. MAH / PET occurs mainly in adults, its incubation period until the development of symptoms varies from 2 years to decades. The main clinical manifestations of this disease are slowly progressive paraparesis and spasticity affecting gait, associated with sphincter symptoms, such as neurogenic bladder or constipation. For its diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, spinal cord and the most used ELISA test are required with confirmation by western blot (WB). Currently there is no specific treatment for HAM / PET. In the future, the use of biomarkers will help early detection of the disease and even as a possible therapeutic target.

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          Most cited references42

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          Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection

          The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), identified as the first human oncogenic retrovirus 30 years ago, is not an ubiquitous virus. HTLV-1 is present throughout the world, with clusters of high endemicity located often nearby areas where the virus is nearly absent. The main HTLV-1 highly endemic regions are the Southwestern part of Japan, sub-Saharan Africa and South America, the Caribbean area, and foci in Middle East and Australo-Melanesia. The origin of this puzzling geographical or rather ethnic repartition is probably linked to a founder effect in some groups with the persistence of a high viral transmission rate. Despite different socio-economic and cultural environments, the HTLV-1 prevalence increases gradually with age, especially among women in all highly endemic areas. The three modes of HTLV-1 transmission are mother to child, sexual transmission, and transmission with contaminated blood products. Twenty years ago, de Thé and Bomford estimated the total number of HTLV-1 carriers to be 10–20 millions people. At that time, large regions had not been investigated, few population-based studies were available and the assays used for HTLV-1 serology were not enough specific. Despite the fact that there is still a lot of data lacking in large areas of the world and that most of the HTLV-1 studies concern only blood donors, pregnant women, or different selected patients or high-risk groups, we shall try based on the most recent data, to revisit the world distribution and the estimates of the number of HTLV-1 infected persons. Our best estimates range from 5–10 millions HTLV-1 infected individuals. However, these results were based on only approximately 1.5 billion of individuals originating from known HTLV-1 endemic areas with reliable available epidemiological data. Correct estimates in other highly populated regions, such as China, India, the Maghreb, and East Africa, is currently not possible, thus, the current number of HTLV-1 carriers is very probably much higher.
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            HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.

            Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a progressive disease of the CNS that causes weakness or paralysis of the legs, lower back pain and urinary symptoms. HAM/TSP was first described in Jamaica in the nineteenth century, but the aetiology of the condition, infection with the retrovirus HTLV-1, was only identified in the 1980s. HAM/TSP causes chronic disability and, accordingly, imposes a substantial health burden in areas where HTLV-1 infection is endemic. Since the discovery of the cause of HAM/TSP, considerable advances have been made in the understanding of the virology, immunology, cell biology and pathology of HTLV-1 infection and its associated diseases. However, progress has been limited by the lack of accurate animal models of the disease. Moreover, the treatment of HAM/TSP remains highly unsatisfactory: antiretroviral drugs have little impact on the infection and, although potential disease-modifying therapies are widely used, their value is unproved. At present, clinical management is focused on symptomatic treatment and counselling. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of HAM/TSP and identify areas in which further research is needed. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/tjZCFM.
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              Proposal for diagnostic criteria of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).

              After the first description of TSP/HAM in 1985 and the elaboration of WHO's diagnostic criteria in 1988, the experience of the professionals in this field has increased so that a critical reappraisal of these diagnostic guidelines was considered timely. Brazilian neurologists and observers from other countries met recently to discuss and propose a modified model for diagnosing TSP/HAM with levels of ascertainment as definite, probable, and possible, according to myelopathic symptoms, serological findings, and/or detection of HTLV-I DNA and exclusion of other disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                anco
                Acta Neurológica Colombiana
                Acta Neurol Colomb.
                Asociación Colombiana de Neurología (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                0120-8748
                2422-4022
                May 2021
                : 37
                : 1 suppl 1
                : 40-46
                Affiliations
                [2] Cartagena Bolívar orgnameUniversidad de Cartagena Colombia
                [1] Cali orgnameInstituto Neurológico del Pacífico (Neurofic) Colombia
                [3] Cartagena Bolívar orgnameUniversidad del Sinú Colombia
                Article
                S0120-87482021000200040 S0120-8748(21)03700100040
                10.22379/24224022323
                087c011f-d9a6-4dec-bab8-743adbcf3a73

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 January 2021
                : 27 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 42, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Artículos originales

                HTLV-1,retrovirus (MeSH),paraparesia espástica tropical,paraparesis, tropical spastic,retrovirus (DeCS)

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