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      Hypertension prevalence as a function of different guidelines, India Translated title: Prévalence de l'hypertension en fonction de différentes directives, Inde Translated title: Prevalencia de hipertensión en función de las diferentes directrices, India Translated title: انتشار ارتفاع ضغط الدم كنتيجة للمبادئ التوجيهية المختلفة، الهند Translated title: 不同指南下的印度高血压患病率 Translated title: Зависимость уровня распространенности гипертонии в Индии от различных руководящих принципов

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To determine the effect of different hypertension management guidelines and of basing diagnosis on a single reading of blood pressure on the hypertension prevalence in the Indian population.

          Methods

          We performed a secondary analysis of data acquired as part of the Fourth national family health survey, 2015 to 2016, over all districts in India. We calculated the proportion of the population within three different age groups (18 to 34, 35 to 49 and 18 to 49 years of age) with raised blood pressure according to six different guidelines, and how prevalence changed if diagnoses were based on a single blood pressure measurement.

          Findings

          We observed that the Government of India and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines consistently yielded the lowest and highest prevalence of raised blood pressure; in the combined age group, we calculated the proportion of the population categorized as having raised blood pressure as 7.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.4 to 7.7) and 40.1% (95% CI: 39.7 to 40.7), respectively. When basing diagnosis on a single reading of blood pressure only, a total of 56 million individuals would be erroneously categorized as hypertensive following the Government of India guidelines. We also showed that prevalence of hypertension in India varies with guidelines adhered to; in the combined age group, the national hypertension prevalence was three times higher when following the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association compared with the Government of India guidelines.

          Conclusion

          To optimize current clinical practice, health-care providers need to follow universally agreed, evidence-based methods of diagnosing hypertension.

          Résumé

          Objectif

          Déterminer l'effet de différentes directives de gestion de l'hypertension et de l'établissement d'un diagnostic à partir d'une seule mesure de la tension artérielle sur la prévalence de l'hypertension dans la population indienne.

          Méthodes

          Nous avons effectué une analyse secondaire des données collectées lors de la quatrième enquête nationale sur la santé des familles, de 2015 à 2016, dans tous les districts d'Inde. Nous avons calculé la part de la population, dans trois tranches d'âge différentes (18-34 ans, 35-49 ans et 18-49 ans), qui présentait une tension artérielle élevée selon six directives différentes, et la manière dont la prévalence changeait si le diagnostic se fondait sur une seule mesure de la tension artérielle.

          Résultats

          Nous avons observé que les directives du gouvernement indien et celles de l'American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association donnaient systématiquement la prévalence la plus faible et la prévalence la plus élevée d'hypertension artérielle; dans la tranche d'âge combinée, nous avons calculé que la part de la population classée comme souffrant d'hypertension s'élevait respectivement à 7,5% (intervalle de confiance (IC) de 95%: 7,4 à 7,7) et à 40,1% (IC de 95%: 39,7 à 40,7). En fondant le diagnostic uniquement sur une mesure de la tension artérielle, un total de 56 millions de personnes seraient classées à tort comme hypertendues selon les directives du gouvernement indien. Nous avons également montré que la prévalence de l'hypertension en Inde varie en fonction des directives auxquelles on se réfère; dans la tranche d'âge combinée, la prévalence nationale de l'hypertension était trois fois plus élevée si l'on suivait les directives de l'American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association que celles du gouvernement indien.

          Conclusion

          Pour optimiser la pratique clinique, les prestataires de soins doivent suivre des méthodes de diagnostic de l'hypertension éprouvées et universellement admises.

          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Determinar el efecto de las diferentes directrices para el tratamiento de la hipertensión y de basar el diagnóstico en una sola lectura de la presión arterial sobre la prevalencia de la hipertensión en la población india.

          Métodos

          Se realizó un análisis secundario de los datos adquiridos como parte de la Cuarta Encuesta Nacional de Salud Familiar, 2015-2016, en todos los distritos de la India. Se calculó la proporción de la población dentro de tres grupos de edad diferentes (de 18 a 34 años, de 35 a 49 años y de 18 a 49 años) con presión arterial elevada de acuerdo con seis directrices diferentes, y cómo la prevalencia cambió si el diagnóstico se basó en una sola medición de la presión arterial.

          Resultados

          Se observó que las directrices del Gobierno de la India y del Colegio Americano de Cardiología/Asociación Americana del Corazón arrojaron sistemáticamente la prevalencia más baja y más alta de presión arterial elevada; en el grupo de edad combinado, se calculó que la proporción de la población categorizada como con presión arterial elevada era de 7,5 % (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95 %: 7,4 a 7,7) y 40,1 % (IC del 95 %: 39,7 a 40,7), respectivamente. Al basar el diagnóstico en una sola lectura de la presión arterial, un total de 56 millones de personas serían erróneamente clasificadas como hipertensivas según las directrices del Gobierno de la India. También se demostró que la prevalencia de la hipertensión en la India varía según las directrices a las que se adhieren; en el grupo de edad combinado, la prevalencia nacional de la hipertensión era tres veces mayor cuando se seguía las directrices del Colegio Americano de Cardiología/Asociación Americana del Corazón en comparación con las del Gobierno de la India.

          Conclusión

          Para optimizar la práctica clínica actual, los profesionales de la atención de la salud deben seguir métodos universalmente acordados y basados en la evidencia para diagnosticar la hipertensión.

          ملخص

          الغرض

          تحديد تأثير المبادئ التوجيهية المختلفة لإدارة ارتفاع ضغط الدم، وكذلك التشخيص المعتمد على قراءة واحدة لضغط الدم، على انتشار ضغط الدم المرتفع بين السكان في الهند.

          الطريقة

          قم بإجراء تحليل ثانوي للبيانات التي تم الحصول عليها كجزء من المسح الوطني الرابع لصحة الأسرة، خلال 2015 إلى 2016، في جميع المناطق في الهند. قمنا بحساب نسبة السكان في ثلاث فئات عمرية مختلفة (18 إلى 34 سنة، و35 إلى 49 سنة، و18 إلى 49 سنة)، والتي تعاني من ارتفاع ضغط الدم، وذلك وفقا لستة مبادئ توجيهية مختلفة، فضلاً عن مدى التغير في الانتشار إذا كان التشخيص معتمداً على قياس ضغط الدم مرة واحدة.

          النتائج

          لاحظنا أن المبادئ التوجيهية لكل من الحكومة الهندية، والجمعية الأمريكية لأمراض القلب/جمعية القلب الأمريكية، قد أدت بشكل متسق إلى أدنى وأعلى معدل لانتشار ضغط الدم المرتفع؛ في الفئة العمرية المجمعة، قمنا بحساب نسبة السكان الذين تم تصنيفهم بأنهم يعانون من ارتفاع في ضغط الدم بنسبة 7.5% (فاصل الثقة 95%: 7.4 إلى 7.7) و40.1% (فاصل ثقة 95%: 39.7 إلى 40.7)، على التوالي. عند اعتماد التشخيص على قراءة واحدة فقط لضغط الدم، فسوف يتم تصنيف إجمالي 56 مليون نسمة بشكل خاطئ بأنهم مصابين بارتفاع ضغط الدم وفقاً للمبادئ التوجيهية للحكومة الهندية. كما أوضحنا أن انتشار ضغط الدم المرتفع في الهند يختلف وفقاً للمبادئ التوجيهية المتبعة؛ في الفئة العمرية المجمعة، فإن ارتفاع ضغط الدم على المستوى الوطني كان أعلى ثلاث مرات عنه عند اتباع الجمعية الأمريكية لأمراض القلب/جمعية القلب الأمريكية، مقارنةً بالمبادئ التوجيهية للحكومة الهندية.

          الاستنتاج

          لتحسين الممارسة السريرية الحالية، يحتاج مقدمو الرعاية الصحية إلى اتباع الطرق المتفق عليها عالمياً، والمعتمدة على الأدلة، لتشخيص الإصابة بارتفاع ضغط الدم.

          摘要

          目的

          旨在确定不同高血压管理指南和基于单一血压读数的诊断对印度人群高血压患病率的影响。

          方法

          我们对印度所有地区 2015-2016 年第四次全国家庭健康调查的数据进行了次级分析。根据六个不同指南,我们计算了在三个不同年龄组(18 至 34 岁、35 至 49 岁和 18 至 49 岁)中血压升高人群的比例,以及如果诊断是基于单一血压测量的话,患病率是如何变化的。

          结果

          我们发现,印度政府和美国心脏病学院/美国心脏协会指南得出的血压升高的最低患病率和最高患病率数据一致;在综合年龄组中,我们计算出血压升高人群的比例分别为 7.5% (95% 置信区间:7.4-7.7)和 40.1% (95% 置信区间:39.7-40.7)。根据印度政府指南,当仅根据单次血压读数进行诊断时,共计会有 5600 万人会被错误归为高血压人群。我们还发现,印度的高血压患病率因遵循不同指南而变化;在综合年龄组中,当遵循美国心脏病学院/美国心脏协会指南时,全国范围内的高血压患病率要比遵循印度政府的准则时的患病率高出三倍。

          结论

          为了优化目前的临床实践,医护人员应遵循世界公认、基于证据的方法进行高血压的诊断。

          Резюме

          Цель

          Определение влияния различных руководящих принципов по ведению больных с артериальной гипертонией и постановки диагноза по однократному измерению артериального давления на показатели распространенности гипертонии среди населения Индии.

          Методы

          Авторы провели дополнительный анализ данных, полученных в рамках четвертого национального опроса о здоровье семьи, который проводился в 2015–2016 годах во всех регионах Индии. Была рассчитана доля лиц с повышенным артериальным давлением в популяции трех возрастных групп (от 18 до 34 лет, от 35 до 49 лет и от 18 до 49 лет) в соответствии с шестью различными руководящими принципами, а также продемонстрировано изменение показателя распространенности гипертонии, если диагностика опиралась на однократное измерение артериального давления.

          Результаты

          Авторы обнаружили, что руководящие принципы Правительства Индии и Американской коллегии кардиологов или Американской ассоциации сердца в результате неизменно дают минимальный и максимальный показатели распространенности повышенного артериального давления; в комбинированной возрастной группе, по расчетам авторов, доля популяции с повышенным артериальным давлением составила соответственно 7,5% (95%-й ДИ: 7,4–7,7) и 40,1% (95%-й ДИ: 39,7–40,7). В случае постановки диагноза на основании однократного измерения артериального давления 56 миллионам людей был бы ошибочно поставлен диагноз гипертонии на основании руководящих принципов Правительства Индии. Авторы также доказали, что уровень распространенности гипертонии в Индии зависит от того, каким руководящим принципам следуют врачи: в комбинированной возрастной группе национальный уровень распространенности гипертонии был в три раза выше при использовании руководящих принципов Американской коллегии кардиологов или Американской ассоциации сердца, чем при использовании руководящих принципов Правительства Индии.

          Вывод

          Для оптимизации текущей клинической практики работники здравоохранения должны следовать всесторонне согласованным и научно обоснованным методам диагностики гипертонии.

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          Most cited references21

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          Diabetes and Hypertension in India

          Understanding how diabetes and hypertension prevalence varies within a country as large as India is essential for targeting of prevention, screening, and treatment services. However, to our knowledge there has been no prior nationally representative study of these conditions to guide the design of effective policies.
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            An assessment of progress towards universal health coverage in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS)

            Summary Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) represent almost half the world's population, and all five national governments recently committed to work nationally, regionally, and globally to ensure that universal health coverage (UHC) is achieved. This analysis reviews national efforts to achieve UHC. With a broad range of health indicators, life expectancy (ranging from 53 years to 73 years), and mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (ranging from 10·3 to 44·6 deaths per 1000 livebirths), a review of progress in each of the BRICS countries shows that each has some way to go before achieving UHC. The BRICS countries show substantial, and often similar, challenges in moving towards UHC. On the basis of a review of each country, the most pressing problems are: raising insufficient public spending; stewarding mixed private and public health systems; ensuring equity; meeting the demands for more human resources; managing changing demographics and disease burdens; and addressing the social determinants of health. Increases in public funding can be used to show how BRICS health ministries could accelerate progress to achieve UHC. Although all the BRICS countries have devoted increased resources to health, the biggest increase has been in China, which was probably facilitated by China's rapid economic growth. However, the BRICS country with the second highest economic growth, India, has had the least improvement in public funding for health. Future research to understand such different levels of prioritisation of the health sector in these countries could be useful. Similarly, the role of strategic purchasing in working with powerful private sectors, the effect of federal structures, and the implications of investment in primary health care as a foundation for UHC could be explored. These issues could serve as the basis on which BRICS countries focus their efforts to share ideas and strategies.
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              Hypertension screening, awareness, treatment, and control in India: A nationally representative cross-sectional study among individuals aged 15 to 49 years

              Background Evidence on where in the hypertension care process individuals are lost to care, and how this varies among states and population groups in a country as large as India, is essential for the design of targeted interventions and to monitor progress. Yet, to our knowledge, there has not yet been a nationally representative analysis of the proportion of adults who reach each step of the hypertension care process in India. This study aimed to determine (i) the proportion of adults with hypertension who have been screened, are aware of their diagnosis, take antihypertensive treatment, and have achieved control and (ii) the variation of these care indicators among states and sociodemographic groups. Methods and findings We used data from a nationally representative household survey carried out from 20 January 2015 to 4 December 2016 among individuals aged 15–49 years in all states and union territories (hereafter “states”) of the country. The stages of the care process—computed among those with hypertension at the time of the survey—were (i) having ever had one’s blood pressure (BP) measured before the survey (“screened”), (ii) having been diagnosed (“aware”), (iii) currently taking BP-lowering medication (“treated”), and (iv) reporting being treated and not having a raised BP (“controlled”). We disaggregated these stages by state, rural–urban residence, sex, age group, body mass index, tobacco consumption, household wealth quintile, education, and marital status. In total, 731,864 participants were included in the analysis. Hypertension prevalence was 18.1% (95% CI 17.8%–18.4%). Among those with hypertension, 76.1% (95% CI 75.3%–76.8%) had ever received a BP measurement, 44.7% (95% CI 43.6%–45.8%) were aware of their diagnosis, 13.3% (95% CI 12.9%–13.8%) were treated, and 7.9% (95% CI 7.6%–8.3%) had achieved control. Male sex, rural location, lower household wealth, and not being married were associated with greater losses at each step of the care process. Between states, control among individuals with hypertension varied from 2.4% (95% CI 1.7%–3.3%) in Nagaland to 21.0% (95% CI 9.8%–39.6%) in Daman and Diu. At 38.0% (95% CI 36.3%–39.0%), 28.8% (95% CI 28.5%–29.2%), 28.4% (95% CI 27.7%–29.0%), and 28.4% (95% CI 27.8%–29.0%), respectively, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, Sikkim, and Haryana had the highest proportion of all adults (irrespective of hypertension status) in the sampled age range who had hypertension but did not achieve control. The main limitation of this study is that its results cannot be generalized to adults aged 50 years and older—the population group in which hypertension is most common. Conclusions Hypertension prevalence in India is high, but the proportion of adults with hypertension who are aware of their diagnosis, are treated, and achieve control is low. Even after adjusting for states’ economic development, there is large variation among states in health system performance in the management of hypertension. Improvements in access to hypertension diagnosis and treatment are especially important among men, in rural areas, and in populations with lower household wealth.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Bull World Health Organ
                Bull. World Health Organ
                BLT
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                World Health Organization
                0042-9686
                1564-0604
                01 December 2019
                17 September 2019
                : 97
                : 12
                : 799-809
                Affiliations
                [a ]World Food Programme, New Delhi, India.
                [b ]Indian Institute of Foreign Trade , New Delhi, India.
                [c ]Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Plot No. 47, Sector 44, Institutional Area, Gurugram, 122002, India, .
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Ashish Awasthi (email: ashish.awasthi@ 123456phfi.org ).
                Article
                BLT.19.234500
                10.2471/BLT.19.234500
                6883270
                31819288
                099249b5-7371-4959-8363-75f6dfdb447b
                (c) 2019 The authors; licensee World Health Organization.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/legalcode), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that WHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.

                History
                : 03 April 2019
                : 23 August 2019
                : 23 August 2019
                Categories
                Research

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