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      Herbal Compound Songyou Yin and Moderate Swimming Suppress Growth and Metastasis of Liver Cancer by Enhancing Immune Function

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          Abstract

          Objective. Both the Chinese herbal compound Songyou Yin (SYY) and swimming exercise have been shown to have protective effects against liver cancer in animal models. In this study, we investigated whether SYY and moderate swimming (MS) have enhanced effect on suppressing progression of liver cancer by immunomodulation. Methods. C57BL/6 mice were transplanted with Hepa1-6 murine liver cancer cell lines and received treatment with SYY alone or SYY combined with MS. The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive metastatic foci in lungs were imaged with a stereoscopic fluorescence microscope. Flow cytometry was used to test the proportion of CD4 +, CD8 + T cells in peripheral blood and the proportions of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Treg cells in peripheral blood, spleen, and tumor tissues. Cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 level in serum was detected by ELISA. Results. SYY plus MS significantly suppressed the growth and lung metastasis of liver cancer and prolonged survival in tumor-burdened mice. SYY plus MS markedly raised the CD4 to CD8 ratio in peripheral blood and lowered the serum TGF-β1 level and the proportions of Treg cells in peripheral blood, spleen, and tumor tissue. The effects of the combined intervention were significantly superior to SYY or MS alone. Conclusion. The combined application of SYY and MS exerted an enhanced effect on suppressing growth and metastasis of liver cancer by strengthening immunity.

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          Most cited references38

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          Clinical impact of different classes of infiltrating T cytotoxic and helper cells (Th1, th2, treg, th17) in patients with colorectal cancer.

          The tumor microenvironment includes a complex network of immune T-cell subpopulations. In this study, we systematically analyzed the balance between cytotoxic T cells and different subsets of helper T cells in human colorectal cancers and we correlated their impact on disease-free survival. A panel of immune related genes were analyzed in 125 frozen colorectal tumor specimens. Infiltrating cytotoxic T cells, Treg, Th1, and Th17 cells were also quantified in the center and the invasive margin of the tumors. By hierarchical clustering of a correlation matrix we identified functional clusters of genes associated with Th17 (RORC, IL17A), Th2 (IL4, IL5, IL13), Th1 (Tbet, IRF1, IL12Rb2, STAT4), and cytotoxicity (GNLY, GZMB, PRF1). Patients with high expression of the Th17 cluster had a poor prognosis, whereas patients with high expression of the Th1 cluster had prolonged disease-free survival. In contrast, none of the Th2 clusters were predictive of prognosis. Combined analysis of cytotoxic/Th1 and Th17 clusters improved the ability to discriminate relapse. In situ analysis of the density of IL17+ cells and CD8+ cells in tumor tissues confirmed the results. Our findings argue that functional Th1 and Th17 clusters yield opposite effects on patient survival in colorectal cancer, and they provide complementary information that may improve prognosis. ©2011 AACR.
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            Position statement. Part one: Immune function and exercise.

            An ever-growing volume of peer-reviewed publications speaks to the recent and rapid growth in both scope and understanding of exercise immunology. Indeed, more than 95% of all peer-reviewed publications in exercise immunology (currently >2, 200 publications using search terms "exercise" and "immune") have been published since the formation of the International Society of Exercise and Immunology (ISEI) in 1989 (ISI Web of Knowledge). We recognise the epidemiological distinction between the generic term "physical activity" and the specific category of "exercise", which implies activity for a specific purpose such as improvement of physical condition or competition. Extreme physical activity of any type may have implications for the immune system. However, because of its emotive component, exercise is likely to have a larger effect, and to date the great majority of our knowledge on this subject comes from exercise studies. In this position statement, a panel of world-leading experts provides a consensus of current knowledge, briefly covering the background, explaining what we think we know with some degree of certainty, exploring continued controversies, and pointing to likely directions for future research. Part one of this position statement focuses on 'immune function and exercise' and part two on 'maintaining immune health'. Part one provides a brief introduction and history (Roy Shephard) followed by sections on: respiratory infections and exercise (Maree Gleeson); cellular innate immune function and exercise (Jeffrey Woods); acquired immunity and exercise (Nicolette Bishop); mucosal immunity and exercise (Michael Gleeson and Nicolette Bishop); immunological methods in exercise immunology (Monika Fleshner); anti-inflammatory effects of physical activity (Charlotte Green and Bente Pedersen); exercise and cancer (Laurie Hoffman-Goetz and Connie Rogers) and finally, "omics" in exercise (Hinnak Northoff, Asghar Abbasi and Perikles Simon). The focus on respiratory infections in exercise has been stimulated by the commonly held beliefs that the frequency of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) is increased in elite endurance athletes after single bouts of ultra-endurance exercise and during periods of intensive training. The evidence to support these concepts is inconclusive, but supports the idea that exercised-induced immune suppression increases susceptibility to symptoms of infection, particularly around the time of competition, and that upper respiratory symptoms are associated with performance decrements. Conclusions from the debate on whether sore throats are actually caused by infections or are a reflection of other inflammatory stimuli associated with exercise remains unclear. It is widely accepted that acute and chronic exercise alter the number and function of circulating cells of the innate immune system (e.g. neutrophils, monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells). A limited number of animal studies has helped us determine the extent to which these changes alter susceptibility to herpes simplex and influenza virus infection. Unfortunately, we have only 'scratched the surface' regarding whether exercise-induced changes in innate immune function alter infectious disease susceptibility or outcome and whether the purported anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise is mediated through exercise-induced effects on innate immune cells. We need to know whether exercise alters migration of innate cells and whether this alters disease susceptibility. Although studies in humans have shed light on monocytes, these cells are relatively immature and may not reflect the effects of exercise on fully differentiated tissue macrophages. Currently, there is very little information on the effects of exercise on dendritic cells, which is unfortunate given the powerful influence of these cells in the initiation of immune responses. It is agreed that a lymphocytosis is observed during and immediately after exercise, proportional to exercise intensity and duration, with numbers of cells (T cells and to a lesser extent B cells) falling below pre-exercise levels during the early stages of recovery, before returning to resting values normally within 24 h. Mobilization of T and B cell subsets in this way is largely influenced by the actions of catecholamines. Evidence indicates that acute exercise stimulates T cell subset activation in vivo and in response to mitogen- and antigen-stimulation. Although numerous studies report decreased mitogen- and antigen-stimulated T cell proliferation following acute exercise, the interpretation of these findings may be confounded by alterations in the relative proportion of cells (e.g. T, B and NK cells) in the circulation that can respond to stimulation. Longitudinal training studies in previously sedentary people have failed to show marked changes in T and B cell functions provided that blood samples were taken at least 24 h after the last exercise bout. In contrast, T and B cell functions appear to be sensitive to increases in training load in well-trained athletes, with decreases in circulating numbers of Type 1 T cells, reduced T cell proliferative responses and falls in stimulated B cell Ig synthesis. The cause of this apparent depression in acquired immunity appears to be related to elevated circulating stress hormones, and alterations in the pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in response to exercise. The clinical significance of these changes in acquired immunity with acute exercise and training remains unknown. The production of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is the major effector function of the mucosal immune system providing the 'first line of defence' against pathogens. To date, the majority of exercise studies have assessed saliva SIgA as a marker of mucosal immunity, but more recently the importance of other antimicrobial proteins in saliva (e.g. alpha-amylase, lactoferrin and lysozyme) has gained greater recognition. Acute bouts of moderate exercise have little impact on mucosal immunity but prolonged exercise and intensified training can evoke decreases in saliva secretion of SIgA. Mechanisms underlying the alterations in mucosal immunity with acute exercise are probably largely related to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and its associated effects on salivary protein exocytosis and IgA transcytosis. Depressed secretion of SIgA into saliva during periods of intensified training and chronic stress are likely linked to altered activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, with inhibitory effects on IgA synthesis and/or transcytosis. Consensus exists that reduced levels of saliva SIgA are associated with increased risk of URTI during heavy training. An important question for exercise immunologists remains: how does one measure immune function in a meaningful way? One approach to assessing immune function that extends beyond blood or salivary measures involves challenging study participants with antigenic stimuli and assessing relevant antigen-driven responses including antigen specific cell-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity responses, or circulating antibody responses. Investigators can inject novel antigens such as keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) to assess development of a primary antibody response (albeit only once) or previously seen antigens such as influenza, where the subsequent antibody response reflects a somewhat more variable mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary responses. Using a novel antigen has the advantage that the investigator can identify the effects of exercise stress on the unique cellular events required for a primary response that using a previously seen antigen (e.g. influenza) does not permit. The results of exercise studies using these approaches indicate that an acute bout of intense exercise suppresses antibody production (e.g. anti-KLH Ig) whereas moderate exercise training can restore optimal antibody responses in the face of stressors and ageing. Because immune function is critical to host survival, the system has evolved a large safety net and redundancy such that it is difficult to determine how much immune function must be lost or gained to reveal changes in host disease susceptibility. There are numerous examples where exercise alters measures of immunity by 15-25%. Whether changes of this magnitude are sufficient to alter host defence, disease susceptibility or severity remains debatable. Chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and tumour growth. Evidence suggests that the prophylactic effect of exercise may, to some extent, be ascribed to the anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise mediated via a reduction in visceral fat mass and/or by induction of an anti-inflammatory environment with each bout of exercise (e.g. via increases in circulating anti-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist and IL-10). To understand the mechanism(s) of the protective, anti-inflammatory effect of exercise fully, we need to focus on the nature of exercise that is most efficient at allieviating the effects of chronic inflammation in disease. The beneficial effects of endurance exercise are well known; however, the antiinflammatory role of strength training exercises are poorly defined. In addition, the independent contribution of an exercise-induced reduction in visceral fat versus other exercise-induced anti-inflammatory mechanisms needs to be understood better. There is consensus that exercise training protects against some types of cancers. Training also enhances aspects of anti-tumour immunity and reduces inflammatory mediators. However, the evidence linking immunological and inflammatory mechanisms, physical activity, and cancer risk reduction remains tentative. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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              Physical activity, biomarkers, and disease outcomes in cancer survivors: a systematic review.

              Cancer survivors often seek information about how lifestyle factors, such as physical activity, may influence their prognosis. We systematically reviewed studies that examined relationships between physical activity and mortality (cancer-specific and all-cause) and/or cancer biomarkers. We identified 45 articles published from January 1950 to August 2011 through MEDLINE database searches that were related to physical activity, cancer survival, and biomarkers potentially relevant to cancer survival. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement to guide this review. Study characteristics, mortality outcomes, and biomarker-relevant and subgroup results were abstracted for each article that met the inclusion criteria (ie, research articles that included participants with a cancer diagnosis, mortality outcomes, and an assessment of physical activity). There was consistent evidence from 27 observational studies that physical activity is associated with reduced all-cause, breast cancer-specific, and colon cancer-specific mortality. There is currently insufficient evidence regarding the association between physical activity and mortality for survivors of other cancers. Randomized controlled trials of exercise that included biomarker endpoints suggest that exercise may result in beneficial changes in the circulating level of insulin, insulin-related pathways, inflammation, and, possibly, immunity; however, the evidence is still preliminary. Future research directions identified include the need for more observational studies on additional types of cancer with larger sample sizes; the need to examine whether the association between physical activity and mortality varies by tumor, clinical, or risk factor characteristics; and the need for research on the biological mechanisms involved in the association between physical activity and survival after a cancer diagnosis. Future randomized controlled trials of exercise with biomarker and cancer-specific disease endpoints, such as recurrence, new primary cancers, and cancer-specific mortality in cancer survivors, are warranted.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Integr Cancer Ther
                Integr Cancer Ther
                ICT
                spict
                Integrative Cancer Therapies
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                1534-7354
                1552-695X
                22 December 2015
                September 2016
                : 15
                : 3
                : 368-375
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
                [2 ]Cancer Metastasis Institute, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
                [3 ]School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
                [4 ]Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
                Author notes
                [*]Zhao-You Tang, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. Email: zytang88@ 123456163.com
                Article
                10.1177_1534735415622011
                10.1177/1534735415622011
                5739186
                26699805
                09713f8d-73c6-4f6c-b874-802db84db636
                © The Author(s) 2015

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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                herbal medicine,swimming,metastasis,liver cancer,immunity
                herbal medicine, swimming, metastasis, liver cancer, immunity

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