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      Differences in facial expressions during positive anticipation and frustration in dogs awaiting a reward

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          Abstract

          Facial expressions are considered sensitive indicators of emotional states in humans and many animals. Identifying facial indicators of emotion is a major challenge and little systematic research has been done in non-primate species. In dogs, such research is important not only to address fundamental and applied scientific questions but also for practical reasons, since many problem behaviours are assumed to have an emotional basis, e.g. aggression based on frustration. Frustration responses can occur in superficially similar contexts as the emotional state of positive anticipation. For instance, the anticipated delivery of a food reward may induce the state of positive anticipation, but over time, if the food is not delivered, this will be replaced by frustration. We examined dogs’ facial expressions in contexts presumed to induce both positive anticipation and frustration, respectively, within a single controlled experimental setting. Using DogFACS, an anatomically-based method for coding facial expressions of dogs, we found that the “Ears adductor” action was more common in the positive condition and “Blink”, “Lips part”, “Jaw drop”, “Nose lick”, and “Ears flattener” were more common in the negative condition. This study demonstrates how differences in facial expression in emotionally ambiguous contexts may be used to help infer emotional states of different valence.

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          Most cited references55

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          From psychological stress to the emotions: a history of changing outlooks.

          R Lazarus (1993)
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            Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion.

            At the heart of emotion, mood, and any other emotionally charged event are states experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energized or enervated. These states--called core affect--influence reflexes, perception, cognition, and behavior and are influenced by many causes internal and external, but people have no direct access to these causal connections. Core affect can therefore be experienced as free-floating (mood) or can be attributed to some cause (and thereby begin an emotional episode). These basic processes spawn a broad framework that includes perception of the core-affect-altering properties of stimuli, motives, empathy, emotional meta-experience, and affect versus emotion regulation; it accounts for prototypical emotional episodes, such as fear and anger, as core affect attributed to something plus various nonemotional processes.
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              Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: psychological and neurological mechanisms.

              Recognizing emotion from facial expressions draws on diverse psychological processes implemented in a large array of neural structures. Studies using evoked potentials, lesions, and functional imaging have begun to elucidate some of the mechanisms. Early perceptual processing of faces draws on cortices in occipital and temporal lobes that construct detailed representations from the configuration of facial features. Subsequent recognition requires a set of structures, including amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, that links perceptual representations of the face to the generation of knowledge about the emotion signaled, a complex set of mechanisms using multiple strategies. Although recent studies have provided a wealth of detail regarding these mechanisms in the adult human brain, investigations are also being extended to nonhuman primates, to infants, and to patients with psychiatric disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                annika@bremhorst.de
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                17 December 2019
                17 December 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 19312
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0726 5157, GRID grid.5734.5, Division of Animal Welfare, DCR-VPHI, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, ; 3012 Bern, Switzerland
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0726 5157, GRID grid.5734.5, Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, ; 3012 Bern, Switzerland
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0420 4262, GRID grid.36511.30, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, ; Lincoln, LN6 7DL United Kingdom
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7667-6443
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2934-3010
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4765-9625
                Article
                55714
                10.1038/s41598-019-55714-6
                6917793
                31848389
                09b32ac5-f272-4342-af69-5a9a9bb724e8
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 12 July 2019
                : 29 November 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100009068, Universität Bern (University of Bern);
                Award ID: 48-112
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001711, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation);
                Award ID: PZ00P3_174221
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Uncategorized
                behavioural methods,animal behaviour
                Uncategorized
                behavioural methods, animal behaviour

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