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      Mécanisme moléculaire de la phénylcétonurie: Du génotype à la prise en charge clinique

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          Abstract

          À l’heure du dépistage néonatal et du traitement pré-symptomatique des individus atteints de phénylcétonurie, cette maladie n’est plus caractérisée par un ensemble de symptômes observés chez des patients non traités: c’est à présent une prédisposition héréditaire qui nécessite un régime pour éviter des dommages cérébraux et des déficiences intellectuelles. L’analyse des relations entre génotype et phénotype doit donc permettre de définir la nature et les modalités d’un traitement préventif. En cas de phénylcétonurie, la détection des mutations n’est pas obligatoire pour réaliser un diagnostic correct et envisager un traitement, tel que l’administration de tétrahydrobioptérine (BH<sub>4</sub>). Cependant, l’impact fonctionnel des mutations individuelles a été largement analysé ces dernières années et il existe des corrélations bien définies entre le génotype et différents phénotypes. Connaître et comprendre le génotype très précocement permet souvent de prédire la sévérité du déficit en phénylalanine hydroxylase et d’envisager les caractéristiques de la maladie pour un individu. Cela peut également aider à la prise en charge clinique. L‘identification de l‘homozygotie ou de l‘hétérozygotie composite pour des mutations nulles indique que ce patient ne tirera aucun bénéfice d’un traitement par la BH<sub>4</sub>. En revanche, l’identification d’une mutation BH<sub>4</sub>-sensible chez un patient classé comme non répondant à la BH<sub>4</sub> devrait conduire à reconsidérer la classification du patient et à refaire un essai de traitement avec la BH<sub>4</sub>. Des précautions doivent être prises pour détecter les éventuelles erreurs dans les résultats des études moléculaires et pour analyser ces erreurs à la lumière des données cliniques et biochimiques de l’individu.

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          Most cited references19

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          A European multicenter study of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency: classification of 105 mutations and a general system for genotype-based prediction of metabolic phenotype.

          Phenylketonuria (PKU) and mild hyperphenylalaninemia (MHP) are allelic disorders caused by mutations in the gene encoding phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). Previous studies have suggested that the highly variable metabolic phenotypes of PAH deficiency correlate with PAH genotypes. We identified both causative mutations in 686 patients from seven European centers. On the basis of the phenotypic characteristics of 297 functionally hemizygous patients, 105 of the mutations were assigned to one of four arbitrary phenotype categories. We proposed and tested a simple model for correlation between genotype and phenotypic outcome. The observed phenotype matched the predicted phenotype in 79% of the cases, and in only 5 of 184 patients was the observed phenotype more than one category away from that expected. Among the seven contributing centers, the proportion of patients for whom the observed phenotype did not match the predicted phenotype was 4%-23% (P 10,000 genotypes, which may be useful for the management of hyperphenylalaninemia in newborns.
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            Predicted effects of missense mutations on native-state stability account for phenotypic outcome in phenylketonuria, a paradigm of misfolding diseases.

            Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disease caused by mutations in human phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). Most missense mutations result in misfolding of PAH, increased protein turnover, and a loss of enzymatic function. We studied the prediction of the energetic impact on PAH native-state stability of 318 PKU-associated missense mutations, using the protein-design algorithm FoldX. For the 80 mutations for which expression analyses have been performed in eukaryote systems, in most cases we found substantial overall correlations between the mutational energetic impact and both in vitro residual activities and patient metabolic phenotype. This finding confirmed that the decrease in protein stability is the main molecular pathogenic mechanism in PKU and the determinant for phenotypic outcome. Metabolic phenotypes have been shown to be better predicted than in vitro residual activities, probably because of greater stringency in the phenotyping process. Finally, all the remaining 238 PKU missense mutations compiled at the PAH locus knowledgebase (PAHdb) were analyzed, and their phenotypic outcomes were predicted on the basis of the energetic impact provided by FoldX. Residues in exons 7-9 and in interdomain regions within the subunit appear to play an important structural role and constitute hotspots for destabilization. FoldX analysis will be useful for predicting the phenotype associated with rare or new mutations detected in patients with PKU. However, additional factors must be considered that may contribute to the patient phenotype, such as possible effects on catalysis and interindividual differences in physiological and metabolic processes.
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              Preliminary Communication

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ANF
                10.1159/issn.0250-9644
                Annales Nestlé (Ed. française)
                S. Karger AG
                978-3-8055-9689-3
                978-3-8055-9690-9
                0250-9644
                1661-3732
                2010
                February 2011
                23 February 2011
                : 68
                : 2
                : 50-54
                Affiliations
                Unité de génétique humaine, Université médicale d’Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Autriche
                Author notes
                *Prof. Johannes Zschocke, Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, AT–6020 Innsbruck (Austria), Tel. +43 512 9003 70500, Fax +43 512 9003 73500, E-Mail johannes.zschocke@i-med.ac.at
                Article
                323153 Ann Nestlé [Fr] 2010;68:50–54
                10.1159/000323153
                0984603a-1578-48c4-a38f-2984b9ffb8ff
                © 2011 Nestec Ltd., Vevey/S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Page count
                Pages: 5
                Categories
                Paper

                Nutrition & Dietetics,Health & Social care,Public health
                Analyse des mutations,Phénylcétonurie,Tétrahydrobioptérine,Gène de la phénylalanine hydroxylase

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