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      Ki67, PCNA, and MCM proteins: Markers of proliferation in the diagnosis of breast cancer.

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          Abstract

          The proliferative activity of tumour cells represents an important prognostic marker in the diagnosis of cancer. One of the methods for assessing the proliferative activity of cells is the immunohistochemical detection of cell cycle-specific antigens. For example, Ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins are standard markers of proliferation that are commonly used to assess the growth fraction of a cell population. The function of Ki67, the widely used marker of proliferation, still remains unclear. In contrast, PCNA and MCM proteins have been identified as important participants of DNA replication. All three proteins only manifest their expression during the cell division of normal and neoplastic cells. Since the expression of these proliferative markers was confirmed in several malignant tumours, their prognostic and predictive values have been evaluated to determine their significance in the diagnosis of cancer. This review offers insight into the discovery of the abovementioned proteins, as well as their current molecular and biological importance. In addition, the functions and properties of all three proteins and their use as markers of proliferation in the diagnosis of breast cancer are described. This work also reveals new findings about the role of Ki67 during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Finally, information is provided about the advantages and disadvantages of using all three antigens in the diagnosis of cancer.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Acta Histochem.
          Acta histochemica
          1618-0372
          0065-1281
          Jun 2016
          : 118
          : 5
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Špitálska 24, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia. Electronic address: miroslava.jurikova@fmed.uniba.sk.
          [2 ] Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Špitálska 24, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
          [3 ] Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Špitálska 24, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
          Article
          S0065-1281(16)30084-8
          10.1016/j.acthis.2016.05.002
          27246286
          0a172d95-bb9f-4e1e-bcbb-7903162cff65
          Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
          History

          Breast cancer,Diagnosis,Ki67,MCM,PCNA,Prognosis,Proliferative markers

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