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      Longitudinal Associations of Phthalate Exposures During Childhood and Body Size Measurements in Young Girls :

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          Abstract

          <div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S1"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d2871796e206">Background</h5> <p id="P1">Phthalates are environmental chemicals that may play a role in the development of obesity. Few studies have investigated longitudinal associations between postnatal phthalate exposures and subsequent anthropometric measurements in children. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S2"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d2871796e211">Methods</h5> <p id="P2">We collected data as part of The Breast Cancer and Environment Research Program at three US sites. 1,239 girls, ages 6–8 years, were enrolled in 2004–2007. We categorized baseline phthalate exposures, assessed from creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of low molecular weight phthalate metabolites as low, &lt;78; medium, 78-&lt;194; and high, ≥194 μg/g creatinine and of high molecular weight phthalates as low, &lt;111; medium, 111–278; and high, ≥278 μg/g creatinine. Anthropometric measurements were collected through 2012 (n=1,017). Linear mixed effects regression estimated how baseline low and high molecular weight phthalate concentrations related to changes in girls’ body mass index (BMI), height, and waist circumference at ages 7 through 13 years. </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S3"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d2871796e216">Results</h5> <p id="P3">Low molecular weight phthalates were positively associated with gains in BMI and waist circumference. Predicted differences in BMI and waist circumference between girls with high versus low concentrations of low molecular weight phthalates increased from 0.56 (95% CI: −0.02, 1.1) to 1.2 (95%CI: 0.28, 2.1) kg/m <sup>2</sup> and from 1.5 (95%CI: −0.38, 3.3) to 3.9 (95%CI: 1.3, 6.5) cm, respectively. High molecular weight phthalates were negatively associated with height but only among girls who were normal weight at baseline (BMI ≤85 <sup>th</sup> percentile). </p> </div><div class="section"> <a class="named-anchor" id="S4"> <!-- named anchor --> </a> <h5 class="section-title" id="d2871796e227">Conclusion</h5> <p id="P4">Phthalates, specifically low molecular weight phthalates, have small but detectable associations with girls’ anthropometric outcomes. Low molecular weight phthalates, showed stronger associations than other types of phthalates. </p> </div>

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          Maximum Likelihood Approaches to Variance Component Estimation and to Related Problems

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            What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans?

            Phthalic acid esters (phthalates) are used as plasticizers in numerous consumer products, commodities, and building materials. Consequently, phthalates are found in human residential and occupational environments in high concentrations, both in air and in dust. Phthalates are also ubiquitous food and environmental contaminants. An increasing number of studies sampling human urine reveal the ubiquitous phthalate exposure of consumers in industrialized countries. At the same time, recent toxicological studies have demonstrated the potential of the most important phthalates to disturb the human hormonal system and human sexual development and reproduction. Additionally, phthalates are suspected to trigger asthma and dermal diseases in children. To find the important sources of phthalates in Europeans, a scenario-based approach is applied here. Scenarios representing realistic exposure situations are generated to calculate the age-specific range in daily consumer exposure to eight phthalates. The scenarios demonstrate that exposure of infant and adult consumers is caused by different sources in many cases. Infant consumers experience significantly higher daily exposure to phthalates in relation to their body weight than older consumers. The use of consumer products and different indoor sources dominate the exposure to dimethyl, diethyl, benzylbutyl, diisononyl, and diisodecyl phthalates, whereas food has a major influence on the exposure to diisobutyl, dibutyl, and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalates. The scenario-based approach chosen in the present study provides a link between the knowledge on emission sources of phthalates and the concentrations of phthalate metabolites found in human urine.
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              Phthalates and other additives in plastics: human exposure and associated health outcomes.

              Concern exists over whether additives in plastics to which most people are exposed, such as phthalates, bisphenol A or polybrominated diphenyl ethers, may cause harm to human health by altering endocrine function or through other biological mechanisms. Human data are limited compared with the large body of experimental evidence documenting reproductive or developmental toxicity in relation to these compounds. Here, we discuss the current state of human evidence, as well as future research trends and needs. Because exposure assessment is often a major weakness in epidemiological studies, and in utero exposures to reproductive or developmental toxicants are important, we also provide original data on maternal exposure to phthalates during and after pregnancy (n = 242). Phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine showed weak correlations between pre- and post-natal samples, though the strength of the relationship increased when duration between the two samples decreased. Phthalate metabolite levels also tended to be higher in post-natal samples. In conclusion, there is a great need for more human studies of adverse health effects associated with plastic additives. Recent advances in the measurement of exposure biomarkers hold much promise in improving the epidemiological data, but their utility must be understood to facilitate appropriate study design.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Epidemiology
                Epidemiology
                Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
                1044-3983
                2016
                July 2016
                : 27
                : 4
                : 492-499
                Article
                10.1097/EDE.0000000000000489
                5524128
                27031039
                08808b7f-852d-415f-a24e-c1ce1b7628a4
                © 2016
                History

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