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A power primer.
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Abstract
One possible reason for the continued neglect of statistical power analysis in research
in the behavioral sciences is the inaccessibility of or difficulty with the standard
material. A convenient, although not comprehensive, presentation of required sample
sizes is provided here. Effect-size indexes and conventional values for these are
given for operationally defined small, medium, and large effects. The sample sizes
necessary for .80 power to detect effects at these levels are tabled for eight standard
statistical tests: (a) the difference between independent means, (b) the significance
of a product-moment correlation, (c) the difference between independent rs, (d) the
sign test, (e) the difference between independent proportions, (f) chi-square tests
for goodness of fit and contingency tables, (g) one-way analysis of variance, and
(h) the significance of a multiple or multiple partial correlation.