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      Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina en alimentos Translated title: Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina nos alimentos Translated title: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in food

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          Abstract

          Resumen Staphylococcus aureus es un microorganismo de importancia tanto a nivel hospitalario como en la comunidad; considerado parte de la microbiota normal en los humanos cuando existe condiciones apropiadas se comporta como oportunista, provoca infecciones leves hasta complicadas. Existen cepas de S. aureus multirresistentes a los antibióticos, debido a la adquisición por vía horizontal de genes de resistencia; entre ellas Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina (SARM), agentes etiológicos de infecciones graves relacionados directamente al consumo de alimentos contaminados. Objetivo. Analizar los posibles riesgos a los que se expone el ser humano al consumir alimentos contaminados por SARM, además de identificar los alimentos con mayor riesgo de contaminación y los factores que llevan a esta condición. Metodología. Mediante una revisión sistemática de estudios que indican la presencia de SARM en alimentos reportados en América latina. Las bases de datos consultadas: PubMed, SCOPUS, SCIELO y ProQuest mediante la declaración PRISMA. Se detectaron 30 estudios siendo elegibles 12. Resultados. En América Latina se observó en Brasil mayor evidencia de SARM, luego Colombia y Chile; en los estudios encontrados indican que los alimentos con frecuencia mayor de contaminación de alimentos son los lácteos y sus derivados; productos cárnicos. Conclusiones. Se evidencia la estrecha relación entre el agente causal de contaminación que es SARM en alimentos a nivel de América Latina. El producto que más impacto ha presentado es la leche y sus derivados, los cuales al ser productos muy consumibles la salud de la población está en riesgo por la acción de enterotoxinas.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Staphylococcus aureus é um microorganismo importante tanto a nível hospitalar como comunitário; considerado parte da microbiota normal em humanos quando existem condições apropriadas, comporta-se como oportunista, causando infecções leves a complicadas. Existem estirpes de S. aureus multiresistentes aos antibióticos, devido à aquisição horizontal de genes de resistência, incluindo Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA), agentes etiológicos de infecções graves directamente relacionadas com o consumo de alimentos contaminados. Objectivo. Analisar os possíveis riscos a que os seres humanos estão expostos ao consumir alimentos contaminados por MRSA, para além de identificar os alimentos com maior risco de contaminação e os factores que levam a esta condição. Metodologia. Através de uma revisão sistemática de estudos que indicam a presença de MRSA nos alimentos reportados na América Latina. Bases de dados consultadas: PubMed, SCOPUS, SCIELO e ProQuest, utilizando a declaração PRISMA. Foram detectados trinta estudos, 12 dos quais eram elegíveis. Resultados. Na América Latina, a maior evidência de MRSA foi observada no Brasil, seguido pela Colômbia e Chile; os estudos encontrados indicam que os alimentos com maior frequência de contaminação de alimentos são produtos lácteos e seus derivados; produtos de carne. Conclusões. Há provas de uma relação estreita entre o agente causal da contaminação por MRSA nos alimentos na América Latina. O produto que tem tido maior impacto é o leite e seus derivados, que como são produtos altamente consumíveis, a saúde da população está em risco devido à acção das enterotoxinas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is an important microorganism both at hospital and community level; considered part of the normal microbiota in humans when appropriate conditions exist, it behaves as an opportunist, causing mild to complicated infections. There are strains of S. aureus multiresistant to antibiotics, due to the horizontal acquisition of resistance genes, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), etiological agents of serious infections directly related to the consumption of contaminated food. Objective. To analyze the possible risks to which humans are exposed when consuming food contaminated by MRSA, in addition to identifying the foods with the highest risk of contamination and the factors that lead to this condition. Methodology. Through a systematic review of studies indicating the presence of MRSA in food reported in Latin America. Databases consulted: PubMed, SCOPUS, SCIELO and ProQuest through the PRISMA statement. Thirty studies were detected and 12 were eligible. Results. In Latin America, the greatest evidence of MRSA was observed in Brazil, followed by Colombia and Chile; the studies found indicate that the foods with the highest frequency of food contamination are dairy products and their derivatives; meat products. Conclusions. There is evidence of a close relationship between the causal agent of MRSA contamination in food in Latin America. The product that has had the greatest impact is milk and its derivatives, which, being highly consumable products, put the health of the population at risk due to the action of enterotoxins.

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          Most cited references33

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          Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus emerged long before the introduction of methicillin into clinical practice

          Background The spread of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens poses a major threat to global health. It is widely recognised that the widespread use of antibiotics has generated selective pressures that have driven the emergence of resistant strains. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was first observed in 1960, less than one year after the introduction of this second generation beta-lactam antibiotic into clinical practice. Epidemiological evidence has always suggested that resistance arose around this period, when the mecA gene encoding methicillin resistance carried on an SCCmec element, was horizontally transferred to an intrinsically sensitive strain of S. aureus. Results Whole genome sequencing a collection of the first MRSA isolates allows us to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the archetypal MRSA. We apply Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction to infer the time point at which this early MRSA lineage arose and when SCCmec was acquired. MRSA emerged in the mid-1940s, following the acquisition of an ancestral type I SCCmec element, some 14 years before the first therapeutic use of methicillin. Conclusions Methicillin use was not the original driving factor in the evolution of MRSA as previously thought. Rather it was the widespread use of first generation beta-lactams such as penicillin in the years prior to the introduction of methicillin, which selected for S. aureus strains carrying the mecA determinant. Crucially this highlights how new drugs, introduced to circumvent known resistance mechanisms, can be rendered ineffective by unrecognised adaptations in the bacterial population due to the historic selective landscape created by the widespread use of other antibiotics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1252-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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            Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in raw meats and prepared foods in public hospitals in salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

            This study investigated the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in raw meat and fish and foods prepared from them for patient consumption in public hospitals in Salvador, Bahia, in northeastern Brazil. A total of 114 samples of raw meat and fish (chicken, n = 30; beef, n = 30; pork, n = 24; and fish, n = 30) and 63 samples of prepared foods (made with chicken, n = 15; beef, n = 15; pork, n = 15; and fish, n = 18) were collected from the kitchens of 10 different hospitals. Of the 114 investigated raw meat and fish samples, 28.1% were positive for MRSA, which comprised 23.3% beef, 23.3% chicken, 37.5% pork, and 30% fish samples. Of the prepared foods, 9.5% were positive for MRSA, which comprised 5.6% chicken products, 6.7% pork products, and 22.2% fish products. MRSA contamination was not detected in prepared beef dishes. A statistical analysis showed no association between the presence of MRSA and the type of raw food (P > 0.05). The high prevalence of MRSA among the raw foods tested and the presence of the microorganism in prepared foods emphasizes the necessity of enforcing hygienic practices within hospital kitchens.
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              The changing face of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

              Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of infection, both in hospitalised patients with significant healthcare exposure and in patients without healthcare risk factors. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) are known for their rapid community transmission and propensity to cause aggressive skin and soft tissue infections and community-acquired pneumonia. The distinction between the healthcare-associated (HA)-MRSA and CA-MRSA is gradually fading owing to the acquisition of multiple virulence factors and genetic elements. The movement of CA-MRSA strains into the nosocomial setting limits the utility of using clinical risk factors alone to designate community or HA status. Identification of unique genetic characteristics and genotyping are valuable tools for MRSA epidemiological studies. Although the optimum pharmacotherapy for CA-MRSA infections has not been determined, many CA-MRSA strains remain broadly susceptible to several non-β-lactam antibacterial agents. This review aimed at illuminating the characteristic features of CA-MRSA, virulence factors, changing clinical settings and molecular epidemiology, insurgence into the hospital settings and therapy with drug resistance.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                vrs
                Vive Revista de Salud
                Vive Rev. Salud
                CET-BOLIVIA (La Paz, , Bolivia )
                2664-3243
                December 2021
                : 4
                : 12
                : 23-35
                Affiliations
                [1] orgname
                [2] orgname
                Article
                S2664-32432021000300023 S2664-3243(21)00401200023
                10.33996/revistavive.v4i12.106
                095bf57d-0782-4d3f-a3e8-fb260c5b5c27

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 May 2021
                : 08 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Bolivia

                Categories
                INVESTIGACIÓN

                contamination,contaminação,alimentos,meticilina,beta-lactamases,Staphylococcus aureus,food,methicillin,contaminación,Alimentos,Meticilina,Beta-lactamasas

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