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      Consensus guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency

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          Abstract

          Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADCD) is a rare, autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder that leads to a severe combined deficiency of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Onset is early in life, and key clinical symptoms are hypotonia, movement disorders (oculogyric crisis, dystonia, and hypokinesia), developmental delay, and autonomic symptoms.

          In this consensus guideline, representatives of the International Working Group on Neurotransmitter Related Disorders (iNTD) and patient representatives evaluated all available evidence for diagnosis and treatment of AADCD and made recommendations using SIGN and GRADE methodology. In the face of limited definitive evidence, we constructed practical recommendations on clinical diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis, imaging and electroencephalograpy, medical treatments and non-medical treatments. Furthermore, we identified topics for further research. We believe this guideline will improve the care for AADCD patients around the world whilst promoting general awareness of this rare disease.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0522-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

          German abstract

          Der Aromatische L-Aminosäuren Decarboxylase Mangel (AADCD) ist eine seltene autosomal rezessive neurometabolische Störung, die zu einem schweren kombinierten Mangel an Serotonin, Dopamin, Norepinephrin und Epinephrin führt. Die Symptome setzen in einer frühen Phase des Lebens ein. Die klinischen Hauptsymptome sind muskuläre Hypotonie, Bewegungsstörungen (Okkulogyre Krisen, Dystonie und Hypokinesie), Entwicklungsverzögerung und autonome Symptome.

          In diesen Konsensus basierten Leitlinien haben Mitglieder der “International Working Group on Neurotransmitter Related Disorders (iNTD)” sowie Patientenvertreter die verfügbare Evidenz für die Diagnose und Behandlung von AADCD ausgewertet und evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen nach den Methoden von SIGN und GRADE formuliert. Stets im Bewusstsein der limitierten Evidenz haben wir praktische Empfehlungen für die klinische Diagnose, Labordiagnose, Bildgebung und EEG, medizinische und nicht medizinische Behandlung formuliert. Des Weiteren haben wir Themen identifiziert, die der weiteren Forschung bedürfen. Wir glauben, dass diese Leitlinie die Behandlung von Patienten mit AADCD verbessert und gleichzeitig das Bewusstsein für diese seltene Erkrankung geschärft wird.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0522-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

          Spanish abstract

          La deficiencia de la descarboxilasa de aminoácidos aromáticos (AADCD) es una enfermedad neurometabólica minoritaria de herencia autosómica recesiva que causa un defecto grave de dopamina, serotonina, epinefrina y norepinefrina. El inicio de la enfermedad es precoz, y sus síntomas principales incluyen hipotonía, trastornos del movimiento (crisis oculógiras, distonía e hipocinesia), retraso del desarrollo y signos disautonómicos.

          En esta guía de consenso han participado representantes del grupo de trabajo internacional sobre trastornos de la neurotransmisión (iNTD) y representantes de las asociaciones de pacientes, que han evaluado todas las evidencias existentes en relación al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la AADCD. Las recomnedaciones se han realizado siguiendo la metodología SIGN y GRADE. A pesar de los bajos niveles de evidencia existentes, se han podido establecer recomendaciones prácticas y que pueden ser muy útiles sobre el diagnóstico clínico y de laboratorio, las pruebas de neuroimagen y electroencefalográficas y sobre tratamientos tanto médicos como de soporte. Se han identificado además temas que pueden ser interesantes a desarrollar en el campo de la investigación de la AADCD.

          En conclusión, pensamos que esta guía aumentará la calidad en los cuidados de los pacientes con AADCD en todo el mundo, y que aumentará el conocimiento de esta rara enfermedad.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0522-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references75

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          Gene Therapy for Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency

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            Monoamine neurotransmitter disorders--clinical advances and future perspectives.

            The monoamine neurotransmitter disorders are important genetic syndromes that cause disturbances in catecholamine (dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline) and serotonin homeostasis. These disorders result in aberrant monoamine synthesis, metabolism and transport. The clinical phenotypes are predominantly neurological, and symptoms resemble other childhood neurological disorders, such as dystonic or dyskinetic cerebral palsy, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy and movement disorders. As a consequence, monoamine neurotransmitter disorders are under-recognized and often misdiagnosed. The diagnosis of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders requires detailed clinical assessment, cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter analysis and further supportive diagnostic investigations. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of neurotransmitter disorders is paramount, as many are responsive to treatment. The treatment is usually mechanism-based, with the aim to reverse disturbances of monoamine synthesis and/or metabolism. Therapeutic intervention can lead to complete resolution of motor symptoms in some conditions, and considerably improve quality of life in others. In this Review, we discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders, and consider novel concepts, the latest advances in research and future prospects for therapy.
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              Clinical and biochemical features of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency.

              To describe the current treatment; clinical, biochemical, and molecular findings; and clinical follow-up of patients with aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency. Clinical and biochemical data of 78 patients with AADC deficiency were tabulated in a database of pediatric neurotransmitter disorders (JAKE). A total of 46 patients have been previously reported; 32 patients are described for the first time. In 96% of AADC-deficient patients, symptoms (hypotonia 95%, oculogyric crises 86%, and developmental retardation 63%) became clinically evident during infancy or childhood. Laboratory diagnosis is based on typical CSF markers (low homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacidic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenolglycole, and elevated 3-O-methyl-l-dopa, l-dopa, and 5-hydroxytryptophan), absent plasma AADC activity, or elevated urinary vanillactic acid. A total of 24 mutations in the DDC gene were detected in 49 patients (8 reported for the first time: p.L38P, p.Y79C, p.A110Q, p.G123R, p.I42fs, c.876G>A, p.R412W, p.I433fs) with IVS6+ 4A>T being the most common one (allele frequency 45%). Based on clinical symptoms, CSF neurotransmitters profile is highly indicative for the diagnosis of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency. Treatment options are limited, in many cases not beneficial, and prognosis is uncertain. Only 15 patients with a relatively mild form clearly improved on a combined therapy with pyridoxine (B6)/pyridoxal phosphate, dopamine agonists, and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Tessa.Wassenberg@radboudumc.nl
                mmolerol@hsjdbcn.org
                Kathrin.Jeltsch@med.uni-heidelberg.de
                Georg.Hoffmann@med.uni-heidelberg.de
                Birgit.Assmann@med.uni-heidelberg.de
                Nenad.Blau@med.uni-heidelberg.de
                agarcia@hsjdbcn.org
                rartuch@hsjdbcn.org
                roserpons@med.uoa.gr
                pearsont@neuro.wustl.edu
                vincenzo.leuzzi@uniroma1.it
                mario.mastrangelo@uniroma1.it
                Phillip.Pearl@childrens.harvard.edu
                leeped@hotmail.com
                manju.kurian@ucl.ac.uk
                Simon.Heales@gosh.nhs.uk
                lcflint@orbic.co.uk
                Marcel.Verbeek@radboudumc.nl
                Michel.Willemsen@radboudumc.nl
                Thomas.Opladen@med.uni-heidelberg.de
                Journal
                Orphanet J Rare Dis
                Orphanet J Rare Dis
                Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
                BioMed Central (London )
                1750-1172
                18 January 2017
                18 January 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 12
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Neurology and Child Neurology, Radboud university medical center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0663 8628, GRID grid.411160.3, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, CIBERER-ISCIII, , Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, ; Barcelona, Spain
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0328 4908, GRID grid.5253.1, Department of Child Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, , University Children’s Hospital, ; Heidelberg, Germany
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0328 4908, GRID grid.5253.1, Dietmar-Hopp Metabolic Center, , University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, ; Heidelberg, Germany
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0663 8628, GRID grid.411160.3, Department of Child Neurology, CIBERER-ISCIII, , Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, ; Barcelona, Spain
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2155 0800, GRID grid.5216.0, First Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology Unit, Agia Sofia Hospital, , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ; Athens, Greece
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2355 7002, GRID grid.4367.6, Department of Neurology, , Washington University School of Medicine, ; St. Louis, USA
                [8 ]GRID grid.7841.a, Department of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, , Sapienza Università di Roma, ; Rome, Italy
                [9 ]ISNI 000000041936754X, GRID grid.38142.3c, Department of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, , Harvard Medical School, ; Boston, USA
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0572 7815, GRID grid.412094.a, Department of Pediatrics, , National Taiwan University Hospital, ; Taipei, Taiwan
                [11 ]GRID grid.420468.c, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL- Institute of Child Health and Department of Neurology, , Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundations Trust, ; London, UK
                [12 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0612 2631, GRID grid.436283.8, Laboratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital and Neurometabolic Unit, , National Hospital, ; London, UK
                [13 ]AADC research trust, London, UK
                [14 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0444 9382, GRID grid.10417.33, Department Laboratory Medicine, Alzheimer Centre, , Radboud university medical center, ; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                Article
                522
                10.1186/s13023-016-0522-z
                5241937
                28100251
                0a0fd89a-5395-4bf2-87be-af1d55c67525
                © The Author(s). 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 3 July 2016
                : 4 October 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: Dietmar Hopp Stiftung (DE)
                Funded by: AADC Research Trust (GB)
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency,aadc deficiency,neurotransmitter,dopamine,serotonin,guideline,infantile dystonia-parkinsonism,sign,grade

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